Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Measurement of intracellular pH: a comparison between ion-sensitive microelectrodes and fluorescent dyes -- Introduction -- Historical perspective on pHi measurement -- Weak acid and base distribution -- pH-sensitive electrodes -- Early electrodes -- Liquid ion-exchange pH-sensitive electrodes -- Using pH-sensitive microelectrodes -- pH-sensitive dyes -- Early dyes -- Fluorescent dyes -- Recent problems with dyes -- Assessing cell health -- Inhibition of transporters -- Contamination with ionophores -- Highs and lows of dyes and electrodes -- Recommendations for further reading -- Acknowledgements -- References -- pH-sensitive microelectrodes: how to use them in plant cells -- Introduction -- Technical considerations and experiences -- How to build and prepare a pH microelectrode -- Intracellular applications of the pH microelectrode -- Application of the pH microelectrode to physiological problems -- Light/dark responses of green plant cells -- Acid-base interactions -- Proton cotransport -- The proton motive force electrode -- Signal transduction -- pH regulation: the role of the H+ ATPase -- Vacuolar pH -- Extracellular applications of the pH microelectrode -- The pH of the apoplast -- The pH of the unstirred layer -- Signal transduction -- Conclusions -- References -- The use of nuclear magnetic resonance for examining pH in living systems -- Introduction -- Practical considerations -- Principles of NMR pH measurement -- NMR pH indicators -- Sources of error -- Applications in comparative physiology -- Applications in plant physiology -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Invasive studies of intracellular acid-base parameters: quantitative analyses during environmental and functional stress -- Introduction. , A full set of acid-base parameters in whole-animal research -- Homogenate analyses of pHi -- Intracellular PCO2 and bicarbonate levels -- Cellular compartmentalisation -- Non-bicarbonate buffer values -- pH/bicarbonate analyses -- Interstitial pH -- Temperature and pHi -- Summary and conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Lactate, H+ and ammonia transport and distribution in rainbow trout white muscle after exhaustive exercise -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Post-exercise responses of the rainbow trout -- Problems in current understanding -- The isolated-perfused trout tail-trunk preparation -- Ammonia, H+m, and lactate distribution and transport in white muscle -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Limiting factors for acid-base regulation in fish: branchial transfer capacity versus diffusive loss of acid-base relevant… -- Introduction -- Regulatory mechanisms -- Buffering -- Adjustment of PCO2 -- Bicarbonate adjustment by ionic transfer -- Characteristics of acid-base regulation in fish -- Environmental hypercapnia -- Hyperoxia-induced and air-breathing-induced hypercapnia -- Air-breathing-induced hypercapnia -- Mechanisms and sites of transfer -- The role of the secondary circulatory system -- Ion transfer mechanisms of the secondary circulatory system -- Limitations of transfer -- Water ionic composition -- Plasma bicarbonate threshold -- Environmental Ca2+ -- Changes in transfer capacity versus diffusive loss -- Conclusion -- References -- H+-mediated control of ion channels in guard cells of higher plants -- Introduction -- Shortfalls in the Ca2+ model -- The pHi signal -- Universality of the pHi signal -- Channel sensitivity to pHe -- Origin of changes in pHi -- Is the pHi signal G-protein coupled? -- pHi interaction with [Ca2+]i -- Factors affecting pHi signal transmission -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References. , pH regulation of plants with CO2-concentrating mechanisms -- Introduction -- Diffusive entry of CO2 and acid-base regulation -- Evidence for the occurrence of CO2-concentrating mechanisms and for the inorganic carbon species entering cells during the… -- Gas exchange data -- Estimation of intracellular inorganic carbon concentrations -- Inorganic carbon species entering the cell when CO2-concentrating mechanisms are operating -- Mechanisms of CO2-concentrating mechanisms and their implications for acid-base regulation -- Crassulacean acid metabolism -- C4 pathway -- CO2-concentrating mechanisms based on active transport across membranes -- CO2-concentrating mechanisms based on active transport of inorganic carbon across membranes -- CO2-concentrating mechanisms based on