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  • American Society for Microbiology  (9)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Infectious Agent and Immune Response Characteristics of Chronic Enterocolitis in Captive Rhesus Macaques
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2003
    In:  Infection and Immunity Vol. 71, No. 7 ( 2003-07), p. 4079-4086
    Details
    In: Infection and Immunity, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 71, No. 7 ( 2003-07), p. 4079-4086
    Abstract: Chronic enterocolitis is the leading cause of morbidity in colonies of captive rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta ). This study's aim was to identify the common enteric pathogens frequently associated with chronic enterocolitis in normal, immunocompetent rhesus monkeys and to elucidate the influence of this clinical syndrome on the host immune system. We analyzed the fecal specimens from 100 rhesus macaques with or without clinical symptoms of chronic diarrhea. Retrospective analysis revealed an increased incidence of Campylobacter spp. ( Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni ), Shigella flexneri , Yersinia enterocolitica , adenovirus, and Strongyloides fulleborni in samples collected from animals with chronic diarrhea ( P 〈 0.05). The presence of additional enteric pathogens, such as Escherichia coli , carrying the eaeA intimin or Stx2c Shiga toxin virulence genes, Balantidium coli , Giardia lamblia , Enterocytozoon bieneusi , and Trichuris trichiura was found in all animals regardless of whether diarrhea was present. In addition, the upregulation of interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-3, and tumor necrosis factor alpha cytokine genes, accompanied by an increased presence of activated (CD4 + CD69 + ) T lymphocytes was found in gut-associated lymphoid tissues collected from animals with chronic enterocolitis and diarrhea in comparison with clinically healthy controls ( P 〈 0.05). These data indicate that chronic enterocolitis and diarrhea are associated, in part, with a variety of enteric pathogens and highlight the importance of defining the microbiological status of nonhuman primates used for infectious disease studies. The data also suggest that chronic colitis in rhesus macaques may have potential as a model of inflammatory bowel disease in humans.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0019-9567 , 1098-5522
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/IAI.71.7.4079-4086.2003
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2003
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1483247-1
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  • 2
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    Recovery of Infectious Virus by Transfection of In Vitro-Generated RNA from Tulane Calicivirus cDNA
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2008
    In:  Journal of Virology Vol. 82, No. 22 ( 2008-11-15), p. 11429-11436
    Details
    In: Journal of Virology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 82, No. 22 ( 2008-11-15), p. 11429-11436
    Abstract: Tulane virus (TV) is a newly reported calicivirus that was isolated from stool samples of captive rhesus macaques from the Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC). The virus has been cultivated successfully in LLC-MK2 rhesus monkey kidney cells. Its complete genomic sequence suggests that TV represents a new genus and is evolutionarily more closely related to Norovirus than to any other genus of Caliciviridae . In this study, we demonstrated that RNA transcripts made in vitro from the full-length genomic cDNA of TV were infectious upon transfection into permissive LLC-MK2 cells. The recombinant virus exhibited plaque morphologies and growth kinetics similar to those of the wild-type virus in this cell line. Capping was required for TV RNA infectivity. Although a subgenomic RNA has been detected in TV-transfected cells, a separate subgenomic RNA transcript was not required for the initial transfection to establish the replication. Transfection of truncated RNA lacking open reading frame 2 (ORF2) and ORF3 or TV-norovirus chimeric RNA resulted in abortive replication without the production of infectious progeny viruses, indicating that both ORFs are essential for the replication of TV. A heterologous insertion at the 5′ end of the genome also hampered viral replication, suggesting that an authentic 5′ end of the genome is critical for replication. The availability of the complete genomic sequence and the reverse genetics system described herein make TV a valuable model for studying calicivirus pathogenesis and replication.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-538X , 1098-5514
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00696-08
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1495529-5
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Characterization of a Rhesus Monkey Calicivirus Representing a New Genus of Caliciviridae
