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  • Articles  (27)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (24)
  • Blackwell Science Ltd  (3)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A variety of extracellular serine proteases are expressed in the central nervous system or might permeate the blood–brain barrier under pathological conditions. However, their intracerebral targets and physiological functions are largely unknown. Here, we show that four distinct subtypes of protease-activated receptors (PARs) are abundantly expressed in the adult rat brain and in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. PAR-1 expression was significant in the hippocampus, cortex and amygdala. Highest densities of PAR-2 and PAR-3 were observed in hippocampus, cortex, amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus and striatum. Apart from the striatum, a similar localization was found for PAR-4. Within the hippocampal formation, each PAR subtype was predominantly localized in the pyramidal cell layers. Additionally, we identified PAR-2 in mossy fibers between dentate gyrus and CA3, PAR-3 in the subiculum and PAR-4 in CA3 and in mossy fibres as well as in the stratum lacunosum moleculare. After exposing hippocampal slice cultures to a severe experimental ischemia (oxygen–glucose deprivation), the expression of PARs 1–3 was up-regulated with subtype-specific kinetics. The localization of PARs in brain regions particularly vulnerable to ischemic insults as well as distinct alterations in the expression pattern after experimental ischemia support the notion of an important role of extracellular serine proteases and PARs in cerebral ischemia.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: While the principal components of the brain reward system, the nucleus accumbens septi and the ventral tegmental area have received much attention, their efferent and afferent structures have not been investigated to the same degree. One major input to this system originates from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) which is not a homogenous structure but can be divided into different subareas that can be distinguished on anatomical and possibly functional grounds. We examined the effects of discrete bilateral quinolinic acid lesions (45 nmol/0.5 μL) of each of the mPFC subareas, the infralimbic (il), prelimbic (pl) and the anterior cingulate (cg) mPFC, on the conditioned place preference (CPP) and psychomotor activation induced by several drugs. Lesions of the il mPFC blocked CPP induced by morphine (10 mg/kg) and CGP37849 [dl-(E)-2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-pentic acid, a competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist; 10 mg/kg]. Lesions of the pl mPFC blocked CPP induced by cocaine (15 mg/kg) and CGP37849, and lesions of the cg mPFC only blocked CGP37849-induced CPP. Lesions of the whole mPFC blocked morphine-, cocaine- and CGP37849-induced CPP. None of the lesions affected dl-amphetamine (4 mg/kg)-induced CPP. During the conditioning period, none of the lesions affected amphetamine-induced psychomotor activation and sensitization, whereas both phenomena were attenuated by pl and whole mPFC lesions in the case of cocaine, and by il and whole mPFC lesions in the case of morphine. These results show that the different mPFC subregions have distinct functional roles in the generation of behavioural effects produced by different classes of drugs. This heterogeneity should be taken into account in future studies addressing the role of the mPFC in drug reward and sensitization.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 11 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: NMDA receptor antagonists have been shown to block several forms of neural and behavioural plasticity. The prototypical and most widely-used noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist is dizocilpine (MK-801). Here we have examined the effect of MK-801 on the context-dependent augmentation (‘sensitization’) of catalepsy in rats which develops with repeated administration of haloperidol. It was found that over a 7-day treatment period animals receiving haloperidol (0.25 or 0.5 mg/kg) plus MK-801 (0.16 mg/kg) showed a context-dependent day-to-day increase in catalepsy similar to animals that received haloperidol alone. However, when all animals were treated with haloperidol alone on day 8 of the experiment, animals that had received haloperidol plus MK-801 before displayed a much smaller cataleptic response, similar to that observed in the haloperidol group on the first treatment day, i.e. the previously-established enhancement of catalepsy was no longer expressed. These results may be explained in terms of state-dependency effects induced by MK-801. Implications of these findings for the clinical use of NMDA receptor antagonists in the treatment of Parkinson's disease are discussed.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 2687-2703 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Cation scavengers (N(C2H5)3, H2O, cyclopropane) inhibit the polymerization of liquid α-methylstyrene initiated by field emission (FE). Electron scavengers also inhibit the polymerization with efficiencies declining in the series SF6〉N2O〉CO2〉O2. It is assumed that electrons emitted by the high field electrode ionize monomer molecules. Radical cations formed thereby initiate the cationic polymerization. Thus cation scavengers inhibit the growth of kinetic chains, whereas electron scavengers inhibit the initiation reaction.The polymerization initiated by field ionization (FI) is not affected by electron scavengers. However, cation scavengers inhibit this polymerization.Based on the dependence of the specific polymer yield on the N(C2H5)3-concentration it was estimated that in the case of FE only 1 to 10% of the emitted electrons initiate polymerization. In the case of FI up to 100% of the ions generated at the high field electrode start kinetic chains.During all experiments oligomer (degree of polymerization 3 to 4) was formed in a chain reaction. The specific oligomer yield increased with increasing SF6-concentration significantly when the reaction was initiated by FE.
