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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    The Tokelau island study: fertility of New Zealand migrants
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 1981
    In:  Journal of Biosocial Science Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 1981-07), p. 253-260
    Details
    In: Journal of Biosocial Science, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 1981-07), p. 253-260
    Abstract: Atoll-dwelling people of Tokelau in the central Pacific have been studied in their home environment and after migration to the industrial culture of New Zealand (NZ). The NZ migrants reflect the predominantly male and young composition of the migrating group. Recent migration has eased the lot of the surplus young women from Tokelau, resulting in earlier marriage and less long-term spinsterhood. The apparently higher fertility of women residing in NZ is largely explained by selection of female migrants who already have two or more children. Earlier menarche and earlier marriage in NZ probably contribute little. Future trends will be monitored, and a decline in migrant fertility is expected, if Tokelauans follow the pattern of other Polynesian migrants to urban environments.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-9320 , 1469-7599
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0021932000013444
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 1981
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  • 2
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    Food swamps and food deserts in Baltimore City, MD, USA: associations with dietary behaviours among urban adolescent girls
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2017
    In:  Public Health Nutrition Vol. 20, No. 14 ( 2017-10), p. 2598-2607
    Details
    In: Public Health Nutrition, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 20, No. 14 ( 2017-10), p. 2598-2607
    Abstract: To determine whether living in a food swamp (≥4 corner stores within 0·40 km (0·25 miles) of home) or a food desert (generally, no supermarket or access to healthy foods) is associated with consumption of snacks/desserts or fruits/vegetables, and if neighbourhood-level socio-economic status (SES) confounds relationships. Design Cross-sectional. Assessments included diet (Youth/Adolescent FFQ, skewed dietary variables normalized) and measured height/weight (BMI-for-age percentiles/ Z -scores calculated). A geographic information system geocoded home addresses and mapped food deserts/food swamps. Associations examined using multiple linear regression (MLR) models adjusting for age and BMI-for-age Z -score. Setting Baltimore City, MD, USA. Subjects Early adolescent girls (6th/7th grade, n 634; mean age 12·1 years; 90·7 % African American; 52·4 % overweight/obese), recruited from twenty-two urban, low-income schools. Results Girls’ consumption of fruit, vegetables and snacks/desserts: 1·2, 1·7 and 3·4 servings/d, respectively. Girls’ food environment: 10·4 % food desert only, 19·1 % food swamp only, 16·1 % both food desert/swamp and 54·4 % neither food desert/swamp. Average median neighbourhood-level household income: $US 35 298. In MLR models, girls living in both food deserts/swamps consumed additional servings of snacks/desserts v . girls living in neither ( β =0·13, P =0·029; 3·8 v . 3·2 servings/d). Specifically, girls living in food swamps consumed more snacks/desserts than girls who did not ( β =0·16, P =0·003; 3·7 v . 3·1 servings/d), with no confounding effect of neighbourhood-level SES. No associations were identified with food deserts or consumption of fruits/vegetables. Conclusions Early adolescent girls living in food swamps consumed more snacks/desserts than girls not living in food swamps. Dietary interventions should consider the built environment/food access when addressing adolescent dietary behaviours.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1368-9800 , 1475-2727
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1368980016002123
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2017
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016337-X
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  • 3
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    Parental education and youth suicidal behaviours: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2022
    In:  Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences Vol. 31 ( 2022)
    Details
    In: Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 31 ( 2022)
    Abstract: Lower parental education has been linked to adverse youth mental health outcomes. However, the relationship between parental education and youth suicidal behaviours remains unclear. We explored the association between parental education and youth suicidal ideation and attempts, and examined whether sociocultural contexts moderate such associations. