Description: We present for the first time all 12 d18O records obtained from ice cores drilled in the framework of the North Greenland Traverse (NGT) between 1993 and 1995 in northern Greenland. The cores cover an area of 680 km × 317 km, 10 % of the Greenland ice sheet. Depending on core length (100-175 m) and accumulation rate (90-200 kg/m**2/a) the single records reflect an isotope-temperature history over the last 500-1100 years. Lowest d18O mean values occur north of the summit and east of the main divide as a consequence of Greenland's topography. In general, ice cores drilled on the main ice divide show different results than those drilled east of the main ice divide that might be influenced by secondary regional moisture sources. A stack of all NGT records and the NGRIP record is presented with improved signal-to-noise ratio. Compared to single records, this stack represents the mean d18O signal for northern Greenland that is interpreted as proxy for temperature. Our northern Greenland d18O stack indicates distinctly enriched d18O values during medieval times, about AD 1420 ± 20 and from AD 1870 onwards. The period between AD 1420 and AD 1850 has depleted d18O values compared to the average for the entire millennium and represents the Little Ice Age. The d18O values of the 20th century are comparable to the medieval period but are lower than that about AD 1420.

Description: This data collection contains readings of accumulation stake along the approximately 800 km long traverse route Neumayer-Kottas-Kohnen, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. By comparing the readings of an individual stake in two different seasons the amount of surface accumulation (i.e. snow deposition) or erosion (e.g. from sublimation of wind scour) can be determined. Stake readings were conducted approximately every year starting from season 1995/1996 to 2005/2006 as part of the European Project for Ice Coring In Antarctica (EPICA). The readings were carried out by a dedicated two to three person team accompanying the traverse from Neumayer station to Kohnen station. The readings were performed by a simple measurement of the visible length of the stake above the snow surface. For tilted stakes, the vertical height above the surface as well as the length of the stake was measured. New stakes were deployed when less than about 1.5 m of the previous stake was visible or a stake was lost (e.g. from breaking off or falling over and finally get burried in snow). Consequently, at some locations more than one stake is visible for several years (e.g. when the average snow accumulation was rather low). In those cases all visible stakes were recorded at the same location of such a stake cluster and added to the table as Height_1, Height 2, Height 3). Positions were measured with a simple GPS with coarse acquisition accuracy (order of several meters to tens of meters), which is sufficiently accurate to separate different stake locations (usually 500 m apart and horizontal displacement smaller than about 150 m/a, with largest displacements on the Ekström ice shelf). In very few cases, empty lines originate from missing stakes and the required position. In very few cases, a second line with the same coordinate corresponds to the same location with a fourth stake deployed as a new stake. From Neumayer station to Kottas camp stakes were deployed at approximately a 500 m interval. As the spatial variation of accumulation on the polar plateau is smaller than in the lower foreland (in this case the Ritscherflya) the stake distances was increased to 1 km to several kilometers from Kottas camp onto the polar plateau to Kohnen station. Additional field comments made by observing personal were removed from the files. However, original field notes in notebooks are available from AWI's Archive for German Polar Research (Oerter et al., 2013). Although surface accumulation is still one of the major unknowns to determine the the total surface mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet, especially under climate change, direct long-term observations of surface accumulation are still one of the major gaps in field observations (Eisen et al., 2008). This time series of stake readings provides the basis for calculation the change in accumulation in space and time (e.g. Rotschky et al., 2007). It is thus fundamental for a decade-long record of the spatio-temporal characteristics of surface accumulation, which can be put into context to meteorological and oceanographic changes in the region.