HCO3- to CO2 conversion in compartments whose pH is lower than that of compartments… -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Intracellular pH regulation in plants under anoxia -- Introduction -- Cytoplasmic pH changes under anoxia -- Biochemical pH regulation under anoxia -- Biophysical pH regulation under anoxia -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- The role of turtle shell in acid-base buffering -- Introduction -- Acid buffering by the mammalian skeleton -- The turtle shell -- Structural features of the shell -- Functional features of the shell -- Anoxic tolerance of turtles -- Acid-base consequences of prolonged anoxia -- Shell mechanism 1: export of buffer to the extracellular fluid -- Shell mechanism 2: storage of lactate within the shell -- Issues related to the results and methodologies -- In vivo versus in vitro observations -- Contribution of the shell to total lactic acid buffering -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Acid-base regulation in crustaceans: the role of bicarbonate ions -- Introduction -- Aerial exposure -- Moult cycle. , Temperature -- Methodology -- Mechanisms of HCO3- transfer between body compartments -- Acknowledgements -- References -- A novel role for the gut of seawater teleosts in acid-base balance -- Introduction -- Sites for the transfer of acid-base relevant ions in fish -- The gills -- The kidney -- The skin -- The gut -- Evidence for a role of the gut in acid-base regulation in seawater teleosts -- Gut base excretion as a general feature of seawater teleosts -- Site of intestinal base secretion -- Ion transport mechanisms involved in intestinal base secretion -- Possible functions and repercussions of intestinal base secretion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- pH and smooth muscle: regulation and functional effects -- Introduction -- Techniques used to measure pH in smooth muscles -- Intracellular buffering power -- pH regulation in smooth muscle -- Ureteric smooth muscle -- Recovery from an acid load -- Recovery from alkaline load -- Vascular smooth muscle -- Recovery from an acid load -- Recovery from an alkaline load -- The importance of the Na+-H+ exchanger in smooth muscle -- A comparison of the role of Na+-H+ exchange in three smooth muscles -- The effects of species, development stage and gestational state on pHi regulation -- Species -- Development -- Gestation -- Agonists and pHi -- Contraction and pHi -- Extracellular pH -- Contractile responses to pHi change -- A comparison of the effects of pHi alteration in three smooth muscles -- Uterus -- Ureter -- Stomach -- Summary and future research -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Regulation of pH in vertebrate red blood cells -- Introduction -- Methods used to measure red blood cell pH -- Theoretical considerations -- Steady-state ion distributions and red blood cell pH -- Addition of CO2 or metabolic acid to the blood. , Potential for red blood cell pH regulation via secondarily active ion transport -- Agnathans -- Gnathostome fishes -- Teleosts -- Non-teleosts -- Amphibians -- Birds and mammals -- Conclusions -- References -- Acid-base regulation in hibernation and aestivation -- Introduction: from water to air breathing -- Reduction of metabolic rate -- Respiratory acidosis -- Methods applicable to hibernation and aestivation -- Isothermal acid-base changes -- Alkalinity relative to water -- The dissociation of protein imidazole groups -- The closed system approach -- Extracellular acid-base data in hibernation -- Intermittent breathing -- Changes in relative ventilation -- Intracellular compartments -- Effects of acidosis -- Conclusions -- References -- Hepatic metabolism and pH in starvation and refeeding -- Introduction -- Hormonal action, volume change and pHi in hepatocytes -- The relevance of interactions between insulin action, cell volume and pHi in the liver -- Examples of effects of pHi on energy metabolism in hepatocytes -- Inferences about changes in pHi in the liver during the absorptive phase -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Back to basics: a plea for a fundamental reappraisal of the representation of acidity and basicity in biological solutions -- Introduction -- Theoretical considerations -- The distribution of pH and {H+} in biological solutions -- The modulation of haemocyanin-O2 affinity -- The regulation of acid-base status -- A scale for representing acid-base status -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Index.