Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- 1- Introduction -- Evolution of Quaternary climate -- Magnetic contributors to sediments, soils, dusts and organic tissues -- A tool kit for the environmental magnetist -- Magnetic parameters -- Instrumentation -- Measurement techniques -- Magnetic units -- Magnetic properties of natural crystals -- Magnetic discrimination -- Magnetic modelling -- Magnetic investigations in Quaternary contexts -- References -- 2- The North Atlantic as a Quaternary magnetic archive -- Introduction -- Magnetism and climate in the North Atlantic -- Heinrich layers -- Mechanisms for generating Heinrich events -- The relationship between Heinrich layers and climate -- Heinrich layers and sediment sources -- Magnetic signatures of Heinrich layers -- Proximal sedimentation: the magnetic signature of Heinrich layers from the Labrador Sea -- Geographic variation in magnetic properties and the signature of Heinrich events -- Conclusions -- References -- 3- Palaeomonsoons I: the magnetic record of palaeoclimate in the terrestrial loess and palaeosol sequences -- Introduction -- The East Asian summer and winter monsoons -- Sources of the loess? -- Chronology of the Chinese loess and soil sequences -- The magnetic properties of the Chinese loess-soil sequences -- Morphology and source of the loess/soil magnetic minerals. -- The present day connection between climate and soil magnetism -- Palaeoclimate from palaeosusceptibility -- Soil chronofunctions -- Palaeoclimate reconstructions -- Other approaches to palaeoclimatic reconstruction from the Chinese loess and soils. -- Alternative views -- Magnetism-palaeosol relationships in other parts of the world -- Future prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 4- Palaeomonsoons II: magnetic records of aeolian dust in Quaternary sediments of the Indian Ocean -- Introduction -- Palaeowinds from dust records in deep-sea sediments -- Central North Atlantic -- Aeolian flux to the north-west and central Pacific -- Magnetic susceptibility as a record of aeolian dust in Indian Ocean sediments -- Paramagnetic/diamagnetic contributions to magnetic susceptibility -- Zone 1 (0-1.7 m) -- Zone 2 (1.7 m-~7 m) -- Zone 3 (7-10.5 m) -- Zone 4 (10.5-~22 m) -- Zone 5 (~22-90 m) -- Magnetic mineralogy from magnetic extracts -- Mineralogy of the magnetic extracts -- Magnetic mineralogy of magnetic zones 1-5 -- Source of the paramagnetic susceptibility signal -- Source of the Owen Ridge magnetic susceptibility signal -- Summary -- Future prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5- Bacterial magnetite and the Quaternary climate record -- Introduction -- Ecology and physiology of magnetogenic bacteria -- Magnetotactic bacteria -- Dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria -- Ecology -- Identification of bacterial magnetosomes in Quaternary sediments and soils -- Magnetic identification -- Identification of bacterial magnetite by microscopy -- Bacterial magnetite in Quaternary sediments -- Marine sediments -- Conclusions: bacterial magnetite and the Quaternary climate record -- References -- 6- Incidence and significance of magnetic iron sulphides in Quaternary sediments and soils -- Introduction -- The structural properties of the iron-sulphide system -- Physical structures and low temperature phase fields -- Magnetic properties of the ferrimagnetic iron sulphides -- Greigite -- Monoclinic pyrrhotite -- Occurrences of ferrimagnetic iron sulphides in freshwater sediments and terrestrial environments -- Palaeosalinity in the Baltic -- Iron sulphides in marine sediments. , Chemical remanent magnetizations carried by iron sulphides: magnetostratigraphic conundrums -- Self-reversal of iron sulphides -- The future -- Methods -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7- Holocene environmental change from magnetic proxies in lake sediments -- Introduction -- Lough Neagh revisited -- Sources of magnetic minerals in lake sediments -- Holocene susceptibility trends -- Long term decreasing or stationary trend -- Long term increasing trend -- Recent records -- Detrital records -- Dilution effects -- Particle-size -- Sediment sources -- Mixing models -- Core correlation and sediment loads -- Magnetic properties as records of diagenesis or authigenesis. -- Magnetic proxies of climate change through glacial-interglacial cycles -- Records of atmospheric deposition -- Fire histories and tephra deposits -- Pollution records -- Final comments -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8- Magnetic monitoring of air-, land- and water-pollution -- Introduction -- Atmospheric pollutants -- Heavy metals in fly-ashes -- Magnetic minerals associated with atmospheric particulates -- Magnetic properties of coal-fired airborne particles -- Magnetic minerals, heavy metals and road traffic -- Magnetic airborne particles and identification of pollution sources -- Occupational exposure -- Magnetic mapping of atmospheric deposition of pollution -- Soil magnetometry and anthropogenic pollution -- Magnetic measurements on miscellaneous carriers of airborne particles -- Magnetic properties and pollution of fluvial and marine sediments -- Miscellaneous ('non-industrial pollution') -- Extraterrestrial versus volcanic magnetite -- Eolian sedimentation and iron contribution to aerosols -- Coupling between magnetic minerals and heavy metals -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 9- Environmental factors affecting geomagnetic field palaeointensity estimates from sediments -- Introduction -- Sediment palaeointensity normalization techniques -- Holocene palaeointensity estimates -- Late Pleistocene palaeointensity estimates -- Brunhes palaeointensity estimates -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- 10- Magnetic cyclostratigraphy: high-resolution dating in and beyond the Quaternary and analysis of periodic changes in… -- Introduction -- Orbital cycles and astronomical time-scales -- The orbital cycles -- A breakthrough in geological dating: astronomical time-scales for the late Neogene -- Cyclicity and diagenesis within the marine sedimentary environment -- Cyclic variations in diagenetic conditions -- Sapropels -- Bed-to-bed, marine-continental correlations -- The early Pliocene Ptolemais formation -- Synthesis: conclusions and outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- Background -- Rationale for (and layout of) this volume -- References -- Part I Setting the stage: What do we know about human growth and development? -- 2 The human pattern of growth and development in paleontological perspective -- Introduction -- A brief history of auxological paleontology -- A synthesis of ideas -- Why did childhood and adolescence evolve? -- Why childhood? -- Why adolescence and the adolescent growth? -- Why do girls have adolescence? -- Why