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  • American Society for Microbiology  (17)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Novel Gene, ROA , Is Required for Normal Morphogenesis and Discharge of Ascospores in Gibberella zeae
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2010
    In:  Eukaryotic Cell Vol. 9, No. 10 ( 2010-10), p. 1495-1503
    Details
    In: Eukaryotic Cell, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 9, No. 10 ( 2010-10), p. 1495-1503
    Abstract: Head blight, caused by Gibberella zeae , is a significant disease among cereal crops, including wheat, barley, and rice, due to contamination of grain with mycotoxins. G. zeae is spread by ascospores forcibly discharged from sexual fruiting bodies forming on crop residues. In this study, we characterized a novel gene, ROA , which is required for normal sexual development. Deletion of ROA (Δ roa ) resulted in an abnormal size and shape of asci and ascospores but did not affect vegetative growth. The Δ roa mutation triggered round ascospores and insufficient cell division after spore delimitation. The asci of the Δ roa strain discharged fewer ascospores from the perithecia but achieved a greater dispersal distance than those of the wild-type strain. Turgor pressure within the asci was calculated through the analysis of osmolytes in the epiplasmic fluid. Deletion of the ROA gene appeared to increase turgor pressure in the mutant asci. The higher turgor pressure of the Δ roa mutant asci and the mutant spore shape contributed to the longer distance dispersal. When the Δ roa mutant was outcrossed with a Δ mat1 - 2 mutant, a strain that contains a green fluorescence protein (GFP) marker in place of the MAT1 - 2 gene, unusual phenotypic segregation occurred. The ratio of GFP to non-GFP segregation was 1:1; however, all eight spores had the same shape. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that ROA plays multiple roles in maintaining the proper morphology and discharge of ascospores in G. zeae .
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1535-9778 , 1535-9786
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/EC.00083-10
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2071564-X
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  • 2
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    Characterization of Two Polyketide Synthase Genes Involved in Zearalenone Biosynthesis in Gibberella zeae
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2006
    In:  Applied and Environmental Microbiology Vol. 72, No. 3 ( 2006-03), p. 1793-1799
    Details
    In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 72, No. 3 ( 2006-03), p. 1793-1799
    Abstract: Zearalenone, a mycotoxin produced by several Fusarium spp., is most commonly found as a contaminant in stored grain and has chronic estrogenic effects on mammals. Zearalenone is a polyketide derived from the sequential condensation of multiple acetate units by a polyketide synthase (PKS), but the genetics of its biosynthesis are not understood. We cloned two genes, designated ZEA1 and ZEA2 , which encode polyketide synthases that participate in the biosynthesis of zearalenone by Gibberella zeae (anamorph Fusarium graminearum ). Disruption of either gene resulted in the loss of zearalenone production under inducing conditions. ZEA1 and ZEA2 are transcribed divergently from a common promoter region. Quantitative PCR analysis of both PKS genes and six flanking genes supports the view that the two polyketide synthases make up the core biosynthetic unit for zearalenone biosynthesis. An appreciation of the genetics of zearalenone biosynthesis is needed to understand how zearalenone is synthesized under field conditions that result in the contamination of grain.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0099-2240 , 1098-5336
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/AEM.72.3.1793-1799.2006
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 223011-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1478346-0
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  • 3
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    Role of Fig1, a Component of the Low-Affinity Calcium Uptake System, in Growth and Sexual Development of Filamentous Fungi
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2012
    In:  Eukaryotic Cell Vol. 11, No. 8 ( 2012-08), p. 978-988
    Details
    In: Eukaryotic Cell, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 11, No. 8 ( 2012-08), p. 978-988
    Abstract: The function of Fig1, a transmembrane protein of the low-affinity calcium uptake system (LACS) in fungi, was examined for its role in the growth and development of the plant pathogen Fusarium graminearum . The Δ fig1 mutants failed to produce mature perithecia, and sexual development was halted prior to the formation of perithecium initials. The loss of Fig1 function also resulted in a reduced vegetative growth rate. Macroconidium production was reduced 70-fold in the Δ fig1 mutants compared to the wild type. The function of the high-affinity calcium uptake system (HACS), comprised of the Ca 2+ channels Mid1 and Cch1, was previously characterized for F. graminearum . To better understand the roles of the LACS and the HACS, Δ fig1 Δ mid1 , Δ fig1 Δ cch1 , and Δ fig1 Δ mid1 Δ cch1 double and triple mutants were generated, and the phenotypes of these mutants were more severe than those of the Δ fig1 mutants. Pathogenicity on wheat was unaffected for the Δ fig1 mutants, but the Δ fig1 Δ mid1 , Δ fig1 Δ cch1 , and Δ fig1 Δ mid1 Δ cch1 mutants, lacking both LACS and HACS functions, had reduced pathogenicity. Additionally, Δ fig1 mutants of Neurospora crassa were examined and did not affect filamentous growth or female fertility in a Δ fig1 mating type A strain, but the Δ fig1 mating type a strain failed to produce fertile fruiting bodies. These results are the first report of Fig1 function in filamentous ascomycetes and expand its role to include complex fruiting body and ascus development.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1535-9778 , 1535-9786
