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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Neurobiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Serotonin and Beyond
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2007
    In:  CNS Spectrums Vol. 12, No. S3 ( 2007-02), p. 14-27
    Details
    In: CNS Spectrums, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 12, No. S3 ( 2007-02), p. 14-27
    Abstract: The evidence for the involvement of the serotonergic system in the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is circumstantial at best, despite being the focus for most pathophysiological research over the last 2 decades. This hypothesis was initially motivated by the observed differential efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in alleviating OCD symptoms. Direct evidence that serotonergic perturbations are implicated in the pathophysiology of OCD is still sparse. There is growing evidence, from both preclinical and clinical studies, that the dopamine system may also be involved in the pathogenesis of OCD, and that dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways play a role in the genesis and maintenance of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. The complex interactions between both systems, the phenotypic heterogeneity of the disorder, and the limitations of the available tests to probe both systems, make it as yet impossible to draw firm conclusions as to how these systems are implicated. Further studies with more selective pharmacologic agents and neurocognitive probes in humans, studies using deep brain stimulation in combination with neuroimaging, and the development of better animal models for OCD may further our understanding of this disabling condition.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1092-8529 , 2165-6509
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1092852900002479
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2007
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The relationship between cognitive functioning and psychopathology in patients with psychiatric disorders: a transdiagnostic network analysis
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2021
    In:  Psychological Medicine
    Details
    In: Psychological Medicine, Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Abstract: Patients with psychiatric disorders often experience cognitive dysfunction, but the precise relationship between cognitive deficits and psychopathology remains unclear. We investigated the relationships between domains of cognitive functioning and psychopathology in a transdiagnostic sample using a data-driven approach. Methods Cross-sectional network analyses were conducted to investigate the relationships between domains of psychopathology and cognitive functioning and detect clusters in the network. This naturalistic transdiagnostic sample consists of 1016 psychiatric patients who have a variety of psychiatric diagnoses, such as depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive−compulsive and related disorders, and schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. Psychopathology symptoms were assessed using various questionnaires. Core cognitive domains were assessed with a battery of automated tests. Results Network analysis detected three clusters that we labelled: general psychopathology, substance use, and cognition. Depressive and anxiety symptoms, verbal memory, and visual attention were the most central nodes in the network. Most associations between cognitive functioning and symptoms were negative, i.e. increased symptom severity was associated with worse cognitive functioning. Cannabis use, (subclinical) psychotic experiences, and anhedonia had the strongest total negative relationships with cognitive variables. Conclusions Cognitive functioning and psychopathology are independent but related dimensions, which interact in a transdiagnostic manner. Depression, anxiety, verbal memory, and visual attention are especially relevant in this network and can be considered independent transdiagnostic targets for research and treatment in psychiatry. Moreover, future research on cognitive functioning in psychopathology should take a transdiagnostic approach, focusing on symptom-specific interactions with cognitive domains rather than investigating cognitive functioning within diagnostic categories.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0033-2917 , 1469-8978
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0033291721001781
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1470300-2
    SSG: 5,2
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Saccadic abnormalities in psychotropic-naive obsessive–compulsive disorder without co-morbidity
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2006
    In:  Psychological Medicine Vol. 36, No. 9 ( 2006-09), p. 1321-1326
    Details
    In: Psychological Medicine, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 36, No. 9 ( 2006-09), p. 1321-1326
    Abstract: Background. Oculomotor studies have found saccadic abnormalities in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), lending support for models postulating a central role for inhibition in OCD. Saccadic abnormalities in OCD may also be potential candidates for a biological marker, important for more endophenotype-oriented research. Saccadic abnormalities have not been examined in psychotropic-naive patients with OCD without co-morbidity. Method. We compared the error rates and latencies of 14 carefully selected adult psychotropic-naive patients with OCD with no co-morbid diagnosis and 14 pairwise matched healthy controls on a fixation task, on a prosaccade task and on an antisaccade task. Results. Patients with OCD showed normal error rates on all tasks, but latencies on the antisaccade task were significantly increased. Conclusions. Our results indicate that patients with OCD have no gross impairment of oculomotor inhibitory capacities, but may have a disturbed capacity to deliberately initiate a saccade to an imagined target.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0033-2917 , 1469-8978
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0033291706007926
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1470300-2
    SSG: 5,2
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    New developments in human neurocognition: clinical, genetic, and brain imaging correlates of impulsivity and compulsivity
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2014
    In:  CNS Spectrums Vol. 19, No. 1 ( 2014-02), p. 69-89