do boys have adolescence? -- Girls and boys - two paths through adolescence -- The shape of things to come -- References -- 3 Postnatal ontogeny of facial position in Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes -- Introduction -- Anatomical model -- Materials and methods -- Samples -- Measurements -- Geometric morphometric analyses -- Hypotheses -- Results -- SDM analyses -- GDM analyses -- Summary of results -- H1: Anterior cranial base length -- H2: Middle cranial fossa length -- H3: Midfacial length -- H4: Posterior cranial base length -- H5: Upper facial length -- H6: Lower facial length -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Variation in modern human dental development -- Introduction -- Methods -- Recording dental formation -- Growth statistics -- Stages of dental development -- Results -- Timing of eruption -- Stages of eruption -- Tooth formation -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Developmental variation in the facial skeleton of anatomically modern Homo sapiens -- Introduction -- Morphological differences in the form of the craniofacial skeleton in adult modern humans: An overview -- General principles of growth in the craniofacial skeleton -- Comparative growth of the hard tissues - geometric morphometrics. , Background to the study -- Materials -- Methods -- Results -- Differences in facial shape irrespective of maturation -- Differences in ontogenetic shape trajectories -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Linear growth variation in the archaeological record -- Introduction -- Material and methods -- Reference sample -- Archaeological samples -- Estimation of age at death -- Results -- North Africa and Western Asia -- Asia -- Europe/European origin -- North America -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Hominid growth and development: The modern context -- Introduction -- Modern human pattern of growth and development -- Definition of pattern of growth and development -- Life stages -- Life history -- Causes of within-species variation -- Evidence for modern human growth as presented in this volume -- Conclusions -- References -- Part II The first steps: From australopithecines to Middle Pleistocene Homo -- 8 Reconstructing australopithecine growth and development: What do we think we know? -- Introduction -- Background -- Chronology and timing of australopithecine dental development -- Patterns of australopithecine dental development -- Growth and development of the australopithecine face -- Summary and discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Growth and life history in Homo erectus -- Introduction -- Theoretical context -- Heterochrony -- Temporal patterning of growth and the human growth spurt -- Materials and methods -- Materials -- Allometric heterochronic analyses -- Growth spurt analyses -- Methods -- Heterochronic analyses -- Growth spurt analyses -- Results -- Heterochrony -- Size and shape dissociation -- Growth through time and growth spurts -- Discussion -- Heterochrony, size, and shape -- Growth through time and adolescent growth spurts -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments. , References -- 10 Patterns of dental development in Lower and Middle Pleistocene hominins from Atapuerca (Spain) -- Introduction -- Dental development and life history -- Time and timing: Two different approaches -- Materials: The Atapuerca hominins -- Methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Hominid growth and development from australopithecines to Middle Pleistocene Homo -- Introduction -- Homo habilis -- Dental remains -- Cranial and mandibular remains -- Postcranial remains -- Life-history issues -- Homo erectus -- Dental remains -- Cranial and mandibular remains -- Postcranial remains -- Adolescent growth spurt? -- Life-history issues -- Homo antecessor and Homo heidelbergensis -- Dental remains -- Cranial and mandibular remains -- Postcranial remains -- Life-history issues -- Summary -- References -- Part III The last steps: The approach to modern humans -- 12 Diagnosing heterochronic perturbations in the craniofacial evolution of Homo (Neandertals and modern humans) and… -- Introduction -- Materials and methods -- Samples -- Aging methods -- Modeling growth -- HETPAD analysis -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 Shape and growth differences between Neandertals and modern humans: Grounds for a species-level distinction? -- Introduction -- Taxonomic hypothesis -- Materials -- Landmarks -- Euclidean distance matrix analysis -- EDMA shape difference comparisons -- EDMA growth difference comparisons -- Results -- EDMA shape difference comparisons -- EDMA growth difference comparisons -- Discussion -- Future work -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 14 Ontogenetic patterning and phylogenetic significance of mental foramen number and position in the evolution of Upper… -- Introduction -- Materials -- Recent specimens -- Fossil specimens -- Methods -- Results. , Mental foramen position relative to the tooth row -- Number of mental foramina -- Growth in anterior alveolar arch length -- Growth in anterior alveolar arch breadth -- Discussion -- Summary and conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 15 A new approach to the quantitative analysis of postcranial growth in Neandertals and modern humans: Evidence from the… -- Introduction -- Materials -- Methods -- Results -- Ilium -- Pubis -- Ischium -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 16 Ontogenetic variation in the Dederiyeh Neandertal infants: Postcranial evidence -- Introduction -- Materials -- Dederiyeh 1 and 2 -- Comparative specimens -- Methods -- Aging -- Measurements and analyses -- Results -- Length and circumference -- Cross-sectional geometric properties -- Difference between Dederiyeh 1 and Dederiyeh 2 -- Discussion -- Sample size as a comparative unit -- Comparison of growth patterns -- Uncertainty of age estimation -- Issues in the study of growth of postcranial bones -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 17 Hominid growth and development in Upper Pleistocene Homo -- Introduction -- Models of evolutionary change -- Morphological studies -- The postcranium: Limb length and circumference -- Considerations -- The postcranium: Pelvic dimensions -- Considerations -- The skull: The mandible -- Considerations -- The skull: The craniofacial complex -- Considerations -- Summary -- Interpretive differences -- Methodological factors -- Conceptual factors -- Genetics or behavior? -- Paradigm -- Paradigms and the origins of the modern human pattern of growth and development -- Discussion -- References -- 18 Conclusions: Putting it all together -- Introduction -- What is the modern human pattern of growth and development and when did it appear? -- Growth in brain size/body