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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Australian carbon tetrachloride emissions in a global context
    CSIRO Publishing ; 2014
    In:  Environmental Chemistry Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2014), p. 77-
    Details
    In: Environmental Chemistry, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2014), p. 77-
    Abstract: Environmental context Carbon tetrachloride in the background atmosphere is a significant environmental concern, responsible for ~10% of observed stratospheric ozone depletion. Atmospheric concentrations of CCl4 are higher than expected from currently identified emission sources: largely residual emissions from production, transport and use. Additional sources are required to balance the expected atmospheric destruction of CCl4 and may contribute to a slower-than-expected recovery of the Antarctic ozone ‘hole’. Abstract Global (1978–2012) and Australian (1996–2011) carbon tetrachloride emissions are estimated from atmospheric observations of CCl4 using data from the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) global network, in particular from Cape Grim, Tasmania. Global and Australian emissions are in decline in response to Montreal Protocol restrictions on CCl4 production and consumption for dispersive uses in the developed and developing world. However, atmospheric data-derived emissions are significantly larger than ‘bottom-up’ estimates from direct and indirect CCl4 production, CCl4 transportation and use. Australian CCl4 emissions are not a result of these sources, and the identification of the origin of Australian emissions may provide a clue to the origin of some of these ‘missing’ global sources.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1448-2517
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1071/EN13171
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2150372-2
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  • 2
    Online Resource
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    Australian chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) emissions: 1960–2017
    CSIRO Publishing ; 2020
    In:  Environmental Chemistry Vol. 17, No. 8 ( 2020), p. 525-
    Details
    In: Environmental Chemistry, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 17, No. 8 ( 2020), p. 525-
    Abstract: Environmental contextChlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are potent greenhouse and stratospheric ozone depleting trace gases. Their atmospheric concentrations are in decline, thanks to global production and consumption controls imposed by the Montreal Protocol. In recent years, the rates of decline of CFC atmospheric concentrations, especially for CFC-11 (CCl3F), are not as large as anticipated under the Protocol, resulting in renewed efforts to estimate CFC consumption and/or emissions to possibly identify new or poorly quantified sources. AbstractAustralian emissions of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have been estimated from atmospheric CFC observations by both inverse modelling and interspecies correlation techniques, and from CFC production, import and consumption data compiled by industry and government. Australian and global CFC emissions show similar temporal behaviour, with emissions peaking in the late-1980s and then declining by ~10% per year through to the present. Australian CFC emissions since 1978 account for less than 1% of global emissions and therefore make a correspondingly small contribution to stratospheric ozone depletion. The current CFC emissions in Australia are likely from ‘banks’ of closed-cell foams, and refrigeration–air conditioning equipment now more than 20 years old. There is no evidence of renewed consumption or emissions of CFCs in Australia. The reduction in CFC emissions has made a significant contribution to reducing Australian greenhouse gas emissions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1448-2517
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1071/EN19322
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2150372-2
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    The Antarctic ozone hole during 2015 and 2016
    CSIRO Publishing ; 2019
    In:  Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science Vol. 69, No. 1 ( 2019), p. 16-
    Details
    In: Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 69, No. 1 ( 2019), p. 16-
    Abstract: We reviewed the 2015 and 2016 Antarctic ozone holes, making use of a variety of ground-based and spacebased measurements of ozone and ultraviolet radiation, supplemented by meteorological reanalyses. The ozone hole of 2015 was one of the most severe on record with respect to maximum area and integrated deficit and was notably longlasting, with many values above previous extremes in October, November and December. In contrast, all assessed metrics for the 2016 ozone hole were at or below their median values for the 37 ozone holes since 1979 for which adequate satellite observations exist. The 2015 ozone hole was influenced both by very cold conditions and enhanced ozone depletion caused by stratospheric aerosol resulting from the April 2015 volcanic eruption of Calbuco (Chile).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2206-5865
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1071/ES19021
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2982006-6
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  • 4
