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  • Cambridge University Press (CUP)  (9)
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  • Cambridge University Press (CUP)  (9)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Welfare by the ear: comparing relative durations and frequencies of ear postures by using an automated tracking system in sheep
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2014
    In:  Animal Welfare Vol. 23, No. 3 ( 2014-08), p. 267-274
    Details
    In: Animal Welfare, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 23, No. 3 ( 2014-08), p. 267-274
    Abstract: Given the increased interest in animal emotional reactions for assessing welfare, indicators for such reactions are sought. Ear postures and movements have been found to be promising indicators of emotional states in sheep and other animals. The manual recording of ear postures, however, is very time consuming and possibly prone to a degree of inaccuracy due to the subtle and fast nature of ear movements that have to be identified. Therefore, a number of previous studies have analysed the frequency of certain ear postures relative to all ear posture changes rather than measuring the relative duration spent with different ear postures. Here, we present an automated, continuous tracking system that keeps track of small and lightweight marker balls attached to the head and ears of sheep. We measured ear postures and movements when the animals were confronted with three physical stimuli thought to differ in valence (from negative to intermediate to positive). We then compared new ear-posture definitions reflecting the real time spent with certain ear postures during stimulation with previous definitions used for video-based analyses that assessed ear-posture changes in relation to the total number of observed ear postures. In the analysis, we correlated new and previous measures both between and within experimental stimuli using residuals from mixed-effects models. We found that the new and previous definitions of ear postures and movements correlated highly. Given these high correlations and the discussed theoretical and practical advantages of the automated tracking, the new recording system can be recommended highly for assessing reactions in animals that may indicate emotional states.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-7286 , 2054-1538
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.7120/09627286.23.3.267
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2218182-9
    SSG: 22
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Rearing Pigs in Species-Specific Family Groups
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 1996
    In:  Animal Welfare Vol. 5, No. 1 ( 1996-02), p. 25-35
    Details
    In: Animal Welfare, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 5, No. 1 ( 1996-02), p. 25-35
    Abstract: In the Family Pen System piglets and fatteners grow up in species-specific family groups that correspond to the normal social organization of domestic pigs. The feasibility of a technologically improved version of this alternative housing system, originally designed by Alex Stolba, was tested on a commercial farm for two and a half years. Eighty-one litters were born in three family groups within this period. Average cycle length was 170 ± 24 (SD) days, resulting in 2.15 litters per sow per year. All piglets were suckled for at least seven weeks. In 53.8 per cent of the cycles lactational oestrus occurred before the piglets were seven-weeks-old. The litters of sows which did not show lactational oestrus were artificially weaned and returned to the family group as soon as the sow had been served. At the beginning there were problems with piglet health and crushing, but in the last 21 months of the study there was a stable reproductive performance of 19.5 piglets (28-days-old) reared per sow per year (n = 53 litters). Sows that had been raised themselves in the Family Pen System reared 21.4 piglets per year (n = 25 litters). In conclusion, the technologically improved version of the Family Pen System was found to be practicable on a commercial farm.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-7286 , 2054-1538
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0962728600018303
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 1996
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2218182-9
    SSG: 22
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Floor quality and space allowance in intensive beef production: a review
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2011
    In:  Animal Welfare Vol. 20, No. 4 ( 2011-11), p. 497-503
    Details
    In: Animal Welfare, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 20, No. 4 ( 2011-11), p. 497-503
    Abstract: In intensive beef production in Europe, finishing beef cattle are typically reared in pens with fully slatted floors and low space allowances. These housing conditions were questioned in a report published by the Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare in 2001. The report concluded that the welfare of finishing bulls and steers is at risk if they are housed on fully slatted concrete or wooden floors or not provided with adequate floor space. The aim of the present paper is to review and update scientific evidence on the effects of floor quality and space allowance on the welfare of finishing beef cattle. It is shown that the recommendations made by the Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare are still valid, and are well supported by studies published over the last 10 years. Furthermore, results of several recent studies testing fully slatted floors with rubber covering indicate that this type of flooring is an acceptable alternative to concrete slats, with positive effects on animal behaviour and leg lesions. Consequently, a phasing-out of housing systems with fully slatted concrete floors is suggested. With respect to floor space, the studies reviewed here support the notion that it is essential to enforce minimum standards resulting in increased space allowances for intensive beef production systems.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-7286 , 2054-1538
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0962728600003134
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2011
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2218182-9
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The influence of climatic conditions on physiological and behavioural parameters in dairy cows kept in open stables