size -- Development. , The origin of modern humans -- Variability -- Conclusions -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 A selective overview -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 On taking mixing-length theory seriously -- 1.3 The solar spoon -- 1.4 Deep roots of solar cycles -- 1.5 Helioseismology: oscillations as a diagnostic of the solar interior -- 1.6 Inverting helioseismic data -- 1.7 On the detection of subphotospheric convective velocities and temperature fluctuations -- 1.8 Prospects for asteroseismic inference -- References -- I Stellar convection and oscillations -- 2 On the diversity of stellar pulsations -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Types of stellar pulsation -- 2.2.1 Giant-type pulsators -- 2.3 Dwarf-type pulsators -- 2.4 Inference from linear theory -- 2.5 Saturation of the linear instability -- 2.6 Amplitude limitation by resonances -- 2.6.1 The 2:1 resonance -- 2.6.2 Parametric resonance and dwarf and giant dichotomy -- 2.6.3 Higher-order parametric resonance and the Blazkho effect -- 2.7 Final remarks -- References -- 3 Acoustic radiation and mode excitation by turbulent convection -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Linear damping rates, Gamma -- 3.3 Stochastic excitation -- 3.4 Acoustic radiation in the equilibrium model -- References -- 4 Understanding roAp stars -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Magnetic field versus convection -- 4.3 Mode excitation and eigenfrequencies -- 4.3.1 Excitation -- 4.3.2 Effect on the power spectrum -- 4.4 Theoretical instability strip -- 4.5 roAp stars versus noAp stars -- 4.5.1 noAp stars: are they stable against high frequency pulsations? -- 4.5.2 noAp stars: why would we fail to observe their oscillations? -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Waves in the magnetised solar atmosphere -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Description of the models -- 5.3 Network and internetwork oscillations -- 5.3.1 Internetwork oscillations -- 5.3.2 Waves in a network element. , 5.4 Waves in a weak flux-tube -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- II Stellar rotation and magnetic fields -- 6 Stellar rotation: a historical survey -- Prologue -- 6.1 Radiative zones: the Eddington-Vogt-Sweet theory -- 6.2 Comparison with geophysical theory -- 6.3 Steady circulation and the mixing problem -- 6.4 The angular momentum distribution in a radiative zone -- 6.4.1 Magnetic radiative zones -- 6.4.2 Non-magnetic radiative zones -- 6.5 Rotating convective zones -- 6.6 The solar tachocline -- References -- 7 The oscillations of rapidly rotating stars -- 7.1 A short introduction to rapidly rotating stars -- 7.2 Perturbative versus non-perturbative methods -- 7.3 The part played by the Coriolis acceleration -- 7.4 The part played by centrifugal acceleration -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Solar tachocline dynamics: eddy viscosity, anti-friction, or something in between? -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Long-range and short-range momentum transport -- 8.3 Potential vorticity -- 8.4 A glimpse of the Earth's stratosphere -- 8.5 Turbulence requires waves -- 8.6 Concluding remarks -- References -- 9 Dynamics of the solar tachocline -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 One half of the problem: shear propagation into a rotating stratified fluid -- 9.2.1 Slow rotating case… -- 9.2.3 Solar rotation rate -- 9.2.4 Discussion -- 9.3 The other half of the problem: nonlinear interaction between a large-scale field and flows in a rotating sphere -- 9.4 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Dynamo processes: the interaction of turbulence and magnetic fields -- 10.1 Scales for solar magnetic fields -- 10.2 Field structure in kinematic dynamos at large R -- 10.3 Dynamical equilibration of small-scale dynamos -- 10.4 Growth and equilibration of mean fields -- 10.5 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Dynamos in planets -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Planetary magnetic fields. , 11.3 Convective driving and thermal history -- 11.4 Physical nature of convective dynamo solutions -- 11.5 Dynamical regimes in planetary cores -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- III Physics and structure of stellar interiors -- 12 Solar constraints on the equation of state -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Equation of state issues -- 12.2.1 Coulomb correction -- 12.2.2 Relativistic electrons -- 12.2.3 Effect of excited states in hydrogen and helium -- 12.2.4 Heavy elements -- 12.3 Resolution power of helioseismology -- 12.4 Conclusions -- References -- 13 He transport and the solar neutrino problem -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Neutrinos and the neutrino problem -- 13.3 Cumming and Haxton's model -- 13.4 Modelling the flow -- 13.5 The equations -- 13.6 Results -- 13.7 Conclusions -- References -- 14 Mixing in stellar radiation zones -- 14.1 The observational evidence -- 14.2 Possible causes of mixing -- 14.2.1 Convective overshoot and penetration -- 14.2.2 Meridional circulation -- 14.2.3 Turbulence caused by differential rotation -- 14.2.3.1 Turbulence produced by the vertical shear -- 14.2.3.2 Turbulence produced by the horizontal shear -- 14.3 Rotational mixing -- 14.3.1 Rotational mixing of type I -- 14.3.2 Rotational mixing of type II -- 14.3.3 Tachocline mixing -- 14.4 Open questions -- 14.4.1 Does turbulence caused by a horizontal shear act to reduce that shear? -- 14.4.2 How does a poloidal field avoid imprinting the differential rotation of the convection zone into the radiation zone? -- 14.4.3 Can waves extract angular momentum from the solar interior? -- References -- 15 Element settling and rotation-induced mixing in slowly rotating stars -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Element settling in stellar radiative zones -- 15.2.1 The solar case -- 15.2.2 The lithium plateau in halo stars. , 15.3 Rotation-induced mixing in the presence of gravitationally-induced Mu-gradients -- 15.3.1 Computations of Omega and Mu-currents -- 15.3.2 Self-regulating process -- 15.4 Conclusion -- References -- IV Helio-and asteroseismology -- 16 Solar structure and the neutrino problem -- 16.1 Historical review: the solar neutrino problem -- 16.2 Historical review: helioseismology -- 16.3 Neutrino oscillation: MSW effect -- 16.4 SNO and Super-Kamiokande -- 16.5 Recipe for construction of an evolutionary solar model -- 16.6 Recipe for construction of a seismic solar model -- 16.7 Seismic solar model and the neutrino flux estimate -- 16.8 Future prospects -- References -- 17 Helioseismic data analysis -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Background -- 17.3 Instruments -- 17.3.1 GONG -- 17.3.2 MDI -- 17.3.3 Other