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    The Antarctic ozone hole during 2020
    CSIRO Publishing ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science Vol. 72, No. 1 ( 2022-3-2), p. 19-37
    Details
    In: Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 72, No. 1 ( 2022-3-2), p. 19-37
    Abstract: The Antarctic ozone hole remains the focus of scientific attention because of its importance to the health of the biosphere and its influence on the climate of the southern hemisphere. Here we examine the general characteristics of the 2020 Antarctic ozone hole using a variety of observational and reanalysis data and compare and contrast its behaviour with earlier years. The main feature of the 2020 ozone hole was its relatively large size, and persistence to the beginning of the 2020/2021 summer, with new maximum records being set for the ozone hole daily area and ozone mass deficit during November and December. This was in strong contrast to 2019 when the ozone hole was one of the smallest observed. We show that a key factor in 2020 was the relative stability and strength of the stratospheric polar vortex, which allowed low temperatures in the Antarctic lower stratosphere to enhance ozone depletion reactions in relative isolation from the rest of the global atmosphere. These conditions were associated with relatively weak Rossby wave activity at high southern latitudes that occurred during the strengthening westerly phase of the Quasi Biennial Oscillation as well as the emerging La Niña phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation. A consequence of the conditions in early summer was the measurement of new maximum values of ultraviolet radiation at Australia’s three Antarctic research stations of Mawson, Davis and Casey. Indications of anomalous chlorine partitioning above Arrival Heights in Antarctica prior to the 2020 winter are provided, which may relate to effects from the 2019/2020 Australian wildfires. We also examine the effect of the downward coupling of the 2020 ozone hole to the climate of the wider southern hemisphere, which showed regional influences on surface temperature and precipitation in common with other strong vortex years.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2206-5865
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1071/ES21015
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2982006-6
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  • 5
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    The Antarctic ozone hole during 2017
    CSIRO Publishing ; 2019
    In:  Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science Vol. 69, No. 1 ( 2019), p. 29-
    Details
    In: Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 69, No. 1 ( 2019), p. 29-
    Abstract: We review the 2017 Antarctic ozone hole, making use of various meteorological reanalyses, and in-situ, satellite and ground-based measurements of ozone and related trace gases, and ground-based measurements of ultraviolet radiation. The 2017 ozone hole was associated with relatively high-ozone concentrations over the Antarctic region compared to other years, and our analysis ranked it in the smallest 25% of observed ozone holes in terms of size. The severity of stratospheric ozone loss was comparable with that which occurred in 2002 (when the stratospheric vortex exhibited an unprecedented major warming) and most years prior to 1989 (which were early in the development of the ozone hole). Disturbances to the polar vortex in August and September that were associated with intervals of anomalous planetary wave activity resulted in significant erosion of the polar vortex and the mitigation of the overall level of ozone depletion. The enhanced wave activity was favoured by below-average westerly winds at high southern latitudes during winter, and the prevailing easterly phase of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). Using proxy information on the chemical make-up of the polar vortex based on the analysis of nitrous oxide and the likely influence of the QBO, we suggest that the concentration of inorganic chlorine, which plays a key role in ozone loss, was likely similar to that in 2014 and 2016, when the ozone hole was larger than that in 2017. Finally, we found that the overall severity of Antarctic ozone loss in 2017 was largely dictated by the timing of the disturbances to the polar vortex rather than interannual variability in the level of inorganic chlorine.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2206-5865
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1071/ES19019
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2982006-6
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  • 6
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    The Antarctic ozone hole during 2018 and 2019
    CSIRO Publishing ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science Vol. 71, No. 1 ( 2021-3-16), p. 66-91
    Details
    In: Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 71, No. 1 ( 2021-3-16), p. 66-91
