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  • 1
    Description / Table of Contents: The first book of its kind, devoted exclusively to the assessment of DNA damage by the Comet assay in modern toxicology, The vast number of chemicals existing or being added into the environment, have globally aroused great concern regarding their adverse effects in human population. Development and validation of sensitive and better test systems which can assess the adverse effects of chemicals at an early stage for intervention strategies to be implemented in time is currently in progress. This book documents the latest research and showcases the versatile, state-of-the-art technique - the Comet assay - in the field of modern toxicology. The assay is a simple, sensitive rapid and visual technique for the quantitative and qualitative assessment of DNA damage in single cells. The Comet Assay in Toxicology is the first book of its kind to be devoted exclusively to the Comet assay and its applications as an important tool in modern toxicology. This multi-author book will serve as both a reference and a guide to investigations in the biomedical, biochemical and pharmaceutical sciences. Written by investigators from the fields of genetic toxicology and human epidemiology, the authors have first-hand knowledge from their chosen sub-specialities and are active contributors to the peer-reviewed scientific literature. The book is divided into five major sections, reflecting the range of interest in the exploitation of this assay. The book's scope begins with an introduction section reviewing its genesis for those new to the technique and the current knowledge of the various fields in which it finds wide acceptance. This section sets the scene by explaining why the assay has become the most sensitive and sought after assay in modern toxicology. Next is a whole section that considers various procedures being followed to assess different types of DNA damage in various cell types and is contributed by experts in the respective fields. The third section puts together the specific applications of the assay in the diverse fields ranging from genetic toxicity testing to human monitoring, and environmental toxicology. The fourth section consists of the guidelines and recommendations for the conduct of the assay in in vitro and in vivo systems, based on the recommendations of the International Workgroups on genotoxicity test procedures. Finally, the book draws to a close with an assessment of the statistics used for the understanding of the data generated by the assay. This is a unique reference book as it provides the scientific community with the advances in Comet assay as well as its applications. It also incorporates a detailed section with instant and comprehensive information on the procedure of the assay and the latest protocols being used worldwide as well as statistical analyses to be followed. The book is aimed at students as well as scientists in the area of molecular epidemiology and genetic toxicology
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 374 p , Online-Ressource , 43 b&w, ill
    Edition: RSC eBook Collection 1968-2009
    Series Statement: Issues in toxicology v. 5
    Language: English
    Note: Ebook , Preface-- Part I: Genesis of Comet assay-- Part II: Various procedures for the Comet assay-- Oxidative damage-- Water disinfection by-products-- Comet assay in Plants-- Double Strand-- Breaks in bacteria-- Comet - FISH-- Double strand breaks (DSBs) - radiation/challenge assay - Radiation-- Apoptosis-- Multiple mouse organs-- Part III: Applications of Comet assay-- Dietary intervention studies-- Comet assay in Mussels-- Exercise-- Arsenic-- DSBs - radiation/challenge assay - Radiation-- In vivo Comet assay-- In vitro parallelogram approaches-- Photobiology-- Comet assay in sperm-- Comet assay in Human monitoring-- Part IV: Guidelines for comet assay-- In Vitro And In Vivo Guidelines for the Comet Assay-- In vivo Guidelines for Comet-- Part V: Image analysis and Statistics-- Models for image analysis-- Statistics in comet assay.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Ophthalmologe 95 (1998), S. 19-27 
    ISSN: 1433-0423
    Keywords: Key words Screening • Microtropia • Amblyopia • Cost-effectiveness • Public health ; Schlüsselwörter Siebtest • Mikrostrabismus • Amblyopie • Wirtschaftlichkeit • Gesundheitsökonomie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Hintergrund und Zielsetzung: Pro Jahrgang sind in Deutschland ca. 750.000 Kinder auf visuelle Entwicklungsstörungen zu untersuchen, wofür die konventionellen U-Vorsorgeuntersuchungen nicht ausreichend effektiv sind. Ziel der Untersuchung war es, den wirtschaftlichen Nutzen für die Sozialgemeinschaft von Alternativen der Amblyopie- und der Mikrostrabismusfrüherkennung im Alter von 24–48 Monaten zu untersuchen. Methode: Es wurden 3 Vorsorgeoptionen modellhaft verglichen: Option 1, eine orthoptische Untersuchung, welche vor Ort, z. B. im Kindergarten, eingesetzt wird; Option 2, eine untersucherunabhängige, gerätegestützte objektive Methode, ebenfalls vor Ort; Option 3, eine augenärztliche Untersuchung in der Praxis. Die Kosten von Früherkennung, Nachuntersuchungen und Behandlung in den 3 Optionen wurden für Prävalenzen amblyogener Faktoren von 1 % (kosmetisch unauffälliges Schielen) und von 5 % (allgemeine Amblyopierate) berechnet. Der „Ertrag“ durch die Behandlung wurde als Vermeidung einer verdienstrelevanten MdE von 3 % bzw. 1 % ermittelt. Die Steuer- und Beitragsmehreinnahmen der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung wurden eingesetzt, um die Kosten der Vorsorgeprogramme zu decken. Ergebnisse und Schlußfolgerungen: Es wurden für die Optionen 1 und 2 günstige Nutzen-Kosten-Verhältnisse gefunden. Die praxisbasierte Option 3 war dagegen weniger kosteneffektiv. Das Nutzen-Kosten-Verhältnis fiel um so günstiger aus, je höher die Prävalenz war.
