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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vitamin supplementation increases the virulence of Entamoeba histolytica grown axenically
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2020
    In:  Parasitology Vol. 147, No. 4 ( 2020-04), p. 501-505
    Details
    In: Parasitology, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 147, No. 4 ( 2020-04), p. 501-505
    Abstract: As a consequence of axenic growth and the elimination of accompanying bacterial flora, Entamoeba histolytica virulence decreases rapidly, and pathogenicity is lost. This paper evaluated the impact of vitamin supplementation on the pathogenicity of E. histolytica. Growth of E. histolytica trophozoites, cultured axenically in PEHPS (a Spanish acronym for the main ingredients – casein peptone, liver, pancreas extract and bovine serum) medium, with or without vitamins, exhibited a similar growth rate. However, the vitamin-enriched PEHPS preparations expressed 2.65 times more haemolytic activity (at 60 min: 98 vs 48%, P 〈 0.05), 2.5 times more phospholipase A 2 activity at 150 min of incubation and generated more hepatic abscesses (88 vs 60%, P = 0.05) than the preparations without vitamins. The haemolytic and phospholipase A 2 activity for the PEHPS − V preparations were restored following vitamin supplementation with A and D. These data highlight, for the first time, that vitamins and specifically vitamin A and D were essential for the recovery of amoebic virulence, lost through axenic growth.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0031-1820 , 1469-8161
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0031182020000013
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1491287-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The use of energy drinks in sport: perceived ergogenicity and side effects in male and female athletes
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2014
    In:  British Journal of Nutrition Vol. 112, No. 9 ( 2014-11-14), p. 1494-1502
    Details
    In: British Journal of Nutrition, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 112, No. 9 ( 2014-11-14), p. 1494-1502
    Abstract: The use of caffeine containing energy drinks has dramatically increased in the last few years, especially in the sport context because of its reported ergogenic effect. The ingestion of low to moderate doses of caffeinated energy drinks has been associated with adverse side effects such as insomnia or increased nervousness. The aim of the present study was to assess psycho-physiological changes and the prevalence of side effects resulting from the ingestion of 3 mg caffeine/kg body mass in the form of an energy drink. In a double-blind and placebo controlled experimental design, ninety experienced and low-caffeine-consuming athletes (fifty-three male and thirty-seven female) in two different sessions were provided with an energy drink that contained 3 mg/kg of caffeine or the same decaffeinated energy drink (placebo; 0 mg/kg). At 60 min after the ingestion of the energy drink, participants completed a training session. The effects of ingestion of these beverages on psycho-physiological variables during exercise and the rate of adverse side effects were measured using questionnaires. The caffeinated energy drink increased self-perceived muscle power during exercise compared with the placebo beverage (6·41 ( sd 1·7) v. 5·66 ( sd 1·51); P = 0·001). Moreover, the energy drink produced a higher prevalence of side effects such as insomnia (31·2 v. 10·4 %; P 〈  0·001), nervousness (13·2 v. 0 %; P = 0·002) and activeness (16·9 v. 3·9 %; P = 0·007) than the placebo energy drink. There were no sex differences in the incidence of side effects ( P 〉 0·05). The ingestion of an energy drink with 3 mg/kg of caffeine increased the prevalence of side effects. The presence of these side effects was similar between male and female participants.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0007-1145 , 1475-2662
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0007114514002189
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016047-1
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 21
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Acute consumption of a caffeinated energy drink enhances aspects of performance in sprint swimmers
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2015
    In:  British Journal of Nutrition Vol. 114, No. 6 ( 2015-09-28), p. 908-914
    Details
    In: British Journal of Nutrition, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 114, No. 6 ( 2015-09-28), p. 908-914
    Abstract: This study investigated the effect of a caffeinated energy drink on various aspects of performance in sprint swimmers. In a randomised and counterbalanced order, fourteen male sprint swimmers performed two acute experimental trials after the ingestion of a caffeinated energy drink (3 mg/kg) or after the ingestion of the same energy drink without caffeine (0 mg/kg; placebo). After 60 min of ingestion of the beverages, the swimmers performed a countermovement jump, a maximal handgrip test, a 50 m simulated competition and a 45 s swim at maximal intensity in a swim ergometer. A blood sample was withdrawn 1 min after the completion of the ergometer test. In comparison with the placebo drink, the intake of the caffeinated energy drink increased the height in the countermovement jump (49·4 ( sd 5·3) v . 50·9 ( sd 5·2) cm, respectively; P 〈 0·05) and maximal force during the handgrip test with the right hand (481 ( sd 49) v. 498 ( sd 43) N; P 〈 0·05). Furthermore, the caffeinated energy drink reduced the time needed to complete the 50 m simulated swimming competition (27·8 ( sd 3·4) v. 27·5 ( sd 3·2) s; P 〈 0·05), and it increased peak power (273 ( sd 55) v. 303 ( sd 49) W; P 〈 0·05) and blood lactate concentration (11·0 ( sd 2·0) v. 11·7 ( sd 2·1) m m ; P 〈 0·05) during the ergometer test. The caffeinated energy drink did not modify the prevalence of insomnia (7 v. 7 %), muscle pain (36 v. 36 %) or headache (0 v. 7 %) during the hours following its ingestion ( P 〉 0·05). A caffeinated energy drink increased some aspects of swimming performance in competitive sprinters, whereas the side effects derived from the intake of this beverage were marginal at this dosage.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0007-1145 , 1475-2662
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0007114515002573
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016047-1
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 21
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