    Abstract: While the Montreal Protocol is reducing stratospheric ozone loss, recent increases in some ozone depleting substance (ODS) emissions have been identified that may impact southern hemisphere climate systems. In this study, we discuss characteristics of the 2018 and 2019 Antarctic ozone holes using surface in situ, satellite and reanalysis data to gain a better understanding of recent ozone variability. These ozone holes had strongly contrasting characteristics. In 2018, the Antarctic stratospheric vortex was relatively stable and cold in comparison to most years of the prior decade. This resulted in a large and persistent ozone hole that ranked in the upper-tercile of metrics quantifying Antarctic ozone depletion. In contrast, strong stratospheric warming in the spring of 2019 curtailed the development of the ozone hole, causing it to be anomalously small and of similar size to ozone holes in the 1980s. As known from previous studies, the ability of planetary waves to propagate into the stratosphere at high latitudes is an important factor that influences temperatures of the polar vortex and the overall amount of ozone loss in any particular year. Disturbance and warming of the vortex by strong planetary wave activity were the dominant factors in the small 2019 ozone hole. In contrast, planetary wave disturbances to the vortex in the winter–spring of 2018 were much weaker than in 2019. These results increase our understanding of the impact of Montreal Protocol controls on ODS and the effects of Antarctic ozone on the southern hemisphere climate system.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2206-5865
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1071/ES20010
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2982006-6
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Antarctic ozone hole during 2014
    CSIRO Publishing ; 2019
    In:  Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science Vol. 69, No. 1 ( 2019), p. 1-
    Details
    In: Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 69, No. 1 ( 2019), p. 1-
    Abstract: We review the 2014 Antarctic ozone hole, making use of a variety of ground-based and space-based measurements of ozone and ultra-violet radiation, supplemented by meteorological reanalyses. Although the polar vortex was relatively stable in 2014 and persisted some weeks longer into November than was the case in 2012 or 2013, the vortex temperature was close to the long-term mean in September and October with modest warming events occurring in both months, preventing severe depletion from taking place. Of the seven metrics reported here, all were close to their respective median values of the 1979–2014 record, being ranked between 16th and 21st of the 35 years for which adequate satellite observations exist.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2206-5865
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1071/ES19023
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2982006-6
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  • 8
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    CSIRO High-precision Measurement of Atmospheric CO2 Concentration in Australia. Part 1: Initial Motivation, Techniques and Aircraft Sampling
    CSIRO Publishing ; 2017
    In:  Historical Records of Australian Science Vol. 28, No. 2 ( 2017), p. 111-
    Details
    In: Historical Records of Australian Science, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 28, No. 2 ( 2017), p. 111-
    Abstract: The potential for carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere to influence global surface temperatures was first recognized in the mid-nineteenth century. Even so, high-precision measurements of atmospheric CO2 concentration were not commenced until the International Geophysical Year (1957–8), following concerns of the climatic impact of increased use of fossil fuels and the concomitant release of CO2 into the atmosphere. In Australia, an early (1960s–70s) interest in the high-precision measurement of CO2 concentration was stimulated by a study of the photosynthesis and respiration of awheat crop. This study conducted in north-easternVictoria during 19717–2 led two young CSIRO scientists, J. R. Garratt and G. I. Pearman, encouraged by their Chief, C. H. B. Priestley, to extend micro-environment CO2 studies to larger-scale measurements of CO2 concentration in the background atmosphere. The significant extension of the observation programme required refined measurement techniques to improve both the precision and absolute comparability with observations made by laboratories overseas. Joined in 1974 by P. J. Fraser, they identified the impact of pressure broadening on calibration techniques used in the non-dispersive infrared absorption method of CO2 concentration measurement. This, in turn, led to improved inter-comparability of CO2 concentration data collected around the globe. Acomprehensive aircraft-based air sampling programmewas established in the early 1970s, leading to increased understanding of the time and space variability of CO2 concentration throughout the depth of the troposphere and lower stratosphere in the mid-latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. In turn this led to: (i) the establishment of a permanent ground-based observatory at Cape Grim, north-western Tasmania; (ii) the development of carbon cycle models; and (iii) measurements of 12CO2, 13CO2 and 14CO2 relative abundances in current and past atmospheres, the last from air samples trapped in ice cores (described in Part 2, the companion paper). The accumulated data from these studies, together with those collected by international colleagues, form the basis of our understanding of the changes of CO2 concentration over thousands of years. In addition, the data have contributed to our understanding of the mechanisms of past and present biogeochemical cycling of CO2 that provides the predictive basis for future changes in CO2 concentration.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0727-3061
