Note: Front Cover -- Developing the Global Bioeconomy -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Disclaimer -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Contributors -- Biography -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Bioeconomy Strategies -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Status of Bioeconomy Strategies in IEA Bioenergy Member Countries -- 1.3 Scope, Objective, and Outline -- References -- 2 Development of Second-Generation Biorefineries -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Technology and Feedstock Matrix -- 2.2.1 Composting and Anaerobic Digestion -- 2.2.2 Preprocessing Technologies -- 2.2.2.1 Basic Biomass Preprocessing Methods -- 2.2.2.2 Densification and Thermal Pretreatment -- 2.2.3 Pretreatment: Physical, Chemical, and Biochemical -- 2.2.4 Saccharification of Cellulose and Hemicellulose -- 2.2.5 (Bio)-Catalytic Production of Bioethanol and Various Chemicals -- 2.2.5.1 Chemicals From Glycerol -- 2.2.6 Thermochemical Conversion: Fast Pyrolysis -- 2.2.6.1 Fast Pyrolysis Reactors -- 2.2.6.2 Pyrolysis Liquid: Bio-Oil -- 2.2.6.3 Bio-Oil Characteristics -- 2.2.6.4 Applications of Bio-Oil -- 2.3 Summary -- References -- 3 Biorefineries: Industry Status and Economics -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Economics -- 3.2.1 Economic Considerations -- 3.2.1.1 Factorial Method -- 3.2.1.2 Step Accounting Method -- 3.2.1.3 Exponential Method -- 3.2.2 Economic Lessons Learned From Bioethanol and Bio-Oil Derived From Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 3.3 Demonstration and Full-Scale Plants -- 3.3.1 Fast Pyrolysis: Current Status -- 3.3.1.1 Ensyn Corp (ENSYN, 2014) -- 3.3.1.2 KIT (Bioliq) -- 3.3.1.3 Fortum -- 3.3.1.4 BTG BioLiquids BV -- 3.3.1.5 EMPYRO -- 3.3.2 Biochemical Conversion -- 3.3.2.1 Bioethanol Production -- 3.3.3 Biorefineries: Starch/Sugar-Based -- 3.4 Summary and Outlook -- References -- 4 Sustainability Considerations for the Future Bioeconomy -- 4.1 Introduction. , 4.2 Overview of Methodologies and Sustainability Assessment Frameworks -- 4.3 Lessons Learned From First-Generation Biofuels and Bioenergy Crops -- 4.4 Sustainability Assessment Challenges -- 4.5 Considerations for Future Assessments in the Bioeconomy Sector -- 4.6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 5 Biomass Supply and Trade Opportunities of Preprocessed Biomass for Power Generation -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Biomass Supply and Demand Centers -- 5.2 International Trade and Supply Opportunities of Processed Stable Biomass Intermediates for Biopower Market -- 5.2.1 Development of Biopower Markets -- 5.2.2 The Importance of Preprocessing -- 5.2.2.1 Pelleting and Torrefaction -- 5.2.2.2 Hydrothermal Carbonization -- 5.2.3 Location of Final Conversion Facility -- 5.2.4 Energy Crop-Based Supply Chains: Mozambique Case Study -- 5.3 Local/Regional Trade and Supply Opportunities of Raw Biomass for Bioenergy Market -- 5.3.1 Agricultural Residues-Based Supply Chains: South Africa Case Study -- 5.3.1.1 Corn and Wheat Residue Costs at the Farm Gate -- 5.3.1.2 Crop Residue Costs Delivered at the Conversion Plant -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Commodity-Scale Biomass Trade and Integration with Other Supply Chains -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Evolution of Commoditized Biomass -- 6.3 Current Commodity-Scale Biomass Trade -- 6.4 The Integration of Commoditized Biomass With Other Commodity Supply Chains -- 6.4.1 Leveraging Solids Handling Infrastructure -- 6.4.1.1 Case Study 1: Conventional and Torrefied Wood Pellets -- 6.4.1.2 Case Study 2: Residue Bundling System Integration With Forest Industry in Finland -- 6.4.1.3 Case Study 3: Shipping of Forest Biomass Over the Baltic Sea -- 6.4.2 Leveraging Liquids Handling Infrastructure -- 6.4.3 Leveraging Gas Handling Infrastructure -- 6.5 Future Trends, Recommendation, and Conclusion -- References. , 7 Commoditization of Biomass Markets -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 From Bioenergy to Bioeconomy -- 7.1.2 Commoditization of Biomass Markets -- 7.2 Defining "Commodities" -- 7.2.1 Properties of the Good Itself -- 7.2.2 Market-Related Properties -- 7.2.3 Futures Contracts: A Sign of Advanced Commoditization -- 7.3 Commoditization Example: The Case of the Crude Oil Market -- 7.3.1 The Commoditization of the Crude Oil Market From 1973 to 1987 -- 7.3.2 Analysis -- 7.4 Commoditization of Biomass Markets -- 7.4.1 "Intermediate Goods": What Is the Commodity Used For? -- 7.4.2 Fungibility, Homogeneity, and Standardization -- 7.4.2.1 Product Quality -- 7.4.2.2 Commoditization, Sustainability, and Traceability -- 7.4.3 Market Structure -- 7.4.4 Market Liquidity -- 7.4.5 International Market Integration -- 7.4.6 Conclusions -- 7.5 Biomass Commoditization: The Way Forward -- 7.5.1 Futures Contract Failure: A Sign of Market Immaturity -- 7.5.2 The Road to Commoditization -- 7.5.2.1 Commoditization: Good for the Market but Not for All Market Actors? -- 7.5.2.2 Policy-Related Obstacles to Biomass Commoditization -- 7.5.2.3 Market-Related Obstacles to Biomass Commoditization -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 8 Transition Strategies: Resource Mobilization Through Merchandisable Feedstock Intermediates -- 8.1 Objective and Link to Previous Chapters -- 8.2 Challenges Within Large-Scale Biorefinery Feedstock Supply Chains -- 8.3 Feedstock Supply System Types: Conventional and Advanced -- 8.4 Depot Configurations and Evolvement -- 8.4.1 Early-Stage Depots -- 8.4.2 Later-Stage Depots -- 8.5 Depot Deployment -- 8.5.1 Overcoming the Mobilization Gridlock via Merchandisable Intermediates for Multiple Markets -- 8.5.2 Separating the Vertical Supply Chain -- 8.6 Market Transition -- 8.6.1 Transition Periods -- 8.6.2 Supply Chain Opportunities -- 8.7 Conclusions -- References. , Conclusions -- Introduction -- Scope -- Lessons From Bioenergy -- References -- Index -- Back Cover.