Note: Front cover -- Editor's Note -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contributors -- Contents -- chapter one -- Toxicity tests for sediment quality assessments -- Contents -- Introduction -- The need for toxicity tests in sediment quality assessments -- Assessment approaches -- Tiered testing approaches -- Applications of sediment toxicity tests -- Sediment sampling -- Sample design -- Sample collection, processing, transport, and storage -- Sample manipulation -- Recommended procedures for both freshwater and marine test organisms -- Interpretation -- Laboratory versus field exposures: what is the ecological relevance? -- Future research recommendations -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Appendix -- Toxicity tests for sediment quality assessments -- Freshwater test organisms -- Hyalella azteca -- Chironomus riparius -- Marine test organisms -- Ampelisca abdita -- Microtox -- References -- chapter two -- Bioassays and tiered approaches for monitoring surface water quality and effluents -- Contents -- Summary -- Introduction -- Limitations of the chemical-oriented approach -- Bioassays -- Assessment of surface water quality -- Assessment of effluents -- Bioassays for the assessment of surface water quality -- Bioassay types for effluent monitoring and assessment -- Genotoxicity or mutagenicity -- Bioaccumulation -- Toxicity -- Standardized tests -- Nonstandardized tests -- Validity criteria -- Pretreatment of effluents -- Turbidity -- Aeration -- Adjustment of pH -- Effluent sampling -- Tiered approaches for the assessment of effluent toxicity -- The Netherlands -- Germany -- United Kingdom -- United States -- Conclusions -- Surface water -- Effluents -- References -- Appendix -- Regulatory test batteries -- Freshwater acute tests using fish -- Freshwater acute tests using invertebrates -- Daphnia immobilization test -- Gammarid toxicity test. , Toxicity tests with rotifers -- Toxicity tests with protozoans -- Freshwater acute tests using bacteria -- Activated sludge respiration inhibition test -- Nitrification inhibition test -- Vibrio fischeri toxicity test -- Freshwater short-term chronic tests -- Early life stage (ELS) fish toxicity test -- Ceriodaphnia dubia survival and reproduction test -- Chronic rotifer toxicity test -- Pseudomonas putida growth inhibition test -- Vibrio fischeri growth inhibition test -- Anaerobic bacteria inhibition test -- Growth inhibition of activated sludge microorganisms -- Algal growth inhibition test -- Lemna toxicity test -- Freshwater long-term chronic tests -- Chronic fish toxicity test -- Daphnia magna reproduction test -- Renewal toxicity test with ceriodaphnia dubia -- Chronic toxicity test with higher plants -- Marine acute tests using fish -- Marine acute tests using invertebrates -- Marine copepod toxicity test -- Mysid shrimp toxicity test -- Oyster toxicity test (shell deposition) -- Toxicity tests with rotifers -- Toxicity tests with protozoans -- Marine acute tests using bacteria -- Vibrio fischeri assay -- Marine short-term chronic tests -- Bivalve embryo-larval development toxicity test -- Marine algae growth inhibition test -- Early life stage fish toxicity test -- Marine long-term chronic tests -- Mysid shrimp toxicity test -- Tisbe battagiai population level test -- Genotoxicity tests -- Ames assay -- UmuC assay -- Chromosomal aberration -- Biodegradation and sorption tests -- Sorption to activated sludge -- Sorption to solids and sediments -- Removal by evaporation -- Zahn-Wellens test -- Treatment plant simulation model -- Elimination of biological effects -- References -- chapter three -- Biomarkers in environmental assessment -- Contents -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Biomarkers overview -- Phase I biotransformation enzymes. , Phase II biotransformation enzymes -- Oxidative stress parameters -- Biotransformation products -- Stress proteins, metallothioneins, and multixenobiotic resistance -- Hematological parameters -- Immunological parameters -- Reproductive and endocrine parameters -- Neuromuscular parameters -- Genotoxic parameters -- Physiological and morphological parameters -- Proteomics and genomics -- Invertebrate biomarkers -- Phase I enzymes -- Oxidative stress -- Stress proteins, metallothioneins, and multixenobiotic resistance -- Reproductive and endocrine parameters -- Neuromuscular parameters -- Genotoxic parameters -- Physiological and morphological parameters -- Fish biomarkers -- Phase I enzymes -- Phase II enzymes -- Oxidative stress parameters -- Biotransformation products -- Stress proteins, metallothioneins, and MXR -- Reproductive and endocrine parameters -- Neuromuscular parameters -- Genotoxic parameters -- Physiological and morphological parameters -- Amphibian biomarkers -- Phase I enzymes -- Phase II enzymes -- Oxidative stress -- Hematological parameters -- Stress proteins -- Reproduction and endocrine parameters -- Neuromuscular parameters -- Physiological and morphological parameters -- Mammalian and avian biomarkers -- Phase I enzymes -- Phase II enzymes -- Hematological parameters -- Stress proteins and metallothioneins -- Endocrine parameters -- Neuromuscular parameters -- Morphological and histological parameters -- Summary, discussion, and conclusions -- Invertebrates -- Fish -- Amphibians -- Birds and mammals -- Perspectives and recommendations -- References -- Appendix 1 -- Overview of all biomarker assays -- Appendix 2 -- Standard operating procedures of biomarker assays -- SOP 1: Isolation of microsomes and cytosol from liver tissues -- Solutions -- Further requirements -- Needed per sample -- Procedure. , SOP 2: EROD activity in liver microsomes -- Principle -- Solutions -- Further requirements -- Needed per determination (duplo) -- Procedure -- Calculations -- SOP 3: Cyt P-450 and Cyt b5 Contents of Liver Microsomes -- Principle -- Solutions -- Further requirements -- Needed per determination (duplo) -- Procedure for cyt b5 -- Procedure for cyt P-450 -- Calculations -- SOP 4: GST Activity of Liver Cytosol -- Principle -- Solutions -- Further requirements -- Needed per determination (duplo) -- Procedure -- Calculations -- SOP 5: SOD Activity in Liver Cytosol -- Principle -- Solutions -- Further requirements -- Needed per determination (duplo) -- Procedure -- Calculations -- SOP 6: ACHE Activity in Tissue Homogenates -- Principle -- Solutions -- Further requirements -- Needed per determination (triplicates in microplate method) -- Procedure -- Calculations -- SOP 7: Lysosomal Membrane Stability in Cells -- Principle -- Solutions and chemicals -- Further requirements -- Procedure -- Interpretation of results -- chapter four -- Molecular methods for gene expression analysis: ecotoxicological applications -- Contents -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Gene expression methods -- Discovering differences in gene expression analysis: suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) -- Rapid gene-expression analysis of a limited number of genes: real-time PCR -- Microarray analysis -- Future developments: pitfalls and recommendations -- References -- chapter five -- Bioassays and biosensors: capturing biology in a nutshell -- Contents -- Introduction -- History -- Bioassays and biosensors -- Definitions -- Bioassays -- In vivo bioassays -- In vitro bioassays -- Transgenic animals -- Biosensors -- Biological recognition elements -- Transducers -- Biological endpoints -- Complementary and integrative technologies -- Validation and application -- Future perspectives. , Summary -- References -- chapter six -- Satellite remote sensing in marine ecosystem assessments -- Contents -- Introduction -- Background -- History and relevance of ocean color -- Key satellite-mounted sensors -- Ocean color products -- Chlorophyll and primary productivity -- Optically complex coastal waters (Case 2 waters) -- Environmental issues and applications -- Global scale phenomena: biogeochemical cycles, climate change, and El Niño southern oscillation -- Regional seas: mesoscale processes and biological variability -- Coastal zones: human activity and ecosystem health -- Water quality -- Algal blooms -- Fisheries -- Case study: marine algal blooms in coastal waters off southeast Australia -- Management issues -- Developing a predictive understanding using remote sensed data -- Noctiluca bloom: January 1998 -- Trichodesmium bloom: March and April 1998 -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- chapter seven -- Risk perception and public communication of aquatic ecosystem assessment information -- Contents -- Introduction -- Risk perception -- Risk perception and aquatic ecosystem assessment -- Aquatic ecosystem assessment communication -- Audience analysis -- Interacting with the public -- Communicating results of aquatic ecosystem assessments -- Pretesting message effectiveness -- Emphasizing the relevance of results -- Data framing -- Graphic and visual representations of data -- Uncertainty discussion -- Conclusions -- Summary -- References -- chapter eight -- Ecotoxicological testing of marine and freshwater ecosystems: synthesis and recommendations -- Contents -- Application of toxicity tests -- Application of biomarkers -- Biomarkers in combination with bioassays -- Biomarkers in tiered approaches -- Biomarkers linked with chemical analysis -- Biomarkers as diagnostic tools -- New technologies -- Remote sensing. , Risk perception.