Description: This data collection contains readings of accumulation stake along the approximately 800 km long traverse route Neumayer-Kottas-Kohnen, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. By comparing the readings of an individual stake in two different seasons the amount of surface accumulation (i.e. snow deposition) or erosion (e.g. from sublimation of wind scour) can be determined. Stake readings were conducted approximately every year starting from season 1995/1996 to 2005/2006 as part of the European Project for Ice Coring In Antarctica (EPICA). The readings were carried out by a dedicated two to three person team accompanying the traverse from Neumayer station to Kohnen station. The readings were performed by a simple measurement of the visible length of the stake above the snow surface. For tilted stakes, the vertical height above the surface as well as the length of the stake was measured. New stakes were deployed when less than about 1.5 m of the previous stake was visible or a stake was lost (e.g. from breaking off or falling over and finally get burried in snow). Consequently, at some locations more than one stake is visible for several years (e.g. when the average snow accumulation was rather low). In those cases all visible stakes were recorded at the same location of such a stake cluster and added to the table as Height_1, Height 2, Height 3). Positions were measured with a simple GPS with coarse acquisition accuracy (order of several meters to tens of meters), which is sufficiently accurate to separate different stake locations (usually 500 m apart and horizontal displacement smaller than about 150 m/a, with largest displacements on the Ekström ice shelf). In very few cases, empty lines originate from missing stakes and the required position. In very few cases, a second line with the same coordinate corresponds to the same location with a fourth stake deployed as a new stake. From Neumayer station to Kottas camp stakes were deployed at approximately a 500 m interval. As the spatial variation of accumulation on the polar plateau is smaller than in the lower foreland (in this case the Ritscherflya) the stake distances was increased to 1 km to several kilometers from Kottas camp onto the polar plateau to Kohnen station. Additional field comments made by observing personal were removed from the files. However, original field notes in notebooks are available from AWI's Archive for German Polar Research (Oerter et al., 2013). Although surface accumulation is still one of the major unknowns to determine the the total surface mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet, especially under climate change, direct long-term observations of surface accumulation are still one of the major gaps in field observations (Eisen et al., 2008). This time series of stake readings provides the basis for calculation the change in accumulation in space and time (e.g. Rotschky et al., 2007). It is thus fundamental for a decade-long record of the spatio-temporal characteristics of surface accumulation, which can be put into context to meteorological and oceanographic changes in the region.

Description: This data collection contains readings of accumulation stake along the approximately 800 km long traverse route Neumayer-Kottas-Kohnen, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. By comparing the readings of an individual stake in two different seasons the amount of surface accumulation (i.e. snow deposition) or erosion (e.g. from sublimation of wind scour) can be determined. Stake readings were conducted approximately every year starting from season 1995/1996 to 2005/2006 as part of the European Project for Ice Coring In Antarctica (EPICA). The readings were carried out by a dedicated two to three person team accompanying the traverse from Neumayer station to Kohnen station. The readings were performed by a simple measurement of the visible length of the stake above the snow surface. For tilted stakes, the vertical height above the surface as well as the length of the stake was measured. New stakes were deployed when less than about 1.5 m of the previous stake was visible or a stake was lost (e.g. from breaking off or falling over and finally get burried in snow). Consequently, at some locations more than one stake is visible for several years (e.g. when the average snow accumulation was rather low). In those cases all visible stakes were recorded at the same location of such a stake cluster and added to the table as Height_1, Height 2, Height 3). Positions were measured with a simple GPS with coarse acquisition accuracy (order of several meters to tens of meters), which is sufficiently accurate to separate different stake locations (usually 500 m apart and horizontal displacement smaller than about 150 m/a, with largest displacements on the Ekström ice shelf). In very few cases, empty lines originate from missing stakes and the required position. In very few cases, a second line with the same coordinate corresponds to the same location with a fourth stake deployed as a new stake. From Neumayer station to Kottas camp stakes were deployed at approximately a 500 m interval. As the spatial variation of accumulation on the polar plateau is smaller than in the lower foreland (in this case the Ritscherflya) the stake distances was increased to 1 km to several kilometers from Kottas camp onto the polar plateau to Kohnen station. Additional field comments made by observing personal were removed from the files. However, original field notes in notebooks are available from AWI's Archive for German Polar Research (Oerter et al., 2013). Although surface accumulation is still one of the major unknowns to determine the the total surface mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet, especially under climate change, direct long-term observations of surface accumulation are still one of the major gaps in field observations (Eisen et al., 2008). This time series of stake readings provides the basis for calculation the change in accumulation in space and time (e.g. Rotschky et al., 2007). It is thus fundamental for a decade-long record of the spatio-temporal characteristics of surface accumulation, which can be put into context to meteorological and oceanographic changes in the region.

