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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Preliminary evidence of motor impairment among polysubstance 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine users with intact neuropsychological functioning
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2010
    In:  Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society Vol. 16, No. 6 ( 2010-11), p. 1047-1055
    Details
    In: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 16, No. 6 ( 2010-11), p. 1047-1055
    Abstract: Neuropsychological disturbances have been reported in association with use of the recreational drug “ecstasy,” or 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), but findings have been inconsistent. We performed comprehensive neuropsychological testing examining seven ability domains in 21 MDMA users (MDMA+) and 21 matched control participants (MDMA−). Among MDMA+ participants, median [interquartile range] lifetime MDMA use was 186 [111, 516] doses, with 120 [35–365] days of abstinence. There were no significant group differences in neuropsychological performance, with the exception of the motor speed/dexterity domain in which 43% of MDMA+ were impaired compared with 5% of MDMA− participants ( p = .004). Motor impairment differences were not explained by use of other substances and were unrelated to length of abstinence or lifetime number of MDMA doses. Findings provide limited evidence for neuropsychological differences between MDMA+ and MDMA− participants with the exception of motor impairments observed in the MDMA+ group. However, replication of this finding in a larger sample is warranted. ( JINS , 2010, 16 , 1047–1055.)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1355-6177 , 1469-7661
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1355617710000846
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2010
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Second-Language Fluency Predicts Native Language Stroop Effects: Evidence from Spanish–English Bilinguals
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2014
    In:  Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society Vol. 20, No. 3 ( 2014-03), p. 342-348
    Details
    In: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 20, No. 3 ( 2014-03), p. 342-348
    Abstract: Studies have shown reduced Stroop interference in bilinguals compared to monolinguals defined dichotomously, but no study has explored how varying degrees of second language fluency, might affect linguistic inhibitory control in the first language. We examined effects of relative English fluency on the ability to inhibit the automatic reading response on the Golden version of the Stroop Test administered in Spanish. Participants were 141 (49% male) adult native Spanish speakers from the U.S.–Mexico border region (education range = 8–20 and age range = 20–63). A language dominance index was calculated as the ratio of English words to total words produced in both languages using the Controlled Oral Word Association Test with letters PMR in Spanish and FAS in English. Greater degree of English fluency as measured by the dominance index predicted better speed on the Stroop incongruent trial independent of education effects. On the other hand, neither the dominance index nor education predicted performance on the word reading and color-naming trials. These results suggest an advantage in inhibitory control among those with greater second-language ability. ( JINS , 2014, 20 , 342–348)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1355-6177 , 1469-7661
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1355617714000058
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2014
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Cytochrome P450-2D6 extensive metabolizers are more vulnerable to methamphetamine-associated neurocognitive impairment: Preliminary findings
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2010
    In:  Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society Vol. 16, No. 5 ( 2010-09), p. 890-901
    Details
    In: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 16, No. 5 ( 2010-09), p. 890-901
    Abstract: While neuropsychological deficits are evident among methamphetamine (meth) addicts, they are often unrelated to meth exposure parameters such as lifetime consumption and length of abstinence. The notion that some meth users develop neuropsychological impairments while others with similar drug exposure do not, suggests that there may be individual differences in vulnerability to the neurotoxic effects of meth. One source of differential vulnerability could come from genotypic variability in metabolic clearance of meth, dependent on the activity of cytochrome P450-2D6 (CYP2D6). We compared neuropsychological performance in 52 individuals with a history of meth dependence according with their CYP2D6 phenotype. All were free of HIV or hepatitis C infection and did not meet dependence criteria for other substances. Extensive metabolizers showed worse overall neuropsychological performance and were three times as likely to be cognitively impaired as intermediate/poor metabolizers. Groups did not differ in their demographic or meth use characteristics, nor did they evidence differences in mood disorder or other substance use. This preliminary study is the first to suggest that efficient meth metabolism is associated with worse neurocognitive outcomes in humans, and implicates the products of oxidative metabolism of meth as a possible source of brain injury. ( JINS , 2010, 16 , 890–901.)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1355-6177 , 1469-7661
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1355617710000779
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2010
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Cannabis use may attenuate neurocognitive performance deficits resulting from methamphetamine use disorder
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2023
    In:  Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
    Details
