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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Nephrology 3 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1440-1797
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 4 (1992), S. 205-215 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: cyclodextrins ; molecular mechanics ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A comparison of α-, β and γ-cyclodextrins in the solid state is made. Monomeric features analyzed include orientations of primary hydroxyl groups and pyran ring pucker. Macromolecular features examined include planarity of the oligomer, tilting of pyran rings, and, deviation from Cn symmetry where n = number of monomers. The mean values and standard deviations of these shape descriptors are given for cyclodextrins with and without guests embedded in their interiors. Molecular mechanics calculations using the MM2, AMBER, and CHARMM force fields show that most solid state cyclodextrins are trapped in high-energy conformations relative to the most stable forms found in this study. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 5 (1993), S. 51-57 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: molecular mechanic ; guest-host cyclodextrin complexes ; enantiodiscriminating forces ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A molecular mechanics investigation of R- vs. S-phenylethanol, R- vs. S-mandelic acid, R- vs. S-flurbiprofen, and R- vs. S-fenoprofen in their cyclodextrin crystal environments was undertaken. It was found that the dominant force responsible for guesthost complexation is the short-range London force; the enantiodiscriminating forces tend to be very small and are generally, but not always, dominated by long-range electrostatic contributions. Derivatized cyclodextrins are generally more enantiodiscriminating than native cyclodextrins, perhaps due to exterior rather than interior guest-host binding. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 57 (1995), S. 655-665 
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: sulfate uptake ; chromium(VI) uptake ; GSH ; GST ; catalase ; cytotoxicity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Chromium(VI) resistant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines were established in this study by exposing parental CHO-K1 cells to sequential increases in CrO3 concentration. The final concentration of CrO3 used for selection was 7 μM for Cr7 and 16 μM for Cr16 cells. Cr16-1 was a subclone derived from Cr16 cells. Next, these resistant cells were cultured in media without CrO3 for more than 6 months. The resistance of these cells to CrO3 was determined by colony-forming ability following a 24-h treatment. The LD50 of CrO3 for chromium(VI) resistant cells was at least 25-fold higher than that of the parental cells. The cellular growth rate, chromosome number, and the hprt mutation frequency of these chromium(VI) resistant cells were quite similar to their parental cells. The glutathione level, glutathione S-transferase, catalase activity, and metallothionine mRNA level in Cr7 and Cr16-1 cells were not significantly different from their parental cells. Furthermore, Cr16-1 cells were as sensitive as CHO-K1 cells to free-radical generating agents, including hydrogen peroxide, nickel chloride, and methanesulfonate methyl ester, and emetine, i.e., a protein synthesis inhibitor. The uptake of chromium(VI) and the remaining amount of this metal in these resistant and the parental cell lines were assayed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Experimental results indicated that a vastly smaller amount of CrO3 entered the resistant cell lines than their parental cells did. A comparison was made of the sulfate uptake abilities of CHO-K1 and chromium(VI) resistant cell lines. These results revealed that the uptake of sulfate anion was substantially reduced in Cr7 and Cr16-1 cells. Extracellular chloride reduced sulfate uptake in CHO-K1 but not in Cr16-1 cells. Therefore, the major causative for chromium(VI) resistance in these resistant cells could possibly be due to the defects in SO42-/C1- transport system for uptake chromium(VI).
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2015-01-15
    Description: A radiation gene box (RGB) onboard the SJ-10 satellite is a device carrying mice and drosophila cells to determine the biological effects of space radiation environment. The shielded fluxes of different radioactive sources were calculated and the linear energy transfers of γ-rays, electrons, protons and α-particles in the tissue were acquired using A-150 tissue-equivalent plastic. Then, a conceptual model of a space radiation instrument employing three semiconductor sub-detectors for deriving the charged and uncharged radiation environment of the RGB was designed. The energy depositions in the three sub-detectors were classified into 15 channels (bins) in an algorithm derived from the Monte Carlo method. The physical feasibility of the conceptual instrument was also verified by Monte Carlo simulations.
    Print ISSN: 1674-1137
    Topics: Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2015-03-07
    Description: Three new compounds based on H 2 BDC and PyBImE [H 2 BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylatic acid, PyBImE = 2-(2-pyridin-4-yl-vinyl)benzimidazole], namely, [Co(PyBImE)(BDC)(H 2 O) 2 ] ( 1 ), [Co(PyBImE) 2 (HBDC)(BDC) 0.5 ] ( 2 ), and [(HPyBImE) + · (BDC) 2 – 0.5 · (H 2 BDC) 0.5 ] ( 3 ), were synthesized by hydrothermal methods and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 is a one-dimensional chain bridged by terephthalate in a bis(monodentate) fashion. In the complex the nitrogen atom from N BIm and the coordination water molecule complete the coordination sphere. In complex 2 , the dinuclear cobalt units are bridged by terephthalate in a bis(bidentate) fashion into a one-dimensional chain, but different from complex 1 , the nitrogen atom from N Py and the oxygen atom from hydrogenterephthalate complete the coordination sphere. Complex 3 is a co-crystal with PyBImE and H 2 BDC in a 1:1 ratio and the transfer of hydrogen atoms leads the complex into a salt. Interesting supramolecular structures are shown due to the hydrogen bonding as well as π ··· π interactions in the three complexes. Thermal and magnetic properties of 1 and 2 were also studied.