projects -- 17.4 Normal mode analysis -- 17.4.1 Time series generation -- 17.4.2 Peakbagging -- 17.4.2.1 The MDI algorithm -- 17.4.2.2 The GONG algorithm -- 17.4.2.3 Ridge fitting -- 17.4.3 Analysis problems -- 17.4.3.1 Bad physics and parameters -- 17.4.3.2 Instrumental problems -- 17.4.3.3 Algorithm problems -- 17.4.3.4 Problems of unknown source -- 17.4.4 Results -- 17.5 Supergranulation studies -- 17.6 Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- 18 Seismology of solar rotation -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Helioseismic measurement of solar internal rotation -- 18.3 Inversion for internal rotation -- 18.4 Solar internal rotation observed by helioseismology -- 18.4.1 Observational data -- 18.4.2 How to tackle 2-dimensional (2D) inversions -- 18.4.3 What we have learned -- 18.5 Rotation in the the solar convection zone -- 18.6 Line-blending problem -- 18.7 Summary -- References -- 19 Telechronohelioseismology -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Observational and Theoretical Principles -- 19.3 Current Inferences -- 19.3.1 Large-scale flows and solar activity. , 19.3.2 Developing active regions -- 19.3.3 Structure and dynamics of sunspots -- 19.3.4 Far-side imaging -- 19.4 Conclusion -- References -- V Large-scale numerical experiments -- 20 Bridges between helioseismology and models of convection zone dynamics -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Differential rotation: tachocline and near-surface shear -- 20.3 Solar dynamo: ordered and chaotic emergence of flux -- 20.4 Tachocline: boundary layer of strong shear -- 20.5 Contact with 3-D simulations of turbulent convection -- 20.6 Near-surface shear layer and solar subsurface weather -- 20.7 Origin of near-surface shear layer -- 20.8 Reflections -- References -- 21 Numerical simulations of the solar convection zone -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 DNS results -- 21.3 VLES results -- 21.4 Conclusion -- References -- 22 Modelling solar and stellar magnetoconvection -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Compressible magnetoconvection -- 22.3 Flux separation -- 22.4 Small-scale dynamo action -- 22.5 Conclusion -- References -- 23 Nonlinear magnetoconvection in the presence of a strong oblique field -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Reduced PDE description for Ma… -- 23.2.1 Computational and Theoretical Advantages -- 23.3 Exact Single-Mode Solutions -- 23.4 Results -- 23.5 Conclusion -- References -- 24 Simulations of astrophysical fluids -- 24.1 Introduction -- 24.2 Radio relics -- 24.2.1 Conclusion -- 24.3 Radio galaxies -- References -- VI Dynamics -- 25 A magic electromagnetic field -- 25.1 The electromagnetic field -- 25.2 The connection to Kerr's metric and the electron -- 25.3 Separability of motion in the field -- 25.4 Eulogy -- References -- 26 Continuum equations for stellar dynamics -- 26.1 A kinetic equation -- 26.2 The collision term -- 26.3 Fluid equations -- 26.4 The Jeans instability -- 26.5 Conclusion -- References -- 27 Formation of planetary systems -- 27.1 Observations. , 27.2 Grain condensation and growth.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Illustrations -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 About this book -- 1.2 The stellar life-cycle -- 1.3 The space between the stars -- 1.4 The distribution of the stars -- 1.5 The magnetic field -- 1.6 Star formation in a galactic context -- 1.7 Known sites of contemporary star formation -- 1.8 The initial mass function -- 1.9 Objectives of star-formation theory -- Recommended further reading -- Chapter 2 Probing star formation -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Properties of photons -- 2.3 Intensity -- 2.4 Flux -- 2.5 Radiant energy density -- 2.6 Continuum radiation - studying the dust -- 2.7 Radiative transfer -- 2.8 Calculating the dust mass -- 2.9 Line radiation - studying the gas -- 2.9.1 Population transfer -- 2.9.2 Population distributions -- 2.9.3 The Einstein relations between coefficients -- 2.9.4 Emission and absorption coefficients -- Recommended further reading -- Chapter 3 The ISM - the beginnings of star formation -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The 21-cm line of atomic hydrogen -- 3.2.1 21-cm energy levels -- 3.2.2 21-cm level populations -- 3.2.3 Radiative transfer in the 21-cm line -- 3.2.4 The 21-cm line in absorption -- 3.2.5 The 21-cm line in emission -- 3.3 Molecular gas -- 3.3.1 The problems of detecting H2 -- 3.3.2 Using CO to trace H2 -- 3.3.3 The CO to H2 conversion factor -- 3.4 Line shapes and the motion of the gas -- 3.4.1 Line broadening -- 3.4.2 The Doppler effect -- 3.4.3 Convolving line profiles -- 3.5 Absorption lines - searchlights through the ISM -- 3.5.1 Selection effects -- 3.5.2 Circumstellar and interstellar lines -- 3.5.3 Equivalent width of a line -- 3.6 The curve of growth -- 3.6.1 Low optical depth -- 3.6.2 Intermediate optical depth -- 3.6.3 High optical depth -- 3.7 The use of absorption lines -- Recommended further reading. , Chapter 4 Molecular clouds - the sites of star formation -- 4.1 The equation of state -- 4.1.1 The ideal gas approximation -- 4.1.2 Adiabatic equation of state -- 4.2 Fluid mechanics of molecular clouds -- 4.2.1 The continuity equation -- 4.2.2 The equation of motion under pressure -- 4.2.3 Fluid motion under gravity -- 4.3 Gravitational instability -- 4.3.1 Uniform density medium -- 4.3.2 The Jeans mass -- 4.3.3 Structure in molecular clouds -- 4.4 The virial theorem -- 4.4.1 Cloud stability -- 4.4.2 The virial mass -- 4.4.3 Theoretical core life-times -- 4.5 Observations of molecular clouds -- 4.5.1 Larson's scaling relations -- 4.5.2 Cloud life-times from observations -- 4.5.3 Are cores in free-fall collapse? -- 4.6 Turbulence in molecular clouds -- 4.6.1 Non-thermal linewidths -- 4.6.2 Intermittency -- 4.6.3 Turbulent cascades -- 4.6.4 Fractal structure -- 4.6.5 Very small-scale structure -- 4.6.6 Shock fronts -- 4.7 Magnetic fields in molecular clouds -- 4.8 Chemistry in molecular clouds -- 4.8.1 Gas-phase chemistry -- 4.8.2 Grain surface chemistry -- 4.8.3 Carbon chemistry -- 4.8.4 Chemistry and star formation -- Recommended further reading -- Chapter 5 Fragmentation and collapse - the road to star formation -- 5.1 The road to star formation -- 5.2 Theoretical collapse solutions -- 5.3 The minimum mass of a star -- 5.3.1 Hierarchical fragmentation -- 5.3.2 Contraction of a marginally unstable fragment -- 5.3.3 The compressional heating rate -- 5.3.4 Radiative cooling rate -- 5.3.5 Condition for isothermality to be maintained -- 5.3.6 The minimum mass -- 5.4 Effects of the magnetic field -- 5.4.1 Ion-neutral drift -- 5.4.2 Ambipolar diffusion -- 5.4.3 Decrease of magnetic flux with time -- 5.4.4 The angular momentum problem -- 5.4.5 Magnetic braking of