    In: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Abstract: Methamphetamine and cannabis are two widely used, and frequently co-used, substances with possibly opposing effects on the central nervous system. Evidence of neurocognitive deficits related to use is robust for methamphetamine and mixed for cannabis. Findings regarding their combined use are inconclusive. We aimed to compare neurocognitive performance in people with lifetime cannabis or methamphetamine use disorder diagnoses, or both, relative to people without substance use disorders. Method: 423 (71.9% male, aged 44.6 ± 14.2 years) participants, stratified by presence or absence of lifetime methamphetamine (M−/M+) and/or cannabis (C−/C+) DSM-IV abuse/dependence, completed a comprehensive neuropsychological, substance use, and psychiatric assessment. Neurocognitive domain T-scores and impairment rates were examined using multiple linear and binomial regression, respectively, controlling for covariates that may impact cognition. Results: Globally, M+C+ performed worse than M−C− but better than M+C−. M+C+ outperformed M+C− on measures of verbal fluency, information processing speed, learning, memory, and working memory. M−C+ did not display lower performance than M−C− globally or on any domain measures, and M−C+ even performed better than M−C− on measures of learning, memory, and working memory. Conclusions: Our findings are consistent with prior work showing that methamphetamine use confers risk for worse neurocognitive outcomes, and that cannabis use does not appear to exacerbate and may even reduce this risk. People with a history of cannabis use disorders performed similarly to our nonsubstance using comparison group and outperformed them in some domains. These findings warrant further investigation as to whether cannabis use may ameliorate methamphetamine neurotoxicity.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1355-6177 , 1469-7661
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1355617723000292
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Influence of Educational Background, Childhood Socioeconomic Environment, and Language Use on Cognition among Spanish-Speaking Latinos Living Near the US–Mexico Border
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2022
    In:  Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society Vol. 28, No. 8 ( 2022-09), p. 876-890
    Details
    In: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 28, No. 8 ( 2022-09), p. 876-890
    Abstract: We investigated the impact of culturally relevant social, educational, and language factors on cognitive test performance among Spanish speakers living near the US–Mexico border. Methods: Participants included 254 healthy native Spanish speakers from the Neuropsychological Norms for the US–Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project (Age: M = 37.3, SD = 10.4; Education: M = 10.7, SD = 4.3; 59% Female). A comprehensive neuropsychological battery was administered in Spanish. Individual test scaled scores and T -scores (based on region-specific norms adjusted for age, education, and sex) were averaged to create Global Mean Scaled and T -scores. Measures of culturally relevant factors included a self-reported indicator of educational quality/access (proportion of education in Spanish-speaking country, quality of school/classroom setting, stopped attending school to work), childhood socioeconomic environment (parental education, proportion of time living in Spanish-speaking country, childhood socioeconomic and health status, access to basic resources, work as a child), and Spanish/English language use and fluency. Results: Several culturally relevant variables were significantly associated with unadjusted Global Scaled Scores in univariable analyses. When using demographically adjusted T -scores, fewer culturally relevant characteristics were significant. In multivariable analyses, being bilingual ( p = .04) and working as a child for one’s own benefit compared to not working as a child ( p = .006) were significantly associated with higher Global Mean T -score, accounting for 9% of variance. Conclusions: Demographically adjusted normative data provide a useful tool for the identification of brain dysfunction, as these account for much of the variance of sociocultural factors on cognitive test performance. Yet, certain culturally relevant variables still contributed to cognitive test performance above and beyond basic demographics, warranting further investigation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1355-6177 , 1469-7661
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1355617721001028
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Conditional Effects of Lifetime Alcohol Consumption on Methamphetamine-Associated Neurocognitive Performance
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2019
    In:  Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society Vol. 25, No. 08 ( 2019-09), p. 787-799
    Details
    In: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 25, No. 08 ( 2019-09), p. 787-799
    Abstract: Methamphetamine (MA) dependence contributes to neurotoxicity and neurocognitive deficits. Although combined alcohol and MA misuse is common, how alcohol consumption relates to neurocognitive performance among MA users remains unclear. We hypothesized that alcohol and MA use would synergistically diminish neurocognitive functioning, such that greater reported alcohol consumption would exert larger negative effects on neurocognition among MA-dependent individuals compared to MA-nonusing persons. Methods: Eighty-seven MA-dependent (MA+) and 114 MA-nonusing (MA−) adults underwent neuropsychological and substance use assessments. Linear and logistic regressions examined the interaction between MA status and lifetime average drinks per drinking day on demographically corrected global neurocognitive T scores and impairment rates, controlling for recent alcohol use, lifetime cannabis use, WRAT reading performance, and lifetime depression. Results: MA+ displayed moderately higher rates of impairment and lower T scores compared to MA−. Lifetime alcohol use significantly interacted with MA status to predict global impairment (ORR = 0.70, p = .003) such that greater lifetime alcohol use increased likelihood of impairment in MA−, but decreased likelihood of impairment in MA+. Greater lifetime alcohol use predicted poorer global T scores among MA− ( b = −0.44, p = .030) but not MA+ ( b = 0.08, p = .586). Conclusions: Contrary to expectations, greater lifetime alcohol use related to reduced risk of neurocognitive impairment among MA users. Findings are supported by prior research identifying neurobiological mechanisms by which alcohol may attenuate stimulant-driven vasoconstriction and brain thermotoxicity. Replication and examination of neurophysiologic mechanisms underlying alcohol use in the context of MA dependence are warranted to elucidate whether alcohol confers a degree of neuroprotection.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1355-6177 , 1469-7661
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1355617719000493
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Computerized reaction time battery versus a traditional neuropsychological battery: Detecting HIV-related impairments
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2003
    In:  Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society Vol. 9, No. 1 ( 2003-01), p. 64-71
    Details
    In: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 9, No. 1 ( 2003-01), p. 64-71