    Details
    In: CNS Spectrums, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 19, No. 1 ( 2014-02), p. 69-89
    Abstract: Impulsivity and compulsivity represent useful conceptualizations that involve dissociable cognitive functions, which are mediated by neuroanatomically and neurochemically distinct components of cortico-subcortical circuitry. The constructs were historically viewed as diametrically opposed, with impulsivity being associated with risk-seeking and compulsivity with harm-avoidance. However, they are increasingly recognized to be linked by shared neuropsychological mechanisms involving dysfunctional inhibition of thoughts and behaviors. In this article, we selectively review new developments in the investigation of the neurocognition of impulsivity and compulsivity in humans, in order to advance our understanding of the pathophysiology of impulsive, compulsive, and addictive disorders and indicate new directions for research.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1092-8529 , 2165-6509
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1092852913000801
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2149753-9
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Potential influence of socioeconomic status on genetic correlations between alcohol consumption measures and mental health
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2020
    In:  Psychological Medicine Vol. 50, No. 3 ( 2020-02), p. 484-498
    Details
    In: Psychological Medicine, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 50, No. 3 ( 2020-02), p. 484-498
    Abstract: Background. Frequency and quantity of alcohol consumption are metrics commonly used to measure alcohol consumption behaviors. Epidemiological studies indicate that these alcohol consumption measures are differentially associated with (mental) health outcomes and socioeconomic status (SES). The current study aims to elucidate to what extent genetic risk factors are shared between frequency and quantity of alcohol consumption, and how these alcohol consumption measures are genetically associated with four broad phenotypic categories: (i) SES; (ii) substance use disorders; (iii) other psychiatric disorders; and (iv) psychological/personality traits. Methods. Genome-Wide Association analyses were conducted to test genetic associations with alcohol consumption frequency ( N = 438 308) and alcohol consumption quantity ( N = 307 098 regular alcohol drinkers) within UK Biobank. For the other phenotypes, we used genome-wide association studies summary statistics. Genetic correlations ( r g ) between the alcohol measures and other phenotypes were estimated using LD score regression. Results. We found a substantial genetic correlation between the frequency and quantity of alcohol consumption ( r g = 0.52). Nevertheless, both measures consistently showed opposite genetic correlations with SES traits, and many substance use, psychiatric, and psychological/personality traits. High alcohol consumption frequency was genetically associated with high SES and low risk of substance use disorders and other psychiatric disorders, whereas the opposite applies for high alcohol consumption quantity. Conclusions. Although the frequency and quantity of alcohol consumption show substantial genetic overlap, they consistently show opposite patterns of genetic associations with SES-related phenotypes. Future studies should carefully consider the potential influence of SES on the shared genetic etiology between alcohol and adverse (mental) health outcomes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0033-2917 , 1469-8978
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0033291719000357
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1470300-2
    SSG: 5,2
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Social affordances in context: What is it that we are bodily responsive to?
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2013
    In:  Behavioral and Brain Sciences Vol. 36, No. 4 ( 2013-08), p. 436-436
    Details
    In: Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 36, No. 4 ( 2013-08), p. 436-436
    Abstract: We propose to understand social affordances in the broader context of responsiveness to a field of relevant affordances in general. This perspective clarifies our everyday ability to unreflectively switch between social and other affordances. Moreover, based on our experience with Deep Brain Stimulation for treating obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients, we suggest that psychiatric disorders may affect skilled intentionality, including responsiveness to social affordances.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0140-525X , 1469-1825
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X12002038
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481789-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 423721-3
    SSG: 7,11
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effectiveness of cognitive remediation in depression: a meta-analysis
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2022
    In:  Psychological Medicine Vol. 52, No. 16 ( 2022-12), p. 4146-4161
    Details
    In: Psychological Medicine, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 52, No. 16 ( 2022-12), p. 4146-4161
    Abstract: Preliminary evidence suggests beneficial effects of cognitive remediation in depression. An update of the current evidence is needed. The aim was to systematically assess the effectiveness of cognitive remediation in depression on three outcomes. Methods The meta-analysis was pre-registered on PROSPERO (CRD42019124316). PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase and Cochrane Library were searched on 2 February 2019 and 8 November 2020 for peer-reviewed published articles. We included randomized and non-randomized clinical trials comparing cognitive remediation to control conditions in adults with primary depression. Random-effects models were used to calculate Hedges' g , and moderators were assessed using mixed-effects subgroup analyses and meta-regression. Main outcome categories were post-treatment depressive symptomatology (DS), cognitive functioning (CF) and daily functioning (DF). Results We identified 5221 records and included 21 studies reporting on 24 comparisons, with 438 depressed patients receiving cognitive remediation and 540 patients in a control condition. We found a small effect on DS ( g = 0.28, 95% CI 0.09–0.46, I 2 40%), a medium effect on CF ( g = 0.60, 95% CI 0.37–0.83, I 2 44%) and a small effect on DF ( g = 0.22, 95% CI 0.06–0.39, I 2 3%). There were no significant effects at follow-up. Confounding bias analyses indicated possible overestimation of the DS and DF effects in the original studies. Conclusions Cognitive remediation in depression improves CF in the short term. The effects on DS and DF may have been overestimated. Baseline depressive symptom severity should be considered when administering cognitive remediation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0033-2917 , 1469-8978