    Notes: Die durch Feldemission (FE) in flüssigem α-Methylstyrol ausgelöste Polymerisation wird durch Kationenfänger (N(C2H5)3, H2O, Cyclopropan) inhibiert. Die Elektronenfänger SF6, N2O, CO2 und O2 inhibieren ebenfalls, wobei die Inhibitorwirksamkeit in der genannten Reihenfolge abnimmt. Dieses Verhalten wird darauf zurückgeführt, daß von der Hochfeldelektrode emittierte Elektronen Monomermolekeln ionisieren; dabei gebildete Radikalkationen starten die kationische Polymerisation. Durch Kationenfänger wird daher die Wachstumsreaktion inhibiert, während Elektronenfänger die Startreaktion inhibieren.Bei der durch Feldionisation (FI) gestarteten Polymerisation sind Elektronenfänger wirkungslos; Kationenfänger inhibieren dagegen.Aufgrund der Abhängigkeit der spezifischen Polymerausbeute von der N(C2H5)3-Konzentration wurde abgeschätzt, daß im Falle der FE nur 1 bis 10% der emittierten Elektronen polymerisationsauslösend wirken. Im Falle der FI starten bis zu 100% der an der Hochfeldelektrode erzeugten Ladungsträger kinetische Ketten.Bei allen Versuchen wurde Oligomeres (Polymerisationsgrad 3 bis 4) durch eine Kettenreaktion gebildet. Die spezifische Oligomerausbeute nahm bei der FE-initiierten Polymerisation mit steigender SF6-Konzentration bemerkenswert zu.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 90 (1978), S. 717-717 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 84 (1972), S. 168-170 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 208 (1993), S. 151-165 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Einwirkung von oxidierenden oder reduzierenden Gasen oder Dämpfen auf Polyacetylen, Polypyrrol, Poly(phenylacetylen) und Poly-p-phenylen führt zu Änderungen der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit. Dieser Effekt wird an Hand eines Drei-Stufen-Modells erklärt. Als erste Stufe wird die Adsorption an der Polymeroberfläche angenommen. Die zweite Stufe besteht in der Diffusion der Adsorbatmoleküle in das Innere des Polymeren, während die dritte Stufe durch eine irreversible Reaktion zwischen Adsorbatmolekülen und Polymerem gegeben ist. Diese drei Reaktionstufen sind manchmal zeitlich voneinander abgegrenzt. Während der Adsorptionsstufe ist die elektrische Leitfähigkeitsänderung reversibel, wenn durch Abpumpen das Gas oder der Dampf wieder entfernt werden.
    Notes: Exposure of polyacetylene, polypyrrole, poly(phenylacetylene), and poly-p-phenylene to oxidizing or reducing gases and vapors leads to changes of their electrical conductivity which can be explained by a three step model involving as a first step adsorption at the surface, as a second step diffusion into the bulk of the material and as a third step irreversible chemical changes due to reaction between the dopant and the polymer chain. These three regimes are sometimes well separated in time. During the adsorption regime, the conductivity change is reversible with respect to removal of the vapor atmosphere by evacuation.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Racemization of Spirocyclic Pentaaryl Derivatives of Group 5 A Elements. I H NMR Investigations with Overcrowded Asymmetric Phosphoranes, Arsoranes, and StiboranesThe two different methyl positions of bis-2,2′-biarylylenephosphorane 7, the corresponding arsoranes 8a, b, and the analogous stiborane 9 are reversibly equilibrated at elevated temperatures with free enthalpies of activation of 18.2 (76.0), 17.2 (72.2), ≈ 22.5 (94.2), and 15.4 (64.6) kcal(kJ)/mol. Starting with the trigonal bipyramidal ground state conformations C and ∪ (fig. 2) these ligand exchange phenomena can be interpreted in the framework of the pseudorotation process on the basis of trigonal bipyramidal transition states of type A with diequatorial biarylylene groups.