Description: This data collection contains readings of accumulation stake along the approximately 800 km long traverse route Neumayer-Kottas-Kohnen, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. By comparing the readings of an individual stake in two different seasons the amount of surface accumulation (i.e. snow deposition) or erosion (e.g. from sublimation of wind scour) can be determined. Stake readings were conducted approximately every year starting from season 1995/1996 to 2005/2006 as part of the European Project for Ice Coring In Antarctica (EPICA). The readings were carried out by a dedicated two to three person team accompanying the traverse from Neumayer station to Kohnen station. The readings were performed by a simple measurement of the visible length of the stake above the snow surface. For tilted stakes, the vertical height above the surface as well as the length of the stake was measured. New stakes were deployed when less than about 1.5 m of the previous stake was visible or a stake was lost (e.g. from breaking off or falling over and finally get burried in snow). Consequently, at some locations more than one stake is visible for several years (e.g. when the average snow accumulation was rather low). In those cases all visible stakes were recorded at the same location of such a stake cluster and added to the table as Height_1, Height 2, Height 3). Positions were measured with a simple GPS with coarse acquisition accuracy (order of several meters to tens of meters), which is sufficiently accurate to separate different stake locations (usually 500 m apart and horizontal displacement smaller than about 150 m/a, with largest displacements on the Ekström ice shelf). In very few cases, empty lines originate from missing stakes and the required position. In very few cases, a second line with the same coordinate corresponds to the same location with a fourth stake deployed as a new stake. From Neumayer station to Kottas camp stakes were deployed at approximately a 500 m interval. As the spatial variation of accumulation on the polar plateau is smaller than in the lower foreland (in this case the Ritscherflya) the stake distances was increased to 1 km to several kilometers from Kottas camp onto the polar plateau to Kohnen station. Additional field comments made by observing personal were removed from the files. However, original field notes in notebooks are available from AWI's Archive for German Polar Research (Oerter et al., 2013). Although surface accumulation is still one of the major unknowns to determine the the total surface mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet, especially under climate change, direct long-term observations of surface accumulation are still one of the major gaps in field observations (Eisen et al., 2008). This time series of stake readings provides the basis for calculation the change in accumulation in space and time (e.g. Rotschky et al., 2007). It is thus fundamental for a decade-long record of the spatio-temporal characteristics of surface accumulation, which can be put into context to meteorological and oceanographic changes in the region.

Description: This data collection contains readings of accumulation stake along the approximately 800 km long traverse route Neumayer-Kottas-Kohnen, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. By comparing the readings of an individual stake in two different seasons the amount of surface accumulation (i.e. snow deposition) or erosion (e.g. from sublimation of wind scour) can be determined. Stake readings were conducted approximately every year starting from season 1995/1996 to 2005/2006 as part of the European Project for Ice Coring In Antarctica (EPICA). The readings were carried out by a dedicated two to three person team accompanying the traverse from Neumayer station to Kohnen station. The readings were performed by a simple measurement of the visible length of the stake above the snow surface. For tilted stakes, the vertical height above the surface as well as the length of the stake was measured. New stakes were deployed when less than about 1.5 m of the previous stake was visible or a stake was lost (e.g. from breaking off or falling over and finally get burried in snow). Consequently, at some locations more than one stake is visible for several years (e.g. when the average snow accumulation was rather low). In those cases all visible stakes were recorded at the same location of such a stake cluster and added to the table as Height_1, Height 2, Height 3). Positions were measured with a simple GPS with coarse acquisition accuracy (order of several meters to tens of meters), which is sufficiently accurate to separate different stake locations (usually 500 m apart and horizontal displacement smaller than about 150 m/a, with largest displacements on the Ekström ice shelf). In very few cases, empty lines originate from missing stakes and the required position. In very few cases, a second line with the same coordinate corresponds to the same location with a fourth stake deployed as a new stake. From Neumayer station to Kottas camp stakes were deployed at approximately a 500 m interval. As the spatial variation of accumulation on the polar plateau is smaller than in the lower foreland (in this case the Ritscherflya) the stake distances was increased to 1 km to several kilometers from Kottas camp onto the polar plateau to Kohnen station. Additional field comments made by observing personal were removed from the files. However, original field notes in notebooks are available from AWI's Archive for German Polar Research (Oerter et al., 2013). Although surface accumulation is still one of the major unknowns to determine the the total surface mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet, especially under climate change, direct long-term observations of surface accumulation are still one of the major gaps in field observations (Eisen et al., 2008). This time series of stake readings provides the basis for calculation the change in accumulation in space and time (e.g. Rotschky et al., 2007). It is thus fundamental for a decade-long record of the spatio-temporal characteristics of surface accumulation, which can be put into context to meteorological and oceanographic changes in the region.