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2004
    In:  Animal Science Vol. 78, No. 1 ( 2004-02), p. 139-147
    Details
    In: Animal Science, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 78, No. 1 ( 2004-02), p. 139-147
    Abstract: This study aimed to assess whether cows are able to cope with the range of climatic conditions they are exposed to in open stables on commercial farms in central Europe. On each of four farms, ten lactating cows were observed over a total of five weeks in winter, spring and summer. Based on continuous measurements of air temperature (–13·8 to 28·7ºC) and relative air humidity (0·26 to 0·99), a mean value of a temperature humidity index (THI) was calculated for each farm and each observation day for night and day. THI had significant effects on skin temperature and body surface temperature (infra-red thermography) both during night and day. Rectal temperature, duration of lying and cortisol concentration in the milk was significantly affected by THI during the day but not during the night. Heart rate and frequency of lying did not significantly covary with THI. Differences between farms and interactions between THI and farm were significant for most parameters. These results suggest that the climatic conditions during the day induced stronger thermoregulatory responses than the conditions during the night. Within the measured range of climatic conditions the cows were hardly exposed to severe cold or heat stress.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1357-7298 , 1748-748X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1357729800053923
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2004
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Performance, lean meat proportion and behaviour of fattening pigs given a liquid diet at different animal/feeding-place ratios
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2006
    In:  Animal Science Vol. 82, No. 4 ( 2006-08), p. 575-580
    Details
    In: Animal Science, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 82, No. 4 ( 2006-08), p. 575-580
    Abstract: Sensor feeding is a liquid feeding system for fattening pigs that is operated with a restricted animal/feeding-place ratio (AFR). The aim of the present study was to quantify the effect of three different AFRs (4:1, 7:1 and 13:1, calculated with a feeding space of 33 cm per animal) on the performance and behaviour of fattening pigs (mean initial weight 26·3 (s.d. 3·3) kg, live weight at slaughter 102 (s.d. 5) kg). The pigs were housed in groups of 40 and each AFR was tested with seven groups (21 groups in total). The daily weight gain of the individual pigs was calculated from the beginning of the experiments until slaughter. Additionally, the lean meat percentage was recorded (AutoFOM). Feeding behaviour was observed by means of 24-h video recording at the ages of 14 and 17 weeks with scan sampling every 5 min. The daily weight gain decreased with increasing AFR ( P 〈 0·01) and females had lower weight gains than barrows ( P 〈 0·001). The lean meat proportion was influenced by the AFR ( P 〈 0·01) and sex of the pigs ( P 〈 0·001). Proportions were highest with the AFR 13:1 and in females. The average number of pigs feeding simultaneously was highest for the AFR of 4:1 ( P 〈 0·01). Moreover, the ingestion rate per day (kg/min) increased with increasing AFR ( P 〈 0·05). The average number of pigs waiting behind other pigs feeding at the trough was highest with the AFR 13:1 ( P 〈 0·001).In conclusion, growth performance and pig behaviour were negatively affected by an AFR of 13:1, which cannot be recommended for use with this feeding system. With an AFR of 4:1 lean meat values were low.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1357-7298 , 1748-748X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1079/ASC200668
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2006
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Assessing cubicle dimensions for finishing bulls based on animal behaviour and cleanliness
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2005
    In:  Animal Science Vol. 81, No. 3 ( 2005-12), p. 423-430
    Details
    In: Animal Science, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 81, No. 3 ( 2005-12), p. 423-430
    Abstract: Finishing bulls need increasingly large cubicles throughout their growth, and optimal cubicle dimensions may differ from those used for dairy cows. The space requirements of finishing bulls was investigated by observing standing-up and lying-down behaviour, lying duration and number of lying bouts, as well as the cleanliness of cubicles and animals before and after increasing cubicle size at four different points in time. Lying area in the cubicles measured 120 × 70 cm at the start and 185 × 110 cm at the end of the finishing period (approx. at 160 and 550 kg, respectively). Twenty animals kept in four groups were observed at weights of approximately 220, 330, 380 and 500 kg before and after cubicle dimensions were increased. The proportion of standing-up events with more than one head lunge decreased with enlargement of the cubicles ( P = 0·01). As cubicle size increased, bulls hit the partition rails less on standing up, except at 220 kg weight where the pattern was inverted (interaction: P = 0·001). Partitions were also hit less on lying down as cubicle size increased, except at 220 kg weight with an inverse pattern (interaction: P = 0·01). The number of exploratory head sweeps before lying down did not change with cubicle enlargement ( P 〉 0·5). Bulls slipped more often with cubicle enlargement, except at 380 kg where the difference was inverted (interaction: P = 0·03). They never fell and never turned around in the cubicles. In general, both animals and cubicles were very clean. On average, lying duration decreased ( P 〈 0·01) while the number of lying bouts tended to increase ( P = 0·052) with enlargement of the cubicles but the absolute differences were small. Consequently at each point in time, the smaller cubicles still seemed to provide sufficient lying space for the bulls. If the impacts with the partitions were minor and did not represent a serious welfare concern, as suggested by qualitative observations, the cubicle dimensions used could be considered suitable for housing the type of finishing bulls used in this study.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1357-7298 , 1748-748X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1079/ASC50280423