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/EC.00007-12
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2012
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2071564-X
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  • 4
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    Functional Analysis of the Polyketide Synthase Genes in the Filamentous Fungus Gibberella zeae (Anamorph Fusarium graminearum )
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2005
    In:  Eukaryotic Cell Vol. 4, No. 11 ( 2005-11), p. 1926-1933
    Details
    In: Eukaryotic Cell, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 4, No. 11 ( 2005-11), p. 1926-1933
    Abstract: Polyketides are a class of secondary metabolites that exhibit a vast diversity of form and function. In fungi, these compounds are produced by large, multidomain enzymes classified as type I polyketide synthases (PKSs). In this study we identified and functionally disrupted 15 PKS genes from the genome of the filamentous fungus Gibberella zeae . Five of these genes are responsible for producing the mycotoxins zearalenone, aurofusarin, and fusarin C and the black perithecial pigment. A comprehensive expression analysis of the 15 genes revealed diverse expression patterns during grain colonization, plant colonization, sexual development, and mycelial growth. Expression of one of the PKS genes was not detected under any of 18 conditions tested. This is the first study to genetically characterize a complete set of PKS genes from a single organism.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1535-9778 , 1535-9786
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/EC.4.11.1926-1933.2005
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2005
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2071564-X
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  • 5
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    Integrative Activity of Mating Loci, Environmentally Responsive Genes, and Secondary Metabolism Pathways during Sexual Development of Chaetomium globosum
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2019
    In:  mBio Vol. 10, No. 6 ( 2019-12-24)
    Details
    In: mBio, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 10, No. 6 ( 2019-12-24)
    Abstract: The origins and maintenance of the rich fungal diversity have been longstanding issues in evolutionary biology. To investigate how differences in expression regulation contribute to divergences in development and ecology among closely related species, transcriptomes were compared between Chaetomium globosum , a homothallic pathogenic fungus thriving in highly humid ecologies, and Neurospora crassa , a heterothallic postfire saprotroph. Gene expression was quantified in perithecia at nine distinct morphological stages during nearly synchronous sexual development. Unlike N. crassa , expression of all mating loci in C. globosum was highly correlated. Key regulators of the initiation of sexual development in response to light stimuli—including orthologs of N. crassa sub-1 , sub-1 -dependent gene NCU00309, and asl-1 —showed regulatory dynamics matching between C. globosum and N. crassa . Among 24 secondary metabolism gene clusters in C. globosum , 11—including the cochliodones biosynthesis cluster—exhibited highly coordinated expression across perithecial development. C. globosum exhibited coordinately upregulated expression of histidine kinases in hyperosmotic response pathways—consistent with gene expression responses to high humidity we identified in fellow pathogen Fusarium graminearum . Bayesian networks indicated that gene interactions during sexual development have diverged in concert with the capacities both to reproduce asexually and to live a self-compatible versus self-incompatible life cycle, shifting the hierarchical roles of genes associated with conidiation and heterokaryon incompatibility in N. crassa and C. globosum . This divergence supports an evolutionary history of loss of conidiation due to unfavorable combinations of heterokaryon incompatibility in homothallic species. IMPORTANCE Fungal diversity has amazed evolutionary biologists for decades. One societally important aspect of this diversity manifests in traits that enable pathogenicity. The opportunistic pathogen Chaetomium globosum is well adapted to a high-humidity environment and produces numerous secondary metabolites that defend it from predation. Many of these chemicals can threaten human health. Understanding the phases of the C. globosum life cycle in which these products are made enables better control and even utilization of this fungus. Among its intriguing traits is that it both is self-fertile and lacks any means of propagule-based asexual reproduction. By profiling genome-wide gene expression across the process of sexual reproduction in C. globosum and comparing it to genome-wide gene expression in the model filamentous fungus N. crassa and other closely related fungi, we revealed associations among mating-type genes, sexual developmental genes, sexual incompatibility regulators, environmentally responsive genes, and secondary metabolic pathways.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2161-2129 , 2150-7511
