Note: Cover Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- 1 THE NEED FOR STATISTICS -- Stages of the Research Process -- 2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS -- Introduction to Descriptive Statistics -- Frequency Distribution -- Graphical Representations -- Cumulative Frequency Curves -- Measures of Central Tendency -- Skewed Distributions -- Boxplots -- Levels of Data -- Measures of Dispersion -- Variance -- Standard Deviation -- Summary -- 3 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION -- Normal Distribution -- The Importance of the Normal Distribution -- Summary -- 4 INTRODUCTION TO EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH -- Inferential Statistics -- A Brief Introduction to Experimental Research -- The Logic of Statistical Inference -- Hypothesis Testing -- Type I and Type II Errors -- Statistical versus Practical Significance -- Hypotheses Concerned with Differences and Relationships -- Samples and Populations -- Selecting the Appropriate Statistical Test -- Checking the Assumption of a Normal Distribution -- Skewness -- Kurtosis -- Checking the Assumption of Equal Variance -- Checking the Assumption of Level of Measurement -- Non-parametric Tests -- Summary -- 5 SAMPLING ERROR -- Sources of Sampling Error -- Why Is Sampling Error Important? -- Paired Samples t-test -- Calculating a Paired Samples t-test -- Interpreting the Value of t -- Testing the Null Hypothesis -- Looking up Critical Values from the t-tables -- Why Does the Critical Value of t Decrease as the Sample Size Increases? -- Why Is the Significance Level for a Two-tailed Hypothesis Half that for a One-tailed Hypothesis? -- Independent t-test -- Summary -- 6 BETWEEN-GROUPS ONE-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE -- Purpose -- Why Not Use Multiple t-tests? -- Within-groups Variance -- Between-groups Variance -- Error -- F-ratio -- Calculating the Variances -- Calculating F -- Calculating a Between-groups One-way ANOVA by Hand. , Example of How to Use SPSS to Undertake a Between-groups One-way ANOVA -- Assumptions of ANOVA -- Summary -- 7 ANALYTICAL COMPARISONS -- Purpose -- Unplanned Comparisons: Post-hoc Tests (Data Snooping) -- A Priori Tests (Planned Comparisons) -- Orthogonal and Non-orthogonal Comparisons -- Non-orthogonal Comparisons and Type I Error -- Bonferroni-type Adjustments for Inflated Type I Error on Univariate F-tests -- SPSS Contrast Command -- Summary -- 8 WITHIN-GROUPS ONE-WAY ANOVA -- Purpose -- Principles behind a Within-groups One-way ANOVA -- Additional Assumptions of a Within-subjects Design ANOVA -- Outputs from SPSS for Windows to Illustrate that a Within-subjects Design ANOVA Will Always Be more Conservative than a Between-subjects Design -- Summary -- 9 FACTORIAL ANOVA -- Purpose -- Principle behind a Factorial ANOVA -- Plotting the Main and Interaction Effects -- Instructions to Execute a Factorial ANOVA Using SPSS -- Edited Output from SPSS -- Checking the Homogeneity of Variance Assumption -- Factorial ANOVA -- Summary -- 10 MORE ADVANCED APPLICATIONS IN ANOVA -- Testing Simple Effects in Factorial ANOVA -- Doubly Multivariate Repeated Measures Design -- Test for Linear Trend in One-way ANOVA -- Summary -- 11 LINEAR REGRESSION -- Correlational Research -- Purpose -- Linear Regression -- Regression Lines -- Estimating the Slope -- Estimating the Intercept -- Predicting from the Regression Line -- Correlation Coefficients -- Interpreting Correlation Coefficients -- Reliability of r -- Coefficient of Determination -- Pearson's Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation (r) -- Summary -- 12 MULTIPLE REGRESSION -- Purpose -- Partial Correlation -- Semi-partial Correlation -- Overlapping Variance -- Type I and Type II Errors in Multiple Regression -- Terms and Concepts Displayed in Example 12.1 -- Summary -- 13 TWO FINAL EXERCISES. , APPENDIX 1 GLOSSARY -- APPENDIX 2 TEST SELECTION TABLE -- APPENDIX 3 ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES -- APPENDIX 4 ILLUSTRATION OF HOW CHAPTER 13 MIGHT BE COMPLETED USING THE DATA ON PAGE 74 -- Index.