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2008
    In:  Journal of Virology Vol. 82, No. 11 ( 2008-06), p. 5408-5416
    Details
    In: Journal of Virology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 82, No. 11 ( 2008-06), p. 5408-5416
    Abstract: In this study, we report the characterization of a novel calicivirus (CV), the Tulane virus (TV), which was isolated from stool samples of captive juvenile rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta ) of the Tulane National Primate Research Center. The complete genome of TV contains 6,714 nucleotides plus a poly(A) tail and is organized into three open reading frames (ORFs) that encode the nonstructural (NS) polyprotein (ORF1); the capsid protein (ORF2), with an estimated molecular mass of 57.9 kDa; and a possible minor structural protein (ORF3), with an isoelectric point (pI) of 10.0 and a calculated molecular mass of 22.8 kDa. The NS polyprotein revealed all typical CV amino acid motifs, including GXXGXGKT (NTPase), EYXEX (Vpg), GDCG (protease), and GLPSG and YGDD (polymerase). Phylogenetic trees constructed for the NS polyprotein, NTPase, protease, polymerase, and capsid protein sequences consistently placed the TV on a branch rooted with Norovirus , but with distances equal to those between other genera. The TV can be cultured in a monkey kidney cell line (LLC-MK2) with the appearance of typical cytopathic effect. TV exhibits a typical CV morphology, with a diameter of 36 nm, and has a buoyant density of 1.37 g/ml. According to these physicochemical and genetic characteristics, TV represents a new CV genus for which we propose the name “Recovirus” (rhesus enteric CV). Although the pathogenicity of TV in rhesus macaques remains to be elucidated, the likelihood of TV causing intestinal infection and the availability of a tissue culture system make this virus a valuable surrogate for human CVs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-538X , 1098-5514
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00070-08
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1495529-5
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Visualizing Cytokine-Secreting Cells In Situ in the Rhesus Macaque Model of Chronic Gut Inflammation
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2005
    In:  Clinical and Vaccine Immunology Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2005-01), p. 192-197
    Details
    In: Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2005-01), p. 192-197
    Abstract: Cytokine-producing cells in gut-associated lymphoid tissues of rhesus macaques with chronic enterocolitis were studied. The confocal microscopy technique that we developed enables simultaneous in situ visualization of multiple extra- and/or intracellular antigens at a resolution higher than that allowed by light or epifluorescence microscopy. The presence of interleukin-6 (IL-6)-, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-, and IL-1-α-producing cells was focally intense in the colon lamina propria of the affected animals. The IL-1-α-producing cells were T lymphocytes (CD3 + ), while the TNF-α-producing cells were both macrophages (CD68 + /HAM56 + /LN5 + ) and T lymphocytes (CD3 + ). The IL-6-producing cells within the colon consisted of T lymphocytes and macrophages. The amount of IL-6-producing cells seen in macaques with enterocolitis was significantly higher ( P 〈 0.001) than that seen in the healthy control animal, while TNF-α- and IL-1-α-producing cells were seen only in macaques with enterocolitis. Most of the T lymphocytes that produced cytokines were detected in the lamina propria, while the macrophages were most prominent in highly inflamed regions of the lamina propria. Taken together, our findings indicate that there might be immunological similarity between chronic enterocolitis of rhesus macaques and humans, suggesting the potential use of the nonhuman primate model for the validation of novel therapies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1556-6811 , 1556-679X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/CDLI.12.1.192-197.2005
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2005
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1496863-0
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Simian Rotaviruses Possess Divergent Gene Constellations That Originated from Interspecies Transmission and Reassortment
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2010
    In:  Journal of Virology Vol. 84, No. 4 ( 2010-02-15), p. 2013-2026
    Details
    In: Journal of Virology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 84, No. 4 ( 2010-02-15), p. 2013-2026