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/mBio.02119-19
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2557172-2
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  • 6
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    Global Gene Expression and Focused Knockout Analysis Reveals Genes Associated with Fungal Fruiting Body Development in Neurospora crassa
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2014
    In:  Eukaryotic Cell Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2014-01), p. 154-169
    Details
    In: Eukaryotic Cell, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2014-01), p. 154-169
    Abstract: Fungi can serve as highly tractable models for understanding genetic basis of sexual development in multicellular organisms. Applying a reverse-genetic approach to advance such a model, we used random and multitargeted primers to assay gene expression across perithecial development in Neurospora crassa . We found that functionally unclassified proteins accounted for most upregulated genes, whereas downregulated genes were enriched for diverse functions. Moreover, genes associated with developmental traits exhibited stage-specific peaks of expression. Expression increased significantly across sexual development for mating type gene mat a-1 and for mat A-1 specific pheromone precursor ccg-4 . In addition, expression of a gene encoding a protein similar to zinc finger, stc1 , was highly upregulated early in perithecial development, and a strain with a knockout of this gene exhibited arrest at the same developmental stage. A similar expression pattern was observed for genes in RNA silencing and signaling pathways, and strains with knockouts of these genes were also arrested at stages of perithecial development that paralleled their peak in expression. The observed stage specificity allowed us to correlate expression upregulation and developmental progression and to identify regulators of sexual development. Bayesian networks inferred from our expression data revealed previously known and new putative interactions between RNA silencing genes and pathways. Overall, our analysis provides a fine-scale transcriptomic landscape and novel inferences regarding the control of the multistage development process of sexual crossing and fruiting body development in N. crassa .
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1535-9778 , 1535-9786
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/EC.00248-13
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2071564-X
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  • 7
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    Role of cis -Acting Sites NorL , a TATA Box, and AflR1 in nor-1 Transcriptional Activation in Aspergillus parasiticus
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2005
    In:  Applied and Environmental Microbiology Vol. 71, No. 3 ( 2005-03), p. 1539-1545
    Details
    In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 71, No. 3 ( 2005-03), p. 1539-1545
    Abstract: The transcription factor AflR is required for up-regulation of specific pathway genes involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus. nor-1 encodes an early aflatoxin pathway enzyme; its promoter contains a consensus AflR binding site ( AflR1 ). Proteins in Aspergillus parasiticus cell extracts and AflR expressed in Escherichia coli do not bind to A. parasiticus AflR1 in vitro, so it was not clear if this site was required for nor-1 expression or if other transcription factors contributed to gene regulation. In this study we defined the role of AflR1 in nor-1 expression in A. parasiticus and identified additional cis -acting sites required for maximum nor-1 transcriptional activation. Deletion and substitution of AflR1 in the nor-1 promoter in A. parasiticus nor-1 ::GUS reporter strains showed that this site is required for nor-1 transcriptional activation in vivo. Substitution of a putative TATA box in the nor-1 promoter resulted in nondetectable β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity, demonstrating that this TATA box is functional in vivo. We also identified a novel cis -acting site, designated NorL , between residues −210 and −238 that was required for maximum nor-1 transcriptional activation in A. parasiticus grown in liquid medium and on solid medium. Using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay, we identified a specific NorL -dependent DNA-protein complex that relies on a functional AflR, either directly or indirectly, for maximum binding capacity. Because the NorL site appears only once in the aflatoxin gene cluster, its association with the nor-1 promoter may have important implications for the overall regulatory scheme for the aflatoxin pathway.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0099-2240 , 1098-5336
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/AEM.71.3.1539-1545.2005
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2005