    Notes: Die beiden unterschiedlichen Methyl-Positionen des Bis-2,2′-biarylylenphosphorans 7, der entsprechenden Arsorane 8a, b und des analogen Stiborans 9 werden bei erhöhten Temperaturen mit freien Aktivierungsenthalpien von 18.2 (76.0), 17.2 (72.2). ≈ 22.5 (94.2) und 15.4 (64.6) kcal(kJ)/mol reversibel äquilibriert. Ausgehend von den trigonal-bipyramidalen Grundzustandskonformationen C und ∪ (Abb. 2) lassen sich diese Ligandenaustauschphänomene im Rahmen des Pseudorotationsprozesses auf der Basis trigonal-bipyramidaler Übergangszustände des Typs A (Abb. 2) mit diäquatorialen Biarylylen-Gruppen interpretieren.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 358-384 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Modified Tetrahelicene Systems, III. Doubly ortho-Bridged Triphenylamine DerivativesThe heterocyclic (2a, b, 19, 3b - f, and 9a - c) as well as the carbocyclic naphth[3,2,1-de]anthracene derivatives (21 - 23), which can be represented by the skeleton types A and B (table 2), are helically distorted in the stereochemical ground state. They racemize so fast, however, that their free enthalpies of racemization (ΔG≠≤ 21 (88) kcal(kJ)/mol) could be determined by standard DNMR methods. Only derivatives of compound type 3 with relatively large bridge Y (3a, Y = C(CH3)2; 3g′, Y = S) exhibit higher racemization barriers (ΔG160≠ = 24 (100.4) and 28.4 (119) kcal(kJ)/mol) which had to be evaluated by classical equilibration procedures. With the results obtained in this way the working hypothesis has been confirmed, according to which for compounds A and B enlargement of the bridges Y and/or X, as well as diminution of the center Z - in holding the periphery constant - should lead to an increase of nonbonding interactions in the planar transition state and therefore to an increase of the racemization barrier. It has furthermore been shown with numerous substitution products of compound type 1 that here frequently accidental coincidences of the 1H NMR signals of diastereotopic and also constitutopic groups do occur.
    Notes: Die durch die Gerüsttypen A und B (s. Tab. 2) repräsentierbaren heterocyclischen (2a, b sowie 19, 3b - f und 9a - c) und auch carbocyclischen Naphth[3,2,1-de]anthracen-Derivate (21 - 23) sind im stereochemischen Grundzustand helical verdrillt, racemisieren jedoch so rasch, daß ihre freien Racemisierungsenthalpien (ΔG≠≤ 21 (88) kcal(kJ)/mol) mit Standard-DNMR-Methoden bestimmt werden konnten. Nur Abkömmlinge des Verbindungstyps 3 mit relativ großer Brücke Y (3a, Y = C(CH3)2; 3g′, Y = S) weisen höhere Racemisierungsbarrieren auf (ΔG160≠ = 24 (100.4) bzw. 28.4 (119) kcal(kJ)/mol), zu deren Ermittlung klassische Äquilibrierungsmethoden herangezogen werden mußten. Mit den so erhaltenen Ergebnissen wurde die Arbeitshypothese bestätigt, nach der bei Verbindungen vom Typ A bzw. B sowohl Vergrößerung der Brücken Y und/oder X als auch - bei konstanter Peripherie - Verkleinerung des Zentrums Z zum Anwachsen der nichtbindenden Wechselwirkungen im planaren Übergangszustand und damit auch zum Anwachsen der Racemisierungsbarriere führen sollte. Weiterhin wurde anhand zahlreicher Substitutionsprodukte des Verbindungstyps 1 gezeigt, daß hier häufig zufällige Koinzidenzen der 1H-NMR-Signale diastereotoper, aber auch konstitutoper Gruppen auftreten.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 577-585 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Organic Electron Transfer Agents, I Electrochemical and Spectroscopical Study of Bromo-substituted Triarylamine Redox SystemsThe redox behaviour of the bromo-substituted triarylamines 2 - 7 has been studied by cyclic voltammetry. The oxidation potentials of the redox pair amine/cation radical strongly depend on the degree of substitution in ortho-position showing a smaller sterical influence in addition to a strong electronic effect. The second oxidation potential, cation radical/dication, is influenced by substitution to a much smaller degree. The UV/VIS spectra of the corresponding cation radicals are shifted bathochromically with increasing ortho-substitution. A linear relationship between redox potentials of the amines and long wave-length absorbance maxima of the cation radicals is observed. Redox potentials and UV/VIS spectra allow partial analysis of the term schemes of the amines and the corresponding cation radicals. ESR spectra of the cation radicals show broad and unresolved signals.
    Notes: Das Redoxverhalten der bromsubstituierten Triarylamine 2 - 7 wurde mit Hilfe der Methode der cyclischen Voltammetrie untersucht. Die Oxidationspotentiale des Redoxpaars Amin/ Radikalkation hängen stark vom Substitutionsgrad in den ortho-Positionen ab, wobei zusätzlich zu einem starken elektronischen Effekt ein schwächerer sterischer Einfluß beobachtet wird. Der Einfluß der Substitution auf das zweite Oxidationspotential, Radikalkation/Dikation, ist wesentlich geringer. Die UV/VIS-Spektren der zugehörigen Radikalkationen sind mit zunehmender ortho-Substitution bathochrom verschoben. Zwischen Redoxpotential der Amine und langwelligstem Absorptionsmaximum der Radikalkationen besteht ein linearer Zusammenhang. Redoxpotentiale und UV/VIS-Spektren gestatten eine partielle Termanalyse der Amine und der zugehörigen Radikalkationen. Die ESR-Spektren der Radikalkationen zeigen breite unaufgelöste Signale.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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