Description: This data collection contains readings of accumulation stake along the approximately 800 km long traverse route Neumayer-Kottas-Kohnen, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. By comparing the readings of an individual stake in two different seasons the amount of surface accumulation (i.e. snow deposition) or erosion (e.g. from sublimation of wind scour) can be determined. Stake readings were conducted approximately every year starting from season 1995/1996 to 2005/2006 as part of the European Project for Ice Coring In Antarctica (EPICA). The readings were carried out by a dedicated two to three person team accompanying the traverse from Neumayer station to Kohnen station. The readings were performed by a simple measurement of the visible length of the stake above the snow surface. For tilted stakes, the vertical height above the surface as well as the length of the stake was measured. New stakes were deployed when less than about 1.5 m of the previous stake was visible or a stake was lost (e.g. from breaking off or falling over and finally get burried in snow). Consequently, at some locations more than one stake is visible for several years (e.g. when the average snow accumulation was rather low). In those cases all visible stakes were recorded at the same location of such a stake cluster and added to the table as Height_1, Height 2, Height 3). Positions were measured with a simple GPS with coarse acquisition accuracy (order of several meters to tens of meters), which is sufficiently accurate to separate different stake locations (usually 500 m apart and horizontal displacement smaller than about 150 m/a, with largest displacements on the Ekström ice shelf). In very few cases, empty lines originate from missing stakes and the required position. In very few cases, a second line with the same coordinate corresponds to the same location with a fourth stake deployed as a new stake. From Neumayer station to Kottas camp stakes were deployed at approximately a 500 m interval. As the spatial variation of accumulation on the polar plateau is smaller than in the lower foreland (in this case the Ritscherflya) the stake distances was increased to 1 km to several kilometers from Kottas camp onto the polar plateau to Kohnen station. Additional field comments made by observing personal were removed from the files. However, original field notes in notebooks are available from AWI's Archive for German Polar Research (Oerter et al., 2013). Although surface accumulation is still one of the major unknowns to determine the the total surface mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet, especially under climate change, direct long-term observations of surface accumulation are still one of the major gaps in field observations (Eisen et al., 2008). This time series of stake readings provides the basis for calculation the change in accumulation in space and time (e.g. Rotschky et al., 2007). It is thus fundamental for a decade-long record of the spatio-temporal characteristics of surface accumulation, which can be put into context to meteorological and oceanographic changes in the region.

Description: This data collection contains readings of accumulation stake along the approximately 800 km long traverse route Neumayer-Kottas-Kohnen, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. By comparing the readings of an individual stake in two different seasons the amount of surface accumulation (i.e. snow deposition) or erosion (e.g. from sublimation of wind scour) can be determined. Stake readings were conducted approximately every year starting from season 1995/1996 to 2005/2006 as part of the European Project for Ice Coring In Antarctica (EPICA). The readings were carried out by a dedicated two to three person team accompanying the traverse from Neumayer station to Kohnen station. The readings were performed by a simple measurement of the visible length of the stake above the snow surface. For tilted stakes, the vertical height above the surface as well as the length of the stake was measured. New stakes were deployed when less than about 1.5 m of the previous stake was visible or a stake was lost (e.g. from breaking off or falling over and finally get burried in snow). Consequently, at some locations more than one stake is visible for several years (e.g. when the average snow accumulation was rather low). In those cases all visible stakes were recorded at the same location of such a stake cluster and added to the table as Height_1, Height 2, Height 3). Positions were measured with a simple GPS with coarse acquisition accuracy (order of several meters to tens of meters), which is sufficiently accurate to separate different stake locations (usually 500 m apart and horizontal displacement smaller than about 150 m/a, with largest displacements on the Ekström ice shelf). In very few cases, empty lines originate from missing stakes and the required position. In very few cases, a second line with the same coordinate corresponds to the same location with a fourth stake deployed as a new stake. From Neumayer station to Kottas camp stakes were deployed at approximately a 500 m interval. As the spatial variation of accumulation on the polar plateau is smaller than in the lower foreland (in this case the Ritscherflya) the stake distances was increased to 1 km to several kilometers from Kottas camp onto the polar plateau to Kohnen station. Additional field comments made by observing personal were removed from the files. However, original field notes in notebooks are available from AWI's Archive for German Polar Research (Oerter et al., 2013). Although surface accumulation is still one of the major unknowns to determine the the total surface mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet, especially under climate change, direct long-term observations of surface accumulation are still one of the major gaps in field observations (Eisen et al., 2008). This time series of stake readings provides the basis for calculation the change in accumulation in space and time (e.g. Rotschky et al., 2007). It is thus fundamental for a decade-long record of the spatio-temporal characteristics of surface accumulation, which can be put into context to meteorological and oceanographic changes in the region.