    Abstract: Although few simian rotaviruses (RVs) have been isolated, such strains have been important for basic research and vaccine development. To explore the origins of simian RVs, the complete genome sequences of strains PTRV (G8P[1] ), RRV (G3P[3]), and TUCH (G3P[24] ) were determined. These data allowed the genotype constellations of each virus to be determined and the phylogenetic relationships of the simian strains with each other and with nonsimian RVs to be elucidated. The results indicate that PTRV was likely transmitted from a bovine or other ruminant into pig-tailed macaques (its host of origin), since its genes have genotypes and encode outer-capsid proteins similar to those of bovine RVs. In contrast, most of the genes of rhesus-macaque strains, RRV and TUCH, have genotypes more typical of canine-feline RVs. However, the sequences of the canine and/or feline (canine/feline)-like genes of RRV and TUCH are only distantly related to those of modern canine/feline RVs, indicating that any potential transmission of a progenitor of these viruses from a canine/feline host to a simian host was not recent. The remaining genes of RRV and TUCH appear to have originated through reassortment with bovine, human, or other RV strains. Finally, comparison of PTRV, RRV, and TUCH genes with those of the vervet-monkey RV SA11-H96 (G3P[2]) indicates that SA11-H96 shares little genetic similarity to other simian strains and likely has evolved independently. Collectively, our data indicate that simian RVs are of diverse ancestry with genome constellations that originated largely by interspecies transmission and reassortment with nonhuman animal RVs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-538X , 1098-5514
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02081-09
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1495529-5
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Development of a Rotavirus-Shedding Model in Rhesus Macaques, Using a Homologous Wild-Type Rotavirus of a New P Genotype
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2005
    In:  Journal of Virology Vol. 79, No. 2 ( 2005-01-15), p. 944-954
    Details
    In: Journal of Virology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 79, No. 2 ( 2005-01-15), p. 944-954
    Abstract: Although there are several reports on rotavirus inoculation of nonhuman primates, no reliable model exists. Therefore, this study was designed to develop a rhesus macaque model for rotavirus studies. The goals were to obtain a wild-type macaque rotavirus and evaluate it as a challenge virus for model studies. Once rotavirus was shown to be endemic within the macaque colony at the Tulane National Primate Research Center, stool specimens were collected from juvenile animals (2.6 to 5.9 months of age) without evidence of previous rotavirus infection and examined for rotavirus antigen. Six of 10 animals shed rotavirus during the 10-week collection period, and the electropherotypes of all isolates were identical to each other but distinct from those of prototype simian rotaviruses. These viruses were characterized as serotype G3 and subgroup 1, properties typical of many animal rotaviruses, including simian strains. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the VP4 gene was performed with a culture-grown isolate from the stool of one animal, designated the TUCH strain. Based on both genotypic and phylogenetic comparisons between TUCH VP4 and cognate proteins of representatives of the reported 22 P genotypes, the TUCH virus belongs to a new genotype, P[23]. A pool of wild-type TUCH was prepared and intragastrically administered to eight cesarean section-derived, specific-pathogen-free macaques 14 to 42 days of age. All animals were kept in a biocontainment level 2 facility. Although no diarrhea was observed and the animals remained clinically normal, all animals shed large quantities of rotavirus antigen in their feces after inoculation, which resolved by the end of the 14-day observation period. Therefore, TUCH infection of macaques provides a useful nonhuman primate model for studies on rotavirus protection.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-538X , 1098-5514
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JVI.79.2.944-954.2005
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2005
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Characterization of Cytolethal Distending Toxin of Campylobacter Species Isolated from Captive Macaque Monkeys
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2005
    In:  Journal of Clinical Microbiology Vol. 43, No. 2 ( 2005-02), p. 641-649
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 43, No. 2 ( 2005-02), p. 641-649