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis with a systematic literature search in PubMed, PsycINFO, Medline and Embase from 1900 to December 2020 for studies with participants aged 0–18, and provided quantitative data on the association between parental education and youth suicidal ideation and attempts (death included). Only articles published in English in peer-reviewed journals were considered. Two authors independently assessed eligibility of the articles. One author extracted data [e.g. number of cases and non-cases in each parental education level, effect sizes in forms of odds ratios (ORs) or beta coefficients]. We then calculated pooled ORs using a random-effects model and used moderator analysis to investigate heterogeneity. Results We included a total of 59 articles (63 study samples, totalling 2 738 374 subjects) in the meta-analysis. Lower parental education was associated with youth suicidal attempts [OR = 1.12, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.04–1.21] but not with suicidal ideation (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.98–1.12). Geographical region and country income level moderated the associations. Lower parental education was associated with an increased risk of youth suicidal attempts in Northern America (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.10–1.45), but with a decreased risk in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia (OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.54–0.96). An association of lower parental education and increased risk of youth suicidal ideation was present in high- income countries (HICs) (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.05–1.25), and absent in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) (OR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.77–1.08). Conclusions The association between youth suicidal behaviours and parental education seems to differ across geographical and economical contexts, suggesting that cultural, psychosocial or biological factors may play a role in explaining this association. Although there was high heterogeneity in the studies reviewed, this evidence suggests that the role of familial sociodemographic characteristics in youth suicidality may not be universal. This highlights the need to consider cultural, as well as familial factors in the clinical assessment and management of youth's suicidal behaviours in our increasingly multicultural societies, as well as in developing prevention and intervention strategies for youth suicide.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2045-7960 , 2045-7979
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S204579602200004X
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2022
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2594528-2
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  • 4
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    Optimum feeding and growth in preterm neonates
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2013
    In:  Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Vol. 4, No. 3 ( 2013-06), p. 215-222
    Details
    In: Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 4, No. 3 ( 2013-06), p. 215-222
    Abstract: Approximately 10% of all babies worldwide are born preterm, and preterm birth is the leading cause of perinatal mortality in developed countries. Although preterm birth is associated with adverse short- and long-term health outcomes, it is not yet clear whether this relationship is causal. Rather, there is evidence that reduced foetal growth, preterm birth and the long-term health effects of both of these may all arise from a suboptimal intrauterine environment. Further, most infants born preterm also experience suboptimal postnatal growth, with potential adverse effects on long-term health and development. A number of interventions are used widely in the neonatal period to optimise postnatal growth and development. These commonly include supplementation with macronutrients and/or micronutrients, all of which have potential short-term risks and benefits for the preterm infant, whereas the long-term health consequences are largely unknown. Importantly, more rapid postnatal growth trajectory (and the interventions required to achieve this) may result in improved neurological outcomes at the expense of increased cardiovascular risk in later life.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2040-1744 , 2040-1752
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S2040174412000736
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2013
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  • 5
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    Comparison of recoveries in breath carbon dioxide of H 13 CO - 3 and H 14 CO - 3 administered simultaneously by single 6 h constant unprimed intravenous infusion
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2000
    In:  British Journal of Nutrition Vol. 84, No. 3 ( 2000-09), p. 269-274
    Details
    In: British Journal of Nutrition, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 84, No. 3 ( 2000-09), p. 269-274
    Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the bioequivalence of H 13 CO - 3 and H 14 CO - 3 , by administering both labels simultaneously by single infusion and comparing their recovery in breath CO 2 and urinary urea. Six healthy male subjects (age range 24–41 years; weight 76·7 (SD, 18·6) KG; HEIGHT 1·79 (sd 0·05) m) were infused with unprimed solutions of HCO 3 - (110·0 mmol/kg) labelled with 13 C (0·76 mmol 13 C/h) and 14 C (48 Bq/h) at a constant rate for 6 h, in a whole-body calorimeter (1400 litres) for measurement of CO 2 production. Samples of breath were collected hourly in a Douglas bag and all urine was collected into two batches (0–4 h and 4–6 h) for estimating recovery of infused label by measurement of enrichment or specific activity. Recovery in breath CO 2 of both labels increased from about 25% for the first hour to 88% and above for hours 3–4 onwards. Mean recovery of 13 C in breath CO 2 was slightly higher than that of 14 C for all periods (mean difference always less than 1 % of infused label) but was significant only for the first 3h ( P 〈 0·05). Recovery of 14 C in urea was significantly higher ( P 〈 0·01) than 13 C, but was confounded by substantial variability and uncertainties concerning 13 CO 2 background enrichments. These results suggest that there is no compelling need to alter factors currently used for recovery of 14 C in breath when using 13 C instead, and vice versa .