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0033291721001100
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1470300-2
    SSG: 5,2
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Prevalence of Psychotic Disorders in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2009
    In:  CNS Spectrums Vol. 14, No. 8 ( 2009-08), p. 415-418
    Details
    In: CNS Spectrums, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 14, No. 8 ( 2009-08), p. 415-418
    Abstract: Introduction: The co-occurrence of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in patients with schizophrenia and related disorders has been increasingly recognized. However, the rate of psychosis comorbidity in OCD patients has yet to be systematically evaluated. Methods: The prevalence of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fourth Edition psychotic disorders was evaluated in 757 subjects consecutively referred to a specialised diagnostic and treatment facility for OCD. Demographic and clinical characteristics were assessed. Results: Thirteen OCD patients (1.7%) also met the DSM-IV criteria for a psychotic disorder. We found no significant differences in clinical characteristic between OCD patients with and without a psychotic disorder, although patients with OCD and a psychotic disorder more likely used illicit substances and more likely were male. Conclusion: Relatively few patients referred to a specialized treatment OCD center suffer from a psychotic disorder.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1092-8529 , 2165-6509
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1092852900020381
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2149753-9
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Introduction—Recent Advances in Understanding and Treating the Anxiety Disorders
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2009
    In:  CNS Spectrums Vol. 14, No. S3 ( 2009), p. 4-4
    Details
    In: CNS Spectrums, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 14, No. S3 ( 2009), p. 4-4
    Abstract: Anxiety disorders are the most common of the psychiatric disorders, with an estimated prevalence of 2% to 18% worldwide. Psychiatry is gradually progressing towards a clinical neuroscience with an improved understanding of the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, an individualized approach to diagnosis and treatment of patients, and the potential for early disorder detection and prevention. Recently, there has been not only a growing literature on effective interventions for anxiety disorders, but also new proof of principle treatment studies based on laboratory research. Anxiety disorders are frequently discussed at international psychiatric conferences; however, the attention these disorders receive by researchers at large is often minimal compared with their overall contribution to the substantial clinical burden and economic costs of mental disorders. There are potential advantages for clinicians and researchers to convene for the purpose of reviewing recent advances in anxiety disorder research and to exchange ideas about future progress in this field. The Anxiety Disorders Association of America has sponsored highly productive meetings in the United States for many years as well as successful meetings in other countries. Positive outcomes from these meetings encouraged the initiation of an international conference series that centers specifically on anxiety disorders.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1092-8529 , 2165-6509
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1092852900027231
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2009
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Impulsivity and decision-making in obsessive-compulsive disorder after effective deep brain stimulation or treatment as usual
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2018
    In:  CNS Spectrums Vol. 23, No. 5 ( 2018-10), p. 333-339
    Details
    In: CNS Spectrums, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 23, No. 5 ( 2018-10), p. 333-339
    Abstract: Impulsivity and impaired decision-making have been proposed as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) endophenotypes, running in OCD and their healthy relatives independently of symptom severity and medication status. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) targeting the ventral limb of the internal capsule (vALIC) and the nucleus accumbens (Nacc) is an effective treatment strategy for treatment-refractory OCD. The effectiveness of vALIC-DBS for OCD has been linked to its effects on a frontostriatal network that is also implicated in reward, impulse control, and decision-making. While vALIC-DBS has been shown to restore reward dysfunction in OCD patients, little is known about the effects of vALIC-DBS on impulsivity and decision-making. The aim of the study was to compare cognitive impulsivity and decision-making between OCD patients undergoing effective vALIC-DBS or treatment as usual (TAU), and healthy controls. Methods We used decision-making performances under ambiguity on the Iowa Gambling Task and reflection impulsivity on the Beads Task to compare 20 OCD patients effectively treated with vALIC-DBS, 40 matched OCD patients undergoing effective TAU (medication and/or cognitive behavioural therapy), and 40 healthy subjects. Effective treatment was defined as at least 35% improvement of OCD symptoms. Results OCD patients, irrespective of treatment modality (DBS or TAU), showed increased reflection impulsivity and impaired decision-making compared to healthy controls. No differences were observed between OCD patients treated with DBS or TAU. Conclusion OCD patients effectively treated with vALIC-DBS or TAU display increased reflection impulsivity and impaired decision-making independent of the type of treatment.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1092-8529 , 2165-6509
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1092852918000846
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2018
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