rotating clouds -- 5.5 Observations of the initial conditions of collapse. , 5.5.1 Starless and pre-stellar cores -- 5.5.2 Physical properties of pre-stellar cores -- 5.6 Pre-stellar cores and the IMF -- 5.7 Binary and multiple star formation -- Recommended further reading -- Chapter 6 Young stars, protostars and accretion - building a typical star -- 6.1 Pre-main-sequence evolution -- 6.1.1 Isothermal collapse -- 6.1.2 Radiative interior -- 6.1.3 Protostars and PMS stars -- 6.2 Hayashi tracks -- 6.2.1 Quasi-static contraction -- 6.2.2 The stellar atmosphere -- 6.2.3 The transition point -- 6.2.4 The convective interior -- 6.2.5 The surface temperature -- 6.3 Henyey tracks -- 6.3.1 Radiative equilibrium -- 6.3.2 The surface temperature -- 6.3.3 Very massive stars -- 6.3.4 The Kelvin-Helmholtz contraction time-scale -- 6.4 Accretion onto protostars -- 6.4.1 Spherically symmetric accretion -- 6.4.2 Bondi accretion -- 6.4.3 Variation of flow speed with radius -- 6.4.4 The sonic point -- 6.4.5 Physically acceptable solutions -- 6.4.6 The supersonic solution -- 6.5 Observations of protostars - the birth line -- 6.6 Millimetre-wave continuum observations -- 6.7 Millimetre-wave spectroscopy -- 6.8 Infrared and optical observations -- Recommended further reading -- Chapter 7 The formation of high-mass starsstars, and their surroundings -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The main stages of high-mass star formation -- 7.2.1 Infrared-dark clouds -- 7.2.2 Hot cores -- 7.2.3 HII regions -- 7.3 Building a high-mass star -- 7.3.1 Accretion vs radiation pressure -- 7.3.2 Reversing the accretion -- 7.3.3 Pre-main-sequence evolution with accretion -- 7.4 Line radiation from HII regions -- 7.4.1 Recombination cascades -- 7.4.2 Nomenclature -- 7.5 Recombination rate and emission measure -- 7.6 Free-free radio continuum emission -- 7.7 Size of an HII region - Strmgren radius -- 7.8 Ionisation fronts -- 7.9 Expansion of an HII region. , 7.9.1 Initial static ionisation phase -- 7.9.2 The dynamical expansion phase -- 7.9.3 The asymptotic state -- 7.9.4 The swept-up neutral gas at the boundaryof an HII region -- Recommended further reading -- Chapter 8 By-products and consequences of star formation -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Circumstellar discs -- 8.2.1 A model accretion disc -- 8.2.2 Temperature profile -- 8.2.3 Flared discs -- 8.3 Bipolar outflows -- 8.4 Disc fragmentation -- 8.5 Planet formation -- 8.5.1 Formation of planetesimals -- 8.5.2 Planetesimal growth -- 8.5.3 Giant planets -- 8.6 Brown dwarf stars -- 8.6.1 Brown dwarfs and planets -- 8.6.2 The brown dwarf desert -- 8.6.3 Possible formation mechanisms of brown dwarfs -- 8.7 Galaxy formation -- 8.7.1 Stars -- 8.7.2 Interstellar gas -- 8.7.3 Ellipticals versus spirals -- 8.7.4 Spiral structure in disc galaxies -- 8.8 Starburst galaxies -- 8.9 The epoch of star formation -- Recommended further reading -- List of mathematical symbols -- List of figure credits -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 -- Chapter 2 -- Chapter 3 -- Chapter 4 -- Chapter 5 -- Chapter 6 -- Chapter 7 -- Chapter 8 -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Laser snapshots of molecular motions -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The interaction of intense femtosecond laser light with molecules -- 1.3 Femtosecond lasers -- 1.4 Femtosecond spectroscopy of molecular dynamics -- 1.4.1 Ultrafast molecular fragmentation -- 1.4.2 Ultrafast molecular collisions -- 1.4.3 Many-body effects on ultrafast dynamics -- 1.5 What else and what next? A speculative prognosis -- 1.5.1 Attosecond laser pulses -- 1.5.2 Coherent control of molecular dynamics -- 1.6 Further reading -- 2 Enzymology takes a quantum leap forward -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Enzyme catalysis in the classical world -- 2.3 A role for protein dynamics in classical transfers -- 2.4 Wave-particle duality and the concept of tunnelling -- 2.5 Electron tunnelling in proteins -- 2.6 Transition state theory and corrections for hydrogen tunnelling -- 2.7 Hydrogen tunnelling driven by protein dynamics -- 2.8 Experimental demonstration of vibration-driven tunnelling -- 2.9 Significance of hydrogen tunnelling in enzymes -- 2.10 Enzymology in the future -- 2.11 Further reading -- 3 World champion chemists: people versus computers -- 3.1 Further reading -- 4 Chemistry on the inside: green chemistry in mesoporous materials -- 4.1 Green chemistry -- 4.2 New mesoporous materials -- 4.3 Applications -- 4.4 Future prospects -- 4.5 Further reading -- 5 Diamond thin films: a twenty-first century material -- 5.1 The diamond in history -- 5.2 Chemical vapour deposition -- 5.3 Methods for production of CVD diamond -- 5.4 The chemistry of CVD diamond growth -- 5.5 The substrate material -- 5.6 Nucleation -- 5.7 The CVD diamond film -- 5.8 Applications -- 5.8.1 Cutting tools -- 5.8.2 Thermal management -- 5.8.3 Optics -- 5.8.4 Electronic devices -- 5.8.5 Field emission displays -- 5.8.6 Electrochemical sensors. , 5.8.7 Composite reinforcement -- 5.8.8 Particle detectors -- 5.9 Summary -- 5.10 Further reading -- 6 The secret of Nature's microscopic patterns -- 6.1 The biology of microarchitecture and self-assembly -- 6.1.1 Message and machinery -- 6.1.2 The inertia of natural patterns -- 6.1.3 Mimicking and modelling nature -- 6.2 Consideration of colloidal interactions and self-assembly -- 6.2.1 The unexpected behaviour of tiny objects -- 6.2.2 Creating pattern from instability -- 6.3 Synthetic self-assembled architecture and evolutionary implications -- 6.3.1 An experimental example -- 6.3.2 Of patterns and species -- 6.4 Future applications of biocolloid self-assembly -- 6.5 Further reading -- 7 Skeletal structure: synthesis of mechanics and cell biology -- 7.1 Introduction and historical background -- 7.2 Form and function in bone -- 7.2.1 Bone structure -- 7.2.2 Cells and matrix -- 7.2.3 Bone growth and maintenance -- 7.3 Mechanical regulation of bone structure -- 7.3.1 Adaptation experiments -- 7.3.2 Modelling -- 7.3.3 Imaging -- 7.4 Visions for the future -- 7.5 Further reading -- 8 The making of the virtual heart -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Martians and the Highway Code -- 8.2 The need for computational modelling in bio-medical research -- 8.2.1 What can we learn from Martians? -- 8.2.2 Combined opposites -- 8.3 The Physiome Project -- 8.3.1 The vision -- 8.3.2 The route -- 8.3.3 The tools -- 8.4 The virtual heart -- 8.4.1 Science or fiction? -- 8.4.2 Single cell models -- 8.4.3 Organ models -- 8.4.4 Simulating the ECG -- 8.4.5 Summary: The virtual heart -- 8.5 The utility of virtual organs -- 8.5.1 Added value for research -- 8.5.2 Added value for drug and device development -- 8.5.3 Added value for society -- 8.6 Further reading -- 9 Exploring human organs