    Notes: Background and purpose: In Germany, 750,000 children are born per year who should be screened for developmental visual defects in the age range 24–48 months. However, the established pediatric screening program is not sufficient to prevent amblyopia. The purpose of this study was to examine the cost-effectiveness of alternatives for amblyopia and microtropia screening. Methods: Three options were compared: (1) an orthoptic screening carried out in the field, for instance in kindergartens, (2) an examiner-independent objective apparatus-based screening, and (3) a complete ophthalmological and strabismological examination carried out in a practice. The costs of screening, follow-up examinations and of the treatment were modelled for prevalences of 1 % (microtropia) and 5 % (amblyopia). The benefit due to treatment was calculated as the result of an avoided whole-person impairment of 3 % and 1 %. The income related, increased tax and health care payments were used to cover the costs. Results and conclusions: In options (1) and (2) there were favorable cost-effective ratios. The practice-based option 3 was economically less promising. The higher the prevalence was, the higher the resulting cost-effectiveness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 245 (1998), S. 511-518 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Secondary dystonias ; Basal ganglia ; Neuroleptics ; Anticholinergics ; Treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Secondary or symptomatic dystonias are (1) often accompanied by other neurological deficits, (2) begin suddenly at rest and occur at rest from the onset, (3) are associated with different hereditary and environmental causes. From an aetiological point of view, secondary dystonias can be caused by focal brain lesions of various origin, neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), and several drugs and chemicals that affect the basal ganglia, thalamus and brain stem. Furthermore, secondary (focal) dystonias can be caused by peripheral injury. In the following review, we will discuss epidemiology, genetics, pathogenesis, neuroimaging, neuropathology, clinical manifestation, clinical course and differential diagnosis of secondary dystonias. Therapeutic options are given depending on the aetiology and the topological type of dystonia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Keywords: Cardiac transplantation ; Sympathetic re-innervation ; Iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine ; Thallium-201 ; Dual-isotope technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cardiac transplantation entails surgical disruption of the sympathetic nerve fibres from their somata, resulting in sympathetic denervation. In order to investigate the occurrence of sympathetic re-dnnervation, neurotransmitter scintigraphy using the norepinephrine analogue iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) was performed in 15 patients 2–69 months after transplantation. In addition, norepinephrine content and immunohistochemical reactions of antibodies to Schwarm cell-associated S100 protein, to neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and to norepinephrine were examined in 34 endomyocardial biopsies of 29 patients 1–88 months after transplantation. Anterobasal123I-MIBG uptake indicating partial sympathetic re-dnnervation could be shown in 40% of the scintigraphically investigated patients 37–69 months after transplantation. In immunohistochemical studies 83% of the patients investigated 1–72 months after transplantation showed nerve fibres in their biopsies but not positive reaction to norepinephrine. Significant norepinephrine content indicating re-dnnervation could not be detected in any biopsy. It was concluded that in spite of the lack of norepinephrine content there seemed to be immunohistological and scintigraphic evidence of sympathetic re-dnnervation. An explanation for this contradictory finding may be the reduced or missing norepinephrine storage ability compared to the restored uptake ability of regenerated sympathetic nerve fibres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Keywords: Coronary artery disease ; Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty ; Noradrenaline depletion ; Metaiodobenzylguanidine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) is a noradrenaline analogue which can be used as a tracer to investigate the cardiac sympathetic nervous system. Regional ischaemia leads to noradrenaline depletion with functional denervation which can be demonstrated by reduced MIBG uptake. In order to evaluate the reversibility of ischaemia-associated damage to the sympathetic nervous system, neuronal scintigraphy with 123I-MIBG and myocardial rest and stress perfusion scintigraphy with technetium-99m sestamibi was performed in 16 patients with coronary artery disease before and 3–4 months after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Partial re-innervation ocurred in five patients, the degree of stenosis of remaining lesions being estimated by repeat angiography to be below 40%. Unchanged MIBG defects cold be confirmed in four patients with residual lesions of between 40% and 50%. Increased MIBG defects were shown in three patients with significant restenoses of more than 70%. In all patients the neuronal defects exceeded the ischaemia-induced or scar-associated perfusion defects. Three patients dropped out of this study: one for technical reasons, one due to emergency aortocoronary bypass surgery and one due to diabetic polyneuropathy. This investigation shows that the sympathetic nervous system is highly sensitive to ischaemia. Further studies need to be done to assess the conditions allowing re-innervation after PTCA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Keywords: Cardiac transplantation ; Radionuclide ventriculography ; Left ventricular function ; Cardiac allograft rejection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Discrepant results have previously been reported concerning long-term left ventricular function in the human transplanted heart as assessed by radionuclide ventriculography. In this study, radionuclide ventriculograms were obtained at rest and during exercise in 19 patients 〈6 months, 7–12 months, 13–24 months and 〉24 months after transplantation. Ejection fraction decreased significantly from 〈6 months to 13–24 months after transplantation (rest: 69.1%±9.7% to 56.7%±8.3%, P〈0.05; exercise: 70.4%±11.3% to 59%±8%, P〈0.05). Heart rate increased significantly during exercise after 〉2 years (90.2±10.5 beats/min to 103.5±15 beats/min, P〈0.05) but not within 6 months after transplantation (98.5±12.8 beats/min to 99.07±15.8 beats/min). Left ventricular end-diastolic volume remained unchanged. Peak filling rate at rest decreased significantly from 4.2±0.96 edv/s 〈6 months after transplantation to 3.3±0.66 edv/s (P〈0.05) 13–24 months and 3.3±0.64 edv/s (P〈0.05)〉24 months after cardiac transplantation. Exercise peak filing rate did not change significantly. It is concluded that radionuclide ventriculography demonstrates a decrease in systolic left ventricular function in the long-term course after cardiac transplantation. A significant increase in exercise peak heart rate may be due to autonomic reinnervation. Differences in the literature concerning left ventricular function may be due to different observation intervals following cardiac transplantation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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