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 223011-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1478346-0
    SSG: 12
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  • 8
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    The L-Type Calcium Ion Channel Cch1 Affects Ascospore Discharge and Mycelial Growth in the Filamentous Fungus Gibberella zeae (Anamorph Fusarium graminearum )
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2008
    In:  Eukaryotic Cell Vol. 7, No. 2 ( 2008-02), p. 415-424
    Details
    In: Eukaryotic Cell, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 7, No. 2 ( 2008-02), p. 415-424
    Abstract: Cch1, a putative voltage-gated calcium ion channel, was investigated for its role in ascus development in Gibberella zeae . Gene replacement mutants of CCH1 were generated and found to have asci which did not forcibly discharge spores, although morphologically ascus and ascospore development in the majority of asci appeared normal. Additionally, mycelial growth was significantly slower, and sexual development was slightly delayed in the mutant; mutant mycelia showed a distinctive fluffy morphology, and no cirrhi were produced. Wheat infected with Δ cch1 mutants developed symptoms comparable to wheat infected with the wild type; however, the mutants showed a reduced ability to protect the infected stalk from colonization by saprobic fungi. Transcriptional analysis of gene expression in mutants using the Affymetrix Fusarium microarray showed 2,449 genes with significant, twofold or greater, changes in transcript abundance across a developmental series. This work extends the role of CCH1 to forcible spore discharge in G. zeae and suggests that this channel has subtle effects on growth and development.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1535-9778 , 1535-9786
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/EC.00248-07
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2071564-X
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  • 9
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    The Fast-Evolving phy-2 Gene Modulates Sexual Development in Response to Light in the Model Fungus Neurospora crassa
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2016
    In:  mBio Vol. 7, No. 2 ( 2016-05-04)
    Details
    In: mBio, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 7, No. 2 ( 2016-05-04)
    Abstract: Environmental signals, including light, play critical roles in regulating fungal growth and pathogenicity, and balance of asexual and sexual reproduction is critical in fungal pathogens’ incidence, virulence, and distribution. Red light sensing by phytochromes is well known to play critical roles in bacterial physiology and plant development. Homologs of phytochromes were first discovered in the fungal model Neurospora crassa and then subsequently in diverse other fungi, including many plant pathogens. Our study investigated the evolution of red light sensors in ascomycetes and confirmed—using the model fungus Neurospora crassa —their roles in modulating the asexual-sexual reproduction balance in fungi. Our findings also provide a key insight into one of the most poorly understood aspects of fungal biology, suggesting that further study of the function of phytochromes in fungi is critical to reveal the genetic basis of the asexual-sexual switch responsible for fungal growth and distribution, including diverse and destructive plant pathogens.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2161-2129 , 2150-7511
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/mBio.02148-15
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2557172-2
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  • 10
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    Developmental Dynamics of Long Noncoding RNA Expression during Sexual Fruiting Body Formation in Fusarium graminearum
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2018
    In:  mBio Vol. 9, No. 4 ( 2018-09-05)
    Details
    In: mBio, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 9, No. 4 ( 2018-09-05)
    Abstract: Fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of the head blight on our major staple crops, wheat and corn. The fruiting body formation on the host plants is indispensable for the disease cycle and epidemics. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) molecules are emerging as key regulatory components for sexual development in animals and plants. To date, however, there is a paucity of information on the roles of lncRNAs in fungal fruiting body formation. Here we characterized hundreds of lncRNAs that exhibited developmental stage-specific expression patterns during fruiting body formation. Also, we discovered that many lncRNAs were induced in parallel with their overlapping transcripts on the opposite DNA strand during sexual development. Finally, we found a subset of lncRNAs that were regulated by an RNA surveillance system during vegetative growth. This research provides fundamental genomic resources that will spur further investigations on lncRNAs that may play important roles in shaping fungal fruiting bodies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2161-2129 , 2150-7511
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/mBio.01292-18
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2557172-2
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