with computers -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Making cars -- 9.3 Designing drugs. , 9.4 Bone and skin -- 9.5 Cell interactions -- 9.6 The heart -- 9.7 An ear model -- 9.8 The next 10 years -- 9.9 The year 2020 -- 9.10 The year 2050 -- 9.11 Further reading -- 10 Reverse engineering the human mind -- 10.1 Further reading -- Contributor biographies -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Note on Genetic Symbols -- CHAPTER ONE Overview of Genetic Organization and Scale -- CHAPTER TWO Mitosis and Meiosis -- STUDY HINTS -- IMPORTANT TERMS -- PROBLEM SET 2 -- ANSWERS TO PROBLEM SET 2 -- CROSSWORD PUZZLE 2 -- CHAPTER THREE Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA -- STUDY HINTS -- IMPORTANT TERMS -- PROBLEM SET 3 -- ANSWERS TO PROBLEM SET 3 -- CROSSWORD PUZZLE 3 -- Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA -- CHAPTER FOUR Basic Mendelian Genetics -- STUDY HINTS -- IMPORTANT TERMS -- PROBLEM SET 4 -- ANSWERS TO PROBLEM SET 4 -- CROSSWORD PUZZLE 4 -- Basic Mendelian Genetics -- CHAPTER FIVE Probability and Chi-Square -- STUDY HINTS -- I. Individual independent events -- IMPORTANT TERMS -- PROBLEM SET 5 -- Chi Square Problems -- ANSWERS TO PROBLEM SET 5 -- CHAPTER SIX Sex-Linkage and Gene Interactions -- STUDY HINTS -- IMPORTANT TERMS -- PROBLEM SET 6 -- Maternal Effects and Cytoplasmic Inheritance -- ANSWERS TO PROBLEM SET 6 -- CROSSWORD PUZZLE 6 -- Sex-Linkage and Interactions -- CHAPTER SEVEN Pedigree Analysis -- STUDY HINTS -- IMPORTANT TERMS -- PROBLEM SET 7 -- ANSWERS TO PROBLEM SET 7 -- CHAPTER EIGHT Overview of Basic Statistical Testing -- I. Differences -- 2. More than two samples -- CHAPTER NINE Quantitative Inheritance -- STUDY HINTS -- IMPORTANT TERMS -- PROBLEM SET 9 -- ANSWERS TO PROBLEM SET 9 -- CROSSWORD PUZZLE 9 -- Quantitative Inheritance -- CHAPTER TEN Overview of Genetic Mapping -- CHAPTER ELEVEN Assessing Chromosome Linkage Relationships -- STUDY HINTS -- IMPORTANT TERMS -- PROBLEM SET 11 -- ANSWERS TO PROBLEM SET 11 -- CHAPTER TWELVE Linkage and Mappingin Diploids -- STUDYHINTS -- IMPORTANT TERMS -- PROBLEM SET 12 -- ANSWERS TO PROBLEM SET 12 -- CHAPTER THIRTEEN Mapping in Bacteria and Viruses -- STUDY HINTS -- IMPORTANT TERMS -- PROBLEM SET 13 -- ANSWERS TO PROBLEM SET 13. , CROSSWORD PUZZLE 13 -- Mapping in Bacteria and Viruses -- CHAPTER FOURTEEN Overview of Types of Genetic Change -- CHAPTER FIFTEEN Gene Mutation -- STUDY HINTS -- IMPORTANT TERMS -- PROBLEM SET 15 -- ANSWERS TO PROBLEM SET 15 -- CHAPTER SIXTEEN Changes in Chromosome Number and Structure -- STUDY HINTS -- IMPORTANT TERMS -- PROBLEM SET 16 -- ANSWERS TO PROBLEM SET 16 -- CROSSWORD PUZZLE 16 -- Changes in Chromosome Number and Structure -- CHAPTER SEVENTEEN Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code -- STUDY HINTS -- I. Initiation -- IMPORTANT TERMS -- PROBLEM SET 17 -- ANSWERS TO PROBLEM SET 17 -- CROSSWORD PUZZLE 17 -- Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code -- CHAPTER EIGHTEEN Gene Regulation and Development -- STUDY HINTS -- IMPORTANT TERMS -- PROBLEM SET 18 -- ANSWERS TO PROBLEM SET 18 -- CHAPTER NINETEEN Overview of Molecular Biology Techniques -- CHAPTER TWENTY DNA Mapping and Human Genome Analysis -- STUDY HINTS -- I. Kindred analysis -- IMPORTANT TERMS -- PROBLEM SET 20 -- ANSWERS TO PROBLEM SET 20 -- CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE Basic Population Genetics -- STUDY HINTS -- IMPORTANT TERMS -- PROBLEM SET 21 -- ANSWERS TO PROBLEM SET 21 -- CROSS WORD PUZZLE 21 -- Basic Population Genetics -- CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO Selection and Evolution -- STUDY HINTS -- IMPORTANT TERMS -- PROBLEM SET 22 -- ANSWERS TO PROBLEM SET 22 -- CROSSWORD PUZZLE 22 -- Selection and Evolution -- CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE Practice Tests -- MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS -- Multiple Choice -- Diagrams and Definitions -- NUCLEIC ACIDS -- Multiple Choice -- Diagrams and Definitions -- BASIC MENDELIAN GENETICS 1 -- Multiple Choice -- MENDELIAN GENETICS 2 -- Multiple Choice -- Problems -- MENDELIAN GENETICS 3 -- Multiple Choice -- Problems -- LINKAGE AND MAPPING IN DIPLOIDS -- Multiple Choice -- Problems -- CHROMOSOME NUMBER AND STRUCTURE -- Multiple Choice -- Problems -- MUTATION AND FINE STRUCTURE. , Multiple Choice -- Problems -- PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND THE GENETIC CODE -- Multiple Choice -- Problems -- GENE REGULATION AND DEVELOPMENT -- Multiple Choice -- GENETIC MATERIAL IN POPULATIONS -- Multiple Choice -- CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR Answers to Practice Tests and Crossword Puzzles -- NUCLEIC ACIDS -- MultipleChoice -- Diagrams and Definitions -- BASIC MENDELIAN GENETICS 1 -- Multiple Choice -- MENDELIAN GENETICS 2 -- MultipleChoice -- Problems -- MENDELIAN GENETICS 3 -- Multiple Choice -- Problems -- LINKAGE AND MAPPING IN DIPLOIDS -- Multiple Choice -- Problems -- CHROMOSOME NUMBER AND STRUCTURE -- Multiple Choice -- Problems -- MUTATION AND FINE STRUCTURE -- Multiple Choice -- Problems -- PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND THE GENETIC CODE -- Multiple Choice -- Problems -- GENE REGULATION AND DEVELOPMENT -- Multiple Choice -- GENETIC MATERIAL IN POPULATIONS -- Multiple Choice -- ANSWERS TO CROSS WORD PUZZLES -- MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS -- Multiple Choice -- Diagrams and Definitions -- CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE Landmarks in the History of Genetics -- Glossary -- Reference Tables.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Boxes -- Preface -- 1 Life histories, reproductive strategies and allocation -- 1.1 Sexual vs.asexual reproduction in plants -- 1.2 Life histories and survival schedules -- 1.3 Variability of seed crops -- 1.4 The cost of reproduction -- 1.5 Reproductive allocation and effort -- 1.6 Seed size and number -- Optimal seed size -- Seed size and environment -- Seed size variation within floras -- Seed size-adaptation or constraint? -- 1.7 Phenotypic variation in seed size -- 2 Pre-dispersal hazards -- 2.1 Fruit and seed set -- 2.2 Incomplete pollination -- 2.3 Ovule abortion -- 2.4 Resource limitation -- 2.5 Pre-dispersal seed predation -- 3 Seed dispersal -- 3.1 Wind dispersal -- 3.2 Dispersal by birds and mammals -- 3.3 Myrmecochory -- 3.4 Water and ballistic dispersal -- 3.5 Man, his livestock and machinery -- 3.6 Evolution of dispersal -- 3.7 Some final questions -- 4 Soil seed banks -- 4.1 Seed banks in practice -- 4.2 Dormancy and seed size -- 4.3 Predicting seed persistence -- hard seeds -- 4.4 Seed-bank dynamics -- 4.5 Serotiny -- 4.6 Ecological significance of seed banks -- 5 Seed dormancy -- 5.1 Types of seed dormancy -- 5.2 The function of seed dormancy -- 5.3 Defining dormancy -- 5.4 Microbes