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0007-1145 , 1475-2662
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0007114500001549
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2000
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  • 6
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    Global cities and cultural diversity: challenges and opportunities for young people's nutrition
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2018
    In:  Proceedings of the Nutrition Society Vol. 77, No. 4 ( 2018-11), p. 456-469
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 77, No. 4 ( 2018-11), p. 456-469
    Abstract: Childhood obesity is a common concern across global cities and threatens sustainable urban development. Initiatives to improve nutrition and encourage physical exercise are promising but are yet to exert significant influence on prevention. Childhood obesity in London is associated with distinct ethnic and socio-economic patterns. Ethnic inequalities in health-related behaviour endure, underpinned by inequalities in employment, housing, access to welfare services, and discrimination. Addressing these growing concerns requires a clearer understanding of the socio-cultural, environmental and economic contexts of urban living that promote obesity. We explore opportunities for prevention using asset based-approaches to nutritional health and well-being, with a particular focus on adolescents from diverse ethnic backgrounds living in London. We focus on the important role that community engagement and multi-sectoral partnership play in improving the nutritional outcomes of London's children. London's children and adolescents grow up in the rich cultural mix of a global city where local streets are characterised by diversity in ethnicities, languages, religions, foods, and customs, creating complex and fluid identities. Growing up with such everyday diversity we argue can enhance the quality of life for London's children and strengthen their social capital. The Determinants of young Adult Social well-being and Health longitudinal study of about 6500 of London's young people demonstrated the positive impact of cultural diversity. Born to parents from over a hundred countries and exposed to multi-lingual households and religious practices, they demonstrated strong psychological resilience and sense of pride from cultural straddling, despite material disadvantage and discrimination. Supporting the potential contribution of such socio-cultural assets is in keeping with the values of social justice and equitable and sustainable development. Our work signals the importance of community engagement and multisectoral partnerships, involving, for example, schools and faith-based organisations, to improve the nutrition of London's children.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0029-6651 , 1475-2719
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0029665118000472
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2018
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 391142-1
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  • 7
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    Characterisation of anaemia and associated factors among infants and pre-schoolers from rural India
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2016
    In:  Public Health Nutrition Vol. 19, No. 5 ( 2016-04), p. 861-871
    Details
    In: Public Health Nutrition, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 19, No. 5 ( 2016-04), p. 861-871
    Abstract: In India, national databases indicate anaemia prevalence of 80 % among 6–35-month-old children and 58 % among 36–59-month-old children. The present study aimed to characterise anaemia and the associated factors among infants and pre-schoolers living in rural India. Design Multivariate logistic regression analysis of data collected prior to an intervention trial. Fe-deficiency with anaemia (IDA), Fe deficiency with no anaemia (IDNA) and anaemia without Fe deficiency were defined. Serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and sTfR/log ferritin index were used to indicate Fe status. Setting Twenty-six villages of Nalgonda district, Telangana, India. Data were collected in community sites. Participants Four hundred and seventy-six infants (aged 6–12 months), 316 pre-schoolers (aged 29–56 months) and their mothers. Results Prevalence of anaemia among infants and pre-schoolers was 66·4 and 47·8 %, prevalence of IDA was 52·2 and 42·1 %, prevalence of IDNA was 22·2 and 29·8 %, prevalence of anaemia without Fe deficiency was 14·2 and 5·7 %. Among infants, anaemia was positively associated with maternal anaemia (OR=3·31; 95 % CI 2·10, 5·23; P 〈 0·001), and sTfR/log ferritin index (OR=2·21; 95 % CI 1·39, 3·54; P =0·001). Among pre-schoolers, anaemia was positively associated with maternal anaemia (OR=3·77; 95 % CI 1·94, 7·30; P 〈 0·001), sTfR/log ferritin index (OR=5·29; 95 % CI 2·67, 10·50; P 〈 0·001), high C-reactive protein (OR=4·39; 95 % CI 1·91, 10·06, P 〈 0·001) and young age (29–35 months: OR=1·92; 05 % CI 1·18, 3·13, P =0·009). Conclusions Anaemia prevalence continues to be high among infants and pre-schoolers in rural India. Based on sTfR/ferritin index, Fe deficiency is a major factor associated with anaemia. Anaemia is also associated with inflammation among pre-schoolers and with maternal anaemia among infants and pre-schoolers, illustrating the importance of understanding the aetiology of anaemia in designing effective control strategies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1368-9800 , 1475-2727
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1368980015002050
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1436024-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016337-X