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1071/HR17014
    RVK:
    TA 3235
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 2017
    SSG: 25
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    CSIRO High-precision Measurement of Atmospheric CO2 Concentration in Australia. Part 2: Cape Grim, Surface CO2 Measurements and Carbon Cycle Modelling
    CSIRO Publishing ; 2017
    In:  Historical Records of Australian Science Vol. 28, No. 2 ( 2017), p. 126-
    Details
    In: Historical Records of Australian Science, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 28, No. 2 ( 2017), p. 126-
    Abstract: A companion paper discusses the history of, and rationale for, the development of a CSIRO programme of atmospheric carbondioxide (CO2) concentration measurements in Australia based on aircraft air sampling, field and laboratory measurements.1 Here, we describe parallel efforts to establish a permanent, ground-based atmospheric Baseline Station at Cape Grim, north-west Tasmania, the political activity required for its establishment, and the work undertaken to select a site commensurate with its long-term objectives. Additional CO2 measurements undertaken to complement the aircraft and Cape Grim measurements are discussed. The development of the Australian Baseline Station was part of an emerging international effort to obtain high-precision measurements of trace gas and aerosol composition of the atmosphere, and to quantify any changes in composition that might be occurring and their possible impact on global climate.We discuss the early development of global carbon cycle models, including the representations of atmospheric transport, and the interpretation of modern atmospheric CO2 data and historic air samples encapsulated in Antarctic ice and firn. The accumulated knowledge from these research activities, together with that collected by international colleagues, forms the basis of our understanding of changes occurring in CO2 concentration. It has contributed to an understanding of the mechanisms of the past and present biogeochemical cycling of CO2, providing predictions of future changes in CO2 concentration.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0727-3061
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1071/HR17015
    RVK:
    TA 3235
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 2017
    SSG: 25
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  • 10
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    CSIRO Non-carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Gas Research. Part 1: 1975–90
    CSIRO Publishing ; 2018
    In:  Historical Records of Australian Science Vol. 29, No. 1 ( 2018), p. 1-
    Details
    In: Historical Records of Australian Science, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 29, No. 1 ( 2018), p. 1-
    Abstract: There are a number atmospheric gases, in addition to carbon dioxide (CO2), that affect the absorption and emission of infrared radiation throughout the atmosphere, the so-called ‘non-CO2 greenhouse gases', and they have a significant impact on climate. In addition, some of these non-CO2 greenhouse gases contain chlorine and/or bromine, and contribute to halogen-catalysed stratospheric ozone depletion. In the mid 1970s, CSIRO at Aspendale became the first southern hemisphere laboratory to initiate research into the atmospheric abundance, trends, sources and sinks of non-CO2 greenhouse gases, and today (2017) is currently observing and modelling the past and present biogeochemical cycling of over eighty of these species, arguably the most comprehensive program of its type globally. The resultant CSIRO data are used to derive global and regional emissions of non-CO2 greenhouse gases and their impact on climate and stratospheric ozone via resultant changes to the planetary radiative budget and the abundance of ‘equivalent chlorine' (weighted sum of chlorine and bromine) in the stratosphere. These data and their impacts are reported nationally to relevant Commonwealth and State Departments—environment, energy, industry, agriculture—and to relevant Australian industries—refrigeration, air-conditioning, aluminium production. They are reported internationally to United Nations agencies responsible for implementing the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985) and the Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992), who periodically assess the science of climate change and ozone depletion. As the world strives to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions through national, policy-driven, initiatives framed to meet agreed obligations under these international agreements, atmospheric measurement programs, such as those operated by the CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology in Australia, are critical in independently verifying the success or otherwise of such endeavours. This paper describes the initial fifteen years (1975–90) of activities in CSIRO that set up the framework for the current, globally significant, CSIRO non-CO2 greenhouse gas research program.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0727-3061
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1071/HR17016
    RVK:
    TA 3235
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 2018
    SSG: 25
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