and seed dormancy -- 5.5 Effects of parental environment on dormancy -- 6 Germination -- 6.1 Temperature and germination -- Constant temperatures -- Germination temperature and geographical distribution -- Alternating temperatures -- 6.2 Responses of seeds to light -- 6.3 Water availability during germination -- 6.4 The soil chemical environment -- Oxygen and carbon dioxide -- Nitrate -- Salinity -- Organic compounds -- 6.5 Effects of climate change -- 7 Post-dispersal hazards -- 7.1 Post-dispersal predation -- 7.2 Loss to pathogens -- 7.3 Fatal germination at depth. , 7.4 Loss of viability with age -- 8 Seedling establishment -- 8.1 Early growth of seedlings -- 8.2 Seedling morphology -- 8.3 Relative growth rate -- 8.4 Seedling mineral requirements -- 8.5 Factors limiting establishment -- 8.6 Mycorrhizal inoculation of seedlings -- 8.7 Facilitation -- 8.8 Plasticity -- 9 Gaps, regeneration and diversity -- 9.1 Gaps, patches and safe sites -- 9.2 'Gaps' difficult to define and detect -- 9.3 Limitations to recruitment in gaps -- 9.4 Microtopography of soil surface -- 9.5 Gaps and species diversity -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Chapter 1 Human evolution -- Introduction -- Humankind's distinctive traits -- Ethical behavior versus ethical norms -- Biological roots of ethical behavior -- Ethical norms: beyond biology -- Part I Evolution and theology -- Chapter 2 Evolutionary theory, causal completeness, and theism -- Evolutionary theory and determinism -- Guided mutations -- Two ways to think about conditional probabilities -- What if mutations sometimes were guided (in the biological sense)? -- A Duhemian analogy -- Concluding comments -- Chapter 3 Religion, truth, and progress -- I -- II -- III -- IV -- V -- VI -- Part II Taxonomy and systematics -- Chapter 4 Consilience, historicity, and the species problem -- Introduction -- Historicity and species -- Consilience and species -- The species problem -- Chapter 5 DNA barcoding and taxonomic practice -- DNA barcoding -- Critiques of DNA barcoding -- Underlying technology and associated methods -- Barcoding and traditional taxonomy -- Mobilizing the public, or 'publics', of biodiversity science and barcoding -- Barcoding and taxonomy: transformation or stalemate? -- Conclusion -- Part III The structure of evolutionary theory -- Chapter 6 Darwin's theory and the value of mathematical formalization -- Prolegomena -- The structure of Darwin's theory in the Origin -- Continuous versus discontinuous evolution -- Fisher and the formalization of Darwinian evolution -- Chapter 7 Population genetics, economic theory, and eugenics in R. A. Fisher -- Fisher and "economics": overview -- Malthusian parameter: growth of population and growth of capital -- Human evolution, economics, and eugenics -- Conclusion -- Chapter 8 Exploring development and evolution on the tangled bank -- Background. , Establishment of evo-devo -- The future of developmental evolution and its HPS challenges -- Conclusions -- Part IV Function, adaptation, and design -- Chapter 9 Darwin's cyclopean architect -- Chapter 10 Function and teleology -- Introduction -- Ruse's contribution -- The Etiological Theory of Function -- Methodological assumptions -- Univocity -- Analysis -- Mechanism -- Problems for the etiological theory -- Ascription and explanation -- Content and conditions -- Natural teleology -- Goals and explanations -- Teleology in evolution -- Plasticity and novelty -- The high fidelity of inheritance -- Reactive genomes -- Conclusion -- Chapter 11 How physics fakes design -- Physicalist reductionism -- Showing that physics suffices for adaptation by natural selection -- Showing how physics makes natural selection the only way adaptations can arise -- Only the second law can power adaptational evolution -- Coda: the second law, natural selection, and theism -- Index.

Note: Cover -- NUCLEAR REACTIONS FOR ASTROPHYSICS -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Sources of quotations -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Nuclei in the Cosmos -- 1.1 Nuclei -- 1.1.1 Properties of nuclei -- 1.1.2 Nuclear reactions -- 1.1.3 Forces in nuclei -- 1.1.4 The Coulomb barrier -- 1.2 Primordial nucleosynthesis -- 1.3 Reactions in light stars -- 1.3.1 Proton-proton chains -- 1.3.2 Triple-α reaction -- 1.3.3 CNO cycles -- 1.4 Heavy stars -- 1.4.1 α-burning -- 1.4.2 s-process neutron reactions -- 1.5 Explosive production mechanisms -- 1.5.1 r-process neutron reactions -- 1.5.2 The rp-process -- 1.5.3 The p-process -- 1.6 Outlook -- 1.6.1 Implications for nuclear physics -- 1.6.2 Nuclear astrophysics: an open field -- References -- 2 Reactions of nuclei -- 2.1 Kinds of states and reactions -- 2.1.1 States of nuclei -- 2.1.2 Kinds of reactions -- 2.2 Time and energy scales -- 2.2.1 Direct reactions -- 2.2.2 Resonance reactions -- 2.2.3 Compound nucleus reactions -- 2.3 Collisions -- 2.3.1 Non-relativistic kinematics -- 2.3.2 Relative and center-of-mass wave functions -- 2.3.3 Relativistic kinematics -- 2.4 Cross sections -- 2.4.1 Differential cross sections -- 2.4.2 Laboratory and center of mass measures -- 2.4.3 Experimental and theoretical cross sections -- 2.4.4 Cross sections and scattering amplitudes -- Exercises -- References -- 3 Scattering theory -- 3.1 Elastic scattering from spherical potentials -- 3.1.1 Partial-wave scattering from a finite spherical potential -- 3.1.2 Coulomb and nuclear potentials -- 3.1.3 Resonances and virtual states -- 3.1.4 Nuclear currents or flux -- 3.1.5 Complex potentials -- 3.2 Multi-channel scattering -- 3.2.1 Multiple channels -- 3.2.2 Coupled equations -- 3.2.3 Unitarity of the multi-channel S matrix -- 3.2.4 Detailed balance -- 3.3 Integral forms -- 3.3.1 Green's function methods. , 3.3.2 Vector-form T matrix for plane waves -- 3.3.3 Two-potential formula -- 3.3.4 Vector-form T matrix for distorted waves -- 3.3.5 Born series and approximations -- 3.4 Identical particles -- 3.4.1 Isospin -- 3.4.2 Direct and exchange amplitudes in elastic scattering -- 3.4.3 Integrated cross sections -- 3.4.4 Exchange transfer -- 3.5 Electromagnetic channels -- 3.5.1 Maxwell equations and photon channels -- 3.5.2 Coupling photons and particles -- 3.5.3 Photon cross sections -- 3.5.4 Partial waves and vector spherical harmonics -- 3.5.5 Electric and magnetic parts in the Coulomb gauge -- Appendix -- Exercises -- References -- 4 Reaction mechanisms -- 4.1 Optical potentials -- 4.1.1 Typical forms -- 4.1.2 Global optical potentials -- 4.1.3 Folding potentials -- 4.2 Single-nucleon binding potentials -- 4.2.1 Neutron and proton single-particle states in nuclei -- 4.2.2 Optical potentials extended to bound states -- 4.3 Coupling potentials -- 4.3.1 Multipole analysis of transition potentials -- 4.3.2 Spin-dependent potentials -- 4.4 Inelastic couplings -- 4.4.1 