    Abstract: In recent years, interest in the use of computerized neuropsychological (NP) assessment measures has increased. However, there are limited data regarding how performance on these measures relates to performance on more traditional, clinical instruments. In the present study, 82 HIV+ men, who were all believed on clinical grounds to have neurobehavioral impairment, completed a traditional NP battery (TNB) and the California Computerized Assessment Package (CalCAP, a collection of computerized reaction time tests). Summary scores based on a TNB, as well as those based on the CalCAP, demonstrated significant associations with both degree of immunosuppression (CD4 count) and detectable viral load in cerebrospinal fluid, but not with detectable viral load in plasma. Established norms on the TNB and CalCAP batteries resulted in classifying 57% and 49% of the HIV+ sample as impaired, respectively. When using the TNB as the “gold standard,” impairment classifications based on CalCAP summary scores exhibited a sensitivity of 68% and a specificity of 77%. Overall agreement on impairment classifications between batteries was low (kappa = .44). Data from this study suggest that traditional NP batteries and computerized reaction time tests do not measure the same thing, and are not interchangeable in examining HIV-related NP impairments. ( JINS , 2003, 9 , 64–71.)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1355-6177 , 1469-7661
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1355617703910071
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2003
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Differences in Neurocognitive Impairment Among HIV-Infected Latinos in the United States
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2018
    In:  Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society Vol. 24, No. 2 ( 2018-02), p. 163-175
    Details
    In: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 24, No. 2 ( 2018-02), p. 163-175
    Abstract: Objectives: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disproportionately affects Hispanics/Latinos in the United States, yet little is known about neurocognitive impairment (NCI) in this group. We compared the rates of NCI in large well-characterized samples of HIV-infected (HIV+) Latinos and (non-Latino) Whites, and examined HIV-associated NCI among subgroups of Latinos. Methods: Participants included English-speaking HIV+ adults assessed at six U.S. medical centers (194 Latinos, 600 Whites). For overall group, age: M =42.65 years, SD =8.93; 86% male; education: M =13.17, SD =2.73; 54% had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. NCI was assessed with a comprehensive test battery with normative corrections for age, education and gender. Covariates examined included HIV-disease characteristics, comorbidities, and genetic ancestry. Results: Compared with Whites, Latinos had higher rates of global NCI (42% vs . 54%), and domain NCI in executive function, learning, recall, working memory, and processing speed. Latinos also fared worse than Whites on current and historical HIV-disease characteristics, and nadir CD4 partially mediated ethnic differences in NCI. Yet, Latinos continued to have more global NCI [odds ratio (OR)=1.59; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.13–2.23; p 〈 .01] after adjusting for significant covariates. Higher rates of global NCI were observed with Puerto Rican ( n =60; 71%) versus Mexican ( n =79, 44%) origin/descent; this disparity persisted in models adjusting for significant covariates (OR=2.40; CI=1.11–5.29; p =.03). Conclusions : HIV+ Latinos, especially of Puerto Rican ( vs . Mexican) origin/descent had increased rates of NCI compared with Whites. Differences in rates of NCI were not completely explained by worse HIV-disease characteristics, neurocognitive comorbidities, or genetic ancestry. Future studies should explore culturally relevant psychosocial, biomedical, and genetic factors that might explain these disparities and inform the development of targeted interventions. ( JINS , 2018, 24 , 163–175)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1355-6177 , 1469-7661
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1355617717000832
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2018
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Emotional health and its association with neurocognition in Hispanic and non-Hispanic White people with HIV
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2023
    In:  Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
    Details
    In: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Abstract: Emotional functioning is linked to HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment, yet research on this association among diverse people with HIV (PWH) is scant. We examined emotional health and its association with neurocognition in Hispanic and White PWH. Methods: Participants included 107 Hispanic (41% primarily Spanish-speakers; 80% Mexican heritage/origin) and 216 White PWH (Overall age: M = 53.62, SD = 12.19; 86% male; 63% AIDS; 92% on antiretroviral therapy). Emotional health was assessed via the National Institute of Health Toolbox (NIHTB)-Emotion Battery, which yields T-scores for three factor-based summary scores (negative affect, social satisfaction, and psychological well-being) and 13 individual component scales. Neurocognition was measured via demographically adjusted fluid cognition T-scores from the NIHTB-cognition battery. Results: 27%–39% of the sample had problematic socioemotional summary scores. Hispanic PWH showed less loneliness, better social satisfaction, higher meaning and purpose, and better psychological well-being than Whites ( ps 〈 .05). Within Hispanics, Spanish-speakers showed better meaning and purpose, higher psychological well-being summary score, less anger hostility, but greater fear affect than English speakers. Only in Whites, worse negative affect (fear affect, perceived stress, and sadness) was associated with worse neurocognition ( p 〈 .05); and in both groups, worse social satisfaction (emotional support, friendship, and perceived rejection) was linked with worse neurocognition ( p 〈 .05). Conclusion: Adverse emotional health is common among PWH, with subgroups of Hispanics showing relative strengths in some domains. Aspects of emotional health differentially relate to neurocogntition among PWH and cross-culturally. Understanding these varying associations is an important step towards the development of culturally relevant interventions that promote neurocognitive health among Hispanic PWH.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1355-6177 , 1469-7661
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1355617723000188
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2023
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