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  • 8
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    Growth, body composition, hormonal and metabolic status in lambs treated long-term with growth hormone
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 1990
    In:  British Journal of Nutrition Vol. 63, No. 3 ( 1990-05), p. 431-445
    Details
    In: British Journal of Nutrition, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 63, No. 3 ( 1990-05), p. 431-445
    Abstract: The effect of long-term (10 weeks) treatment with growth hormone (GH) was investigated in twin lambs, one sibling being a control and the other treated with GH (0.1 mg/kg live weight per d). The lambs were fed on a concentrate-grass cube (9: 1 w/w) diet at a daily rate of 40 g fresh weightlkg Live weight. The average daily live-weight gain of the GH-treated lambs was 36% greater than that of the controls (307 v. 225 g/d, P 〈 0.01). The carcass composition of the GH-treated lambs changed: fat content was decreased (P 〈 001) and protein content was increased (P 〈 0.05) when expressed relative to carcass dry matter. The absolute weights and the weights when expressed relative to fleece-free empty body of some muscles were significantly increased in GH-treated lambs. The mean retention times of both particulate- and liquid-phase components of the digesta were unchanged by GH treatment, when calculated for the rumen or for the entire gastrointestinal tract. The feed conversion ratio was significantly greater (P 〈 0.01) in GH-treated lambs compared with controls. Nitrogen retained per g N intake was also significantly increased (P 〈 0.05) by GH treatment. Plasma urea concentrations were decreased (P 〈 005) and glucose concentrations were increased (P 〈 001) in GH-treated lambs, whereas non-esterified fatty acid concentrations were unchanged. Plasma insulin and total insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations progressively increased in GH-treated lambs as treatment time continued. They were significantly correlated after week 4 of treatment. Two types of hepatic GH- binding site were detected, with high and low affinities for GH. The capacities of both binding sites were significantly increased (P 〈 0.05) in GH-treated lambs when expressed per unit microsomal protein but, when expressed per liver, only the capacity of the high-affinity site was increased.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0007-1145 , 1475-2662
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1079/BJN19900131
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 1990
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 280396-3
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  • 9
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    Alcohol exposure during late gestation: multiple developmental outcomes in sheep
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2012
    In:  Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Vol. 3, No. 4 ( 2012-08), p. 224-236
    Details
    In: Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 3, No. 4 ( 2012-08), p. 224-236
    Abstract: Alcohol consumption during pregnancy remains common in many countries. Exposure to even low amounts of alcohol (i.e. ethanol) in pregnancy can lead to the heterogeneous fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), while heavy alcohol consumption can result in the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). FAS is characterized by cerebral dysfunction, growth restriction and craniofacial malformations. However, the effects of lower doses of alcohol during pregnancy, such as those that lead to FASD, are less well understood. In this article, we discuss the findings of recent studies performed in our laboratories on the effects of fetal alcohol exposure using sheep, in which we investigated the effects of late gestational alcohol exposure on the developing brain, arteries, kidneys, heart and lungs. Our studies indicate that alcohol exposure in late gestation can (1) affect cerebral white matter development and increase the risk of hemorrhage in the fetal brain, (2) cause left ventricular hypertrophy with evidence of altered cardiomyocyte maturation, (3) lead to a decrease in nephron number in the kidney, (4) cause altered arterial wall stiffness and endothelial and smooth muscle function and (5) result in altered surfactant protein mRNA expression, surfactant phospholipid composition and pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression in the lung. These findings suggest that fetal alcohol exposure in late gestation can affect multiple organs, potentially increasing the risk of disease and organ dysfunction in later life.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2040-1744 , 2040-1752
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S2040174412000244
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2012
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  • 10
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    Failure to suppress postprandial non-esterified fatty acids following high fructose feeding in men of Black African origin but not in men of white European origin
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2015
    In:  Proceedings of the Nutrition Society Vol. 74, No. OCE1 ( 2015)
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 74, No. OCE1 ( 2015)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0029-6651 , 1475-2719
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0029665115001238
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016335-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 391142-1
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