Collective inelastic processes -- 4.4.2 Single-particle inelastic processes -- 4.5 Particle rearrangements -- 4.5.1 Transfer reactions -- 4.5.2 Knockout reactions -- 4.5.3 Breakup reactions -- 4.5.4 Capture reactions -- 4.6 Isospin transitions -- 4.6.1 Charge-exchange reactions -- 4.6.2 Generalized multipole transitions -- 4.7 Photo-nuclear couplings -- 4.7.1 Single-photon reactions -- 4.7.2 Electric transitions using the Siegert theorem -- 4.7.3 Combining multiple-particle and γ channels -- 4.7.4 Connecting photon cross sections and B(EJ) -- 4.7.5 Magnetic transitions -- Exercises -- References -- 5 Connecting structure with reactions -- 5.1 Summary of structure models -- 5.1.1 Shell models -- 5.1.2 Cluster models -- 5.1.3 Mean-field models -- 5.1.4 Collective nuclear-matter descriptions. , 5.2 Folded potentials -- 5.2.1 Fourier methods -- 5.2.2 Deformed densities -- 5.2.3 Typical forms of effective interactions -- 5.3 Overlap functions -- 5.3.1 Non-antisymmetrized theory -- 5.3.2 Antisymmetrized theory -- 5.3.3 Cluster overlaps -- 5.4 General matrix elements -- 5.4.1 Coulomb and nuclear transitions -- 5.4.2 Allowed β-decays -- Exercises -- References -- 6 Solving the equations -- 6.1 Elastic scattering -- 6.2 Classifications -- 6.2.1 Local and non-local couplings -- 6.2.2 Simplified solutions -- 6.3 Multi-channel equations -- 6.3.1 Alternate methods -- 6.3.2 Close-coupling methods for local couplings -- 6.3.3 Iterative solutions -- 6.3.4 Numerical iterations -- 6.3.5 Convergence of iterative methods -- 6.4 Multi-channel bound states -- 6.4.1 Coupled-channels eigenvalue problem -- 6.5 R-matrix methods -- 6.5.1 One-channel R-matrix expansions -- 6.5.2 The multi-channel R matrix -- 6.6 Coupled asymptotic wave functions -- Exercises -- References -- 7 Approximate solutions -- 7.1 Few-body adiabatic scattering -- 7.1.1 Three-body adiabatic model -- 7.1.2 The Johnson and Soper potential for transfer reactions -- 7.1.3 The Johnson special three-body model -- 7.1.4 The adiabatic wave function for breakup -- 7.1.5 The adiabatic wave function for transfers -- 7.2 Eikonal methods -- 7.2.1 The eikonal wave function -- 7.2.2 Eikonal elastic scattering -- 7.2.3 Composite-body scattering and the optical limit -- 7.2.4 Eikonal cross sections -- 7.2.5 Stripping reactions -- 7.3 First-order semiclassical approximation -- 7.4 WKB approximation -- 7.4.1 Coulomb penetration factors -- Exercises -- References -- 8 Breakup -- 8.1 Three-body wave equations -- 8.1.1 Wave function components -- 8.1.2 Three-component Faddeev equations -- 8.1.3 Reduction to one Jacobi set -- 8.2 Continuum Discretized Coupled Channel method -- 8.2.1 Continuum bins. , 8.2.2 CDCC equations and couplings -- 8.2.3 Calculating differential cross sections -- 8.2.4 Model space and convergence of the CDCC equations -- 8.2.5 Relation to DWBA -- 8.2.6 Three-body observables -- 8.3 Other breakup measures and methods -- 8.3.1 Momentum distributions -- 8.3.2 Inclusive measurements -- 8.3.3 Semiclassical and time-dependent methods -- 8.3.4 Transfer to the continuum -- Exercises -- References -- 9 Three-body nuclei -- 9.1 Definitions of halo and deeply bound states -- 9.2 Three-body models for bound states -- 9.2.1 The hyperspherical coordinates -- 9.2.2 Hyperspherical expansions -- 9.2.3 Coupled hyper-radial equations -- 9.2.4 Pauli principle -- 9.3 Three-body continuum -- 9.4 Reactions with three-body projectiles -- 9.4.1 Born approximations -- 9.4.2 Adiabatic models -- 9.4.3 Three-body eikonal models -- 9.4.4 Four-body CDCC -- Exercises -- References -- 10 R-matrix phenomenology -- 10.1 R-matrix parameters -- 10.2 Single-channel R matrix -- 10.2.1 Phase shifts from the one-channel R matrix -- 10.2.2 Isolated poles in single-channel scattering -- 10.2.3 Multiple poles in one channel -- 10.3 Coupled-channels R matrix -- 10.3.1 Revised derivation of the scattering S matrix -- 10.3.2 Level-matrix formulation -- 10.4 Combining direct and resonant contributions -- Exercises -- References -- 11 Compound-nucleus averaging -- 11.1 Compound-nucleus phenomena -- 11.1.1 Porter-Thomas statistics -- 11.2 Approximations neglecting interference -- 11.2.1 Reich-Moore approximation -- 11.2.2 Multi-level Breit-Wigner approximation -- 11.3 Hauser-Feshbach models -- 11.3.1 Width fluctuation corrections -- 11.3.2 Transmission coefficients -- 11.3.3 Weisskopf-Ewing approximation -- 11.3.4 Strong couplings and overlapping resonances -- 11.3.5 Decay models -- 11.4 Level densities -- 11.5 Average amplitudes and the optical model. , 11.5.1 Sources of the optical potential -- 11.5.2 Effects of neglected direct-reaction channels -- 11.5.3 Effects of neglected compound-nucleus channels -- Exercises -- References -- 12 Stellar reaction rates and networks -- 12.1 Thermal averaging -- 12.1.1 Reaction rates (συ) and lifetimes -- 12.1.2 Maxwell-Boltzmann distributions -- 12.1.3 The Gamow peak -- 12.1.4 Averaging over resonances -- 12.1.5 Neutron and photon reaction rates -- 12.1.6 Inverse reaction rates -- 12.1.7 Electron screening -- 12.2 Reaction networks -- 12.2.1 Coupled rate equations -- 12.2.2 Explicit and implicit solution methods -- 12.3 Equilibria -- 12.3.1 Fixed points of the rate equations -- 12.3.2 The Saha equation -- 12.3.3 Reactions with excited states -- 12.3.4 Nuclear statistical equilibrium -- 12.3.5 Freeze-out -- 12.4 Sensitivities to nuclear data -- Exercises -- References -- 13 Connection to experiments -- 13.1 New accelerators and their methods -- 13.1.1 Beam production -- 13.1.2 An example of a fast-fragmentation facilty -- 13.1.3 An example of an ISOL facility -- 13.2 Detection -- 13.3 Direct measurements -- 13.3.1 Charged-particle beams -- 13.3.2 Neutron beams -- 13.3.3 Photon beams -- Exercises -- References -- 14 Spectroscopy -- 14.1 Transfer spectroscopy -- 14.1.1 DWBA transfer theory -- 14.1.2 Q-value sensitivity -- 14.1.3 Angular momentum sensitivity -- 14.1.4 Extraction of asymptotic normalization coefficients -- 14.1.5 Extraction of spectroscopic factors -- 14.1.6 Dependence on optical potentials -- 14.1.7 Dependence on single-particle parameters -- 14.1.8 Higher-order corrections -- 14.2 Knockout spectroscopy -- 14.3 Inelastic spectroscopy -- 14.4 Breakup spectroscopy -- 14.4.1 Coulomb dissociation method -- 14.4.2 Extracting an asymptotic normalization coefficient -- Exercises -- References -- 14.5 Charge-exchange spectroscopy -- 15 Fitting data. , 15.1 χ2 measures.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Introduction -- I Introductory -- II On Magnitude -- III The Forms of Cells -- IV The Forms of Tissues, or Cell-aggregates -- V On Spicules and Spicular Skeletons -- VI The Equiangular Spiral -- VII The Shapes of Horns and of Teeth or Tusks -- VIII On Form and Mechanical Efficiency -- IX On the Theory of Transformations, or the Comparison of Related Forms -- X Epilogue -- Index.