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  • Life and Medical Sciences  (4)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (4)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of microwave exposure on the hamster immune system. II. Peritoneal macrophage function (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 141-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave bioeffects ; hamster macrophages ; immunology ; viricidal macrophages ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Acute exposure of hamsters to microwave energy (2.45 GHz; 25 mW/cm2 for 60 min) resulted in activation of peritoneal macrophages that were significantly more viricidal to vaccinia virus as compared to sham-exposed or normal (minimum-handling) controls. Macrophages from microwave-exposed hamsters became activated as early as 6 h after exposure and remained activated for up to 12 days. The activation of macrophages by microwave exposure paralleled the macrophage activation after vaccinia virus immunization. Activated macrophages from vacciniaimmunized hamsters did not differ in their viricidal activity when the hamsters were microwave or sham-exposed. Exposure for 60 min at 15 mW/cm2 did not activate the macrophages while 40 mW/cm2 exposure was harmful to some hamsters. Average maximum core temperatures in the exposed (25 mW/cm2) and sham groups were 40.5 °C (±0.35 SD) and 38.4 °C (±0.5 SD), respectively. In vitro heating of macrophages to 40.5 °C was not as effective as in vivo microwave exposure in activating macrophages to the viricidal state. Macrophages from normal, shamexposed, and microwave-exposed hamsters were not morphologically different, and they all phagocytosed India ink particles. Moreover, immune macrophage cytotoxicity for virus-infected or noninfected target cells was not suppressed in the microwave-irradiated group (25 mW/cm2, 1 h) as compared to sham-exposed controls, indicating that peritoneal macrophages were not functionally suppressed or injured by microwave hyperthermia.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250040205
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of microwave exposure on the hamster immune system. III. Macrophage resistance to vesicular stomatitis virus infection (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 377-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave bioeffects ; peritoneal macrophages ; viricidal macrophages ; LPS ; immunology ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Exposure of hamsters to microwave (MW) energy (2.45 GHz, 25 mW/cm2, 1 h) resulted in activation of peritoneal macrophages (PM) to a viricidal state restricting the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). The PM from MW-exposed hamsters were viricidal as early as 1 day after exposure and remained active for 5 days. Immunization of hamsters with vaccinia virus induced viricidal PM by 3 to 4 days and they remained active for 7 days. To test the hypothesis that thermogenic MW exposure results in the release of endotoxin across the intestinal epithelium which subsequently activates PM, hamsters were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and their viricidal activity was studied. Lipopolysaccharide in vitro (0.2 μg) and in vivo (0.5 μg) activated macrophages to a viricidal state. When administered in vivo, LPS (0.5 μg) activated macrophages as early as 1 day and the activity remained for 3 days. While MW exposure of PM in vitro failed to induce viricidal activity, exposure of PM to LPS in vitro induced strong viricidal activity. This suggests that the in vivo response of PM to MW is an indirect one, which is consistent with the hypothesis that MW-induced PM viricidal activity may be mediated via LPS. In preliminary experiments, MW exposure resulted in extended survival time for hamsters challenged with a lethal dose of vesicular stomatitis virus, supporting the concept that MW-activated PM may be a useful therapeutic modality.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050403
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of microwave exposure on the hamster immune system. IV. Spleen cell IgM hemolytic plaque formation (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 6 (1985), S. 41-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave bioeffects ; plaque-froming cells ; IgM antibody ; immunology ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Microwave exposure has been reported to affect various components of the immune system. In this study, we examined the effect of a single whole-body exposure of hamsters to microwave (mw) energy (2.45 GHz; 5-25 mW/cm2; 1 h) on the IgM antibody (Ab) response of spleen cells to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). MW-exposed, sham-exposed, and cage-control hamsters were immunized with SRBC and plaque-forming cells (PFC) in spleens assayed using the direct hemolytic plaque assay. In cage-control hamsters the Ab response was highest between days 4 and 5, returning to baseline by day 9. MW exposure (25 mW/cm2 for 1 h) significantly augmented PFC response only on days 4 and 5 postimmunization, causing approximately a 4.3- and 3.5-fold increase over controls, respectively. Exposure to 15 mW/cm2 caused a lesser, but significant increase in PFC. Exposure to intensities below 15 mW/cm2 for 1 h did not produce any increase in Ab response. Immunization with different concentrations of SRBC following 1 h of 25 mW/cm2 MW exposure revealed a stimulation in PFC at all concentrations ranging from 5 × 107 to 5 × 108 SRBC. Pretreatment of hamsters with MW radiation prior to immunization showed that the animals retained an increased sensitivity to SRBC for as long as 4 days after MW exposure. In contrast, exposure of hamsters to MW energy on different days after immunization showed an effect of the PFC response only if given between 0 and 1 day after immunization. These results suggest that MW exposure augments the primary IgM response to SRBC by affecting some early event in the immune response process. The various possible explanations for this phenomenon are discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250060105
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of in vivo ultrasound hyperthermia on natural killer cell cytotoxicity in the hamster (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 7 (1986), S. 283-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ultrasound immunosuppression ; natural killer (NK) cells ; hamster immune system ; hyperthermia ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of in vivo ultrasound irradiation of the spleen on immunological functions were assessed with an in vitro natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxic assay. Anesthetized hamsters were exposed to 1 MHz ultrasound at intensity levels currently being used clinically for therapeutic diathermy and hyperthermia (1-5 W/cm2, for 500 sec with constant beam scanning). Hyperthermic levels in the spleen ranged from 38-43°C. Significant depression of natural killer (NK) cell activity was seen 4 h after spleen irradiation as compared to sham irradited and normal animals. A return towards normal levels was observed in experimental groups at 24 h after exposure. Sham and normal animals were not significantly different in NK activity, indicating no significant stress-related immunosuppressive effects due to handling. Differential leukocyte counts taken for each exposure condition showed significant lymphopenia at 4, 8, and 16 h after exposure, near normal levels at 24 h, and complete recovery by 48 h. The number of circulating mononuclear cells at 4 h showed a dose-related suppression as the exposure intensities were increased.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250070305
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