    Abstract: An association between certain Campylobacter species and enterocolitis in humans and nonhuman primates is well established, but the association between cytolethal distending toxin and disease is incompletely understood. The purpose of the present study was to examine Campylobacter species isolated from captive conventionally raised macaque monkeys for the presence of the cdtB gene and for cytolethal distending toxin activity. The identity of each isolate was confirmed on the basis of phenotypic and genotypic analyses. The presence of cytolethal distending toxin was confirmed on the basis of characteristic morphological changes in HeLa cells incubated with filter-sterilized whole-cell lysates of reference and monkey Campylobacter isolates and examinations by light microscopy, confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry. Although cdtB gene sequences were found in both Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli , the production of cytolethal distending toxin correlated positively ( P 〈 0.0001) only with C. jejuni . We concluded that cytolethal distending toxin activity is a characteristic of C. jejuni . Our C. jejuni cdtB gene-specific PCR assay might be of assistance for differentiating toxigenic C. jejuni from C. coli in clinical laboratories.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0095-1137 , 1098-660X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JCM.43.2.641-649.2005
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2005
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1498353-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 8
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    The Rhesus Rotavirus Gene Encoding VP4 Is a Major Determinant in the Pathogenesis of Biliary Atresia in Newborn Mice
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2011
    In:  Journal of Virology Vol. 85, No. 17 ( 2011-09), p. 9069-9077
    Details
    In: Journal of Virology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 85, No. 17 ( 2011-09), p. 9069-9077
    Abstract: Biliary atresia (BA) is a devastating disease of childhood for which increasing evidence supports a viral component in pathogenesis. The murine model of BA is induced by perinatal infection with rhesus rotavirus (RRV) but not with other strains of rotavirus, such as TUCH. To determine which RRV gene segment(s) is responsible for pathogenesis, we used the RRV and TUCH strains to generate a complete set of single-gene reassortants. Eleven single-gene “loss-of-function” reassortants in which a TUCH gene replaced its RRV equivalent and 11 single-gene “gain-of-function” reassortants in which an RRV gene replaced its TUCH equivalent were generated. Newborn BALB/c mice were inoculated with the reassortants and were monitored for biliary obstruction and mortality. In vitro , the ability to bind to and replicate within cholangiocytes was analyzed. Infection of mice with the “loss-of-function” reassortant R T(VP4) , where gene 4 from TUCH was placed on an RRV background, eliminated the ability of RRV to cause murine BA. In a reciprocal fashion, the “gain-of-function” reassortant T R(VP4) resulted in murine BA with 88% mortality. Compared with those for RRV, R T(VP4) binding and titers in cholangiocytes were significantly attenuated, while T R(VP4) binding and titers were significantly increased over those for TUCH. Reassortants R T(VP3) and T R(VP3) induced an intermediate phenotype. RRV gene segment 4 plays a significant role in governing tropism for the cholangiocyte and the ability to induce murine BA. Gene segment 3 did not affect RRV infectivity in vitro but altered its in vivo effect.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-538X , 1098-5514
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02436-10
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2011
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1495529-5
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  • 9
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    Genetic Diversity and Histo-Blood Group Antigen Interactions of Rhesus Enteric Caliciviruses
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2010
    In:  Journal of Virology Vol. 84, No. 17 ( 2010-09), p. 8617-8625
    Details
    In: Journal of Virology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 84, No. 17 ( 2010-09), p. 8617-8625
    Abstract: Recently, we reported the discovery and characterization of Tulane virus (TV), a novel rhesus calicivirus (CV) (T. Farkas, K. Sestak, C. Wei, and X. Jiang, J. Virol. 82: 5408-5416, 2008). TV grows well in tissue culture, and it represents a new genus within Caliciviridae , with the proposed name of Recovirus . We also reported a high prevalence of CV antibodies in macaques of the Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC) colony, including anti-norovirus (NoV), anti-sapovirus (SaV), and anti-TV (T. Farkas, J. Dufour, X. Jiang, and K. Sestak, J. Gen. Virol. 91:734-738, 2010). To broaden our knowledge about CV infections in captive nonhuman primates (NHP), 500 rhesus macaque stool samples collected from breeding colony TNPRC macaques were tested for CVs. Fifty-seven (11%) samples contained recovirus isolates. In addition, one NoV was detected. Phylogenetic analysis classified the recovirus isolates into two genogroups and at least four genetic types. The rhesus NoV isolate was closely related to GII human NoVs. TV-neutralizing antibodies were detected in 88% of