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2005
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    On-farm assessment of the lying behaviour of finishing bulls kept in housing systems with different floor qualities
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2007
    In:  Animal Welfare Vol. 16, No. 2 ( 2007-05), p. 205-208
    Details
    In: Animal Welfare, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 16, No. 2 ( 2007-05), p. 205-208
    Abstract: Several studies have shown that finishing bulls kept in housing systems with fully slatted concrete floors are impaired in their lying behaviour and locomotion due to the hardness and slipperiness of the ground. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of floor quality (straw-bedded lying area, rubber-coated slats, concrete slats) on the lying behaviour of finishing bulls. The floor type did not influence the total lying duration, but the number of lying bouts and the number of short standing periods decreased with increasing hardness of the floor in the lying area. In addition, bulls showed more interrupted lying-down and standing-up movements on concrete and rubber-coated slats than on straw bedding. On the other hand, atypical lying-down and standing-up instances, slipping and falling were reduced on rubber-coated slats and on straw bedding compared to concrete slats. Displacements of lying animals were observed more often on rubber-coated slats than on concrete slats or straw bedding. In conclusion, rubber-coated slats improve traction on the ground but are not able to provide as soft a lying area as straw bedding. Rubber coating can thus serve to improve welfare for finishing bulls kept on concrete slats but cannot be considered equivalent to straw bedding.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-7286 , 2054-1538
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0962728600031341
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2218182-9
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Loose farrowing systems: challenges and solutions
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2007
    In:  Animal Welfare Vol. 16, No. 3 ( 2007-08), p. 295-307
    Details
    In: Animal Welfare, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 16, No. 3 ( 2007-08), p. 295-307
    Abstract: The use of farrowing crates is increasingly questioned from an animal welfare point of view. Even so, since a number of attempts to develop loose farrowing systems have been unsuccessful, leading to high levels of piglet mortality due in the main to crushing, many farmers remain sceptical as to whether or not alternative systems can be viable. On the other hand, several European countries have introduced legislation requiring loose farrowing systems, thus promoting research into this type of housing and allowing for performance studies based on large samples of commercial farms. As a consequence of these recent developments, we think it timely to reconsider the evidence available on loose farrowing systems. In our review, we first address the normal peri-parturient behaviour of domestic pigs, as well as studies comparing behaviour and stress physiology in sows kept in both crates and loose systems during farrowing. We then review approaches taken to develop alternative farrowing systems in different countries, and focus lastly on pen, piglet and sow characteristics that contribute to piglet survival in loose farrowing systems. Taking scientific evidence as well as practical experience into account, we conclude that piglet mortality in loose farrowing systems need not exceed that of crate systems. To obtain good performance results, sows due to farrow should be kept individually in sufficiently large pens, structured for preference into a nest area and an activity area. Furthermore, both management and breeding aspects, resulting in high piglet viability and good maternal behaviour, are essential to achieve high production in loose farrowing systems.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-7286 , 2054-1538
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0962728600027111
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2218182-9
    SSG: 22
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Normal behaviour as a basis for animal welfare assessment
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2007
    In:  Animal Welfare Vol. 16, No. 2 ( 2007-05), p. 107-110
    Details
    In: Animal Welfare, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 16, No. 2 ( 2007-05), p. 107-110
    Abstract: It is generally agreed that farm animal welfare is at a high level when the animals can behave naturally. Most of today's housing systems, however, differ considerably from the natural environment in which the behavioural organisation of the ancestors of our farm animal species evolved. Consequently, normal behaviour may be impaired in several ways. Frequency, duration or sequence of behavioural elements may be affected. Some normal behaviour patterns may not occur at all. The animals may also possibly behave in unnatural ways – in patterns that would never occur in nature. Furthermore, it is usual for farm animals to exhibit behaviour which is normal in form, but which is elicited by artificial structures within their housing system. In view of these possible changes in normal behaviour, it is necessary to assess, for each farm animal species and each housing system, whether animal welfare is at risk in any way if the behaviour observed differs from the behaviour that would occur in a natural environment. In some cases the question can be answered by taking a theoretical evolutionary approach. In most cases, however, detailed knowledge about the behavioural organisation of the animals is necessary. Such knowledge is built up from animal motivation studies and investigations into the effect of environmental structures on animal behaviour. A specific problem of on-farm animal welfare assessment is that there is often not enough time to collect sufficient data to make a judgement about the occurrence of normal behaviour. Resource-based assessment methods are appropriate as an alternative, provided that the resource standards used are based on evidence stemming from research into animal behaviour and motivation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-7286 , 2054-1538
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0962728600031110
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2218182-9
    SSG: 22
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