    Print ISSN: 0044-2313
    Electronic ISSN: 1521-3749
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2015-10-06
    Description: Parrotia subaequalis (Hamamelidaceae) is a Tertiary relic species endemic in eastern China. We used inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers to access genetic diversity and population genetic structure in natural five populations of P. subaequalis . The levels of genetic diversity were higher at species level ( H  =   0.2031) but lower at population level ( H  =   0.1096). The higher genetic diversity at species levels might be attributed to the accumulation of distinctive genotypes which adapted to the different habitats after Quaternary glaciations. Meanwhile, founder effects on the early stage, and subsequent bottleneck of population regeneration due to its biological characteristics, environmental features, and human activities, seemed to explain the low population levels of genetic diversity. The hierarchical AMOVA revealed high levels (42.60%) of among-population genetic differentiation, which was in congruence with the high levels of Nei's genetic differentiation index ( G ST  = 0.4629) and limited gene flow ( N m  = 0.5801) among the studied populations. Mantel test showed a significant isolation-by-distance, indicating that geographic isolation has a significant effect on genetic structure in this species. Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average clustering, PCoA, and Bayesian analyses uniformly recovered groups that matched the geographical distribution of this species. In particular, our results suggest that Yangtze River has served as a natural barrier to gene flow between populations occurred on both riversides. Concerning the management of P. subaequalis , the high genetic differentiation among populations indicates that preserving all five natural populations in situ and collecting enough individuals from these populations for ex situ conservation are necessary. Parrotia subaequalis (Hamamelidaceae) is a Tertiary relic species endemic in eastern China. The levels of genetic diversity were higher at species level but lower at population level. UPGMA clustering, PCoA, and Bayesian analyses uniformly recovered groups that matched the geographical distribution of this species. In particular, our results suggest that Yangtze River has served as a natural barrier to gene flow between populations occurred on both riversides.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-7758
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2015-07-18
    Description: The Active Particle-induced X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) is one of the payloads on board the Yutu rover of the Chang'E-3 mission. In order to assess the instrumental performance of APXS, a ground verification test was performed for two unknown samples (basaltic rock, mixed powder sample). In this paper, the details of the experiment configurations and data analysis method are presented. The results show that the elemental abundance of major elements can be well determined by the APXS with relative deviations
    Print ISSN: 1674-1137
    Topics: Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2015-08-26
    Description: Fires have consumed a large amount of terrestrial organic carbon, and significantly influenced terrestrial ecosystems and the physical climate system over the past century. Although biomass burning has been widely investigated at a global level in recent decades via satellite observations, less work has been conducted to examine the century-scale changes in global fire regimes and fire impacts on the terrestrial carbon balance. In this study, we investigated global pyrogenic carbon emissions and fire impacts on the terrestrial carbon fluxes from 1901 to 2010 by using a process-based land ecosystem model. Our results show a significant declining trend in global pyrogenic carbon emissions between the early 20th century and the mid-1980s, but a significant upward trend between the mid-1980s and the 2000s as a result of more frequent fires in ecosystems with high carbon storage, such as peatlands and tropical forests. Over the past 110 years, average pyrogenic carbon emissions were estimated to be 2.43 Pg C year -1 (1 Pg = 10 15 g), and global average combustion rate (defined as carbon emissions per unit area burned) was 537.85 g C m -2 burned area. Due to the impacts of fires, the net primary productivity and carbon sink of global terrestrial ecosystems were reduced by 4.14 Pg C year -1 and 0.57 Pg C year -1 , respectively. Our study suggests that special attention should be paid to fire activities in the peatlands and tropical forests in the future. Practical management strategies, such as minimizing forest logging and reducing the rate of cropland expansion in the humid regions, are in need to reduce fire risk and mitigate fire-induced greenhouse gases emissions.
    Print ISSN: 0886-6236
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9224
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geography , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2017-11-09
    Description: Geochronological, geochemical, and isotopic studies were carried out on the Paleoproterozoic granitic rocks, widely exposed on the southeastern Liaodong Peninsula in Northeast China, in order to determine their ages and petrogenesis and further to provide constraint on the tectonic nature of the north segment of Paleoproterozoic Jiao–Liao–Ji Belt. The zircons from the monzogranitic gneisses, magnetite-bearing granitic gneisses, biotite-monzogranitic gneisses, and amphibole-bearing granitic gneisses fall into two groups, namely, magmatic and metamorphic. U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopic data show that the magmatic zircons have peak ages of ~2,194, 2,485–2,603, and 2,951 Ma, and these age groups yield ε Hf values of +0.86 to +9.29, −3.04 to +3.70, and −2.86 and T C DM model ages of 2.19–2.67, 2.76–3.21, and 3.56 Ga, respectively, whereas the metamorphic zircons have a peak age of 1,910 Ma, ε Hf values of −7.71 to −2.02 and +0.69 to +7.63, with the corresponding T C DM model ages of 2.72 to 3.01 Ga and 2.08 to 2.52 Ga, respectively. Most of these granitic rocks are characterized by depletion in elements such as Nb, Ta, P, Ti, and peraluminous and belong to the high- to medium-K calc-alkaline series, suggesting I-type granites, whereas a few samples have high contents of SiO 2 , alkalis, and TFe 2 O 3 and are metaluminous to weakly peraluminous, which show typical features of A-type granites. We consider these granitic rocks were emplaced at 2,194 Ma and modified by a regional metamorphic event at 1,910 Ma. The parental magma was originated mainly from the partial melting of Neoarchean–Paleoproterozoic juvenile crustal materials. Taking into account the regional geology, we consider these granitic rocks were formed in relation to subduction at an active continental margin. A crustal growth event took place at 2.5–2.2 Ga and a metamorphic event at ~1.9 Ga.
    Print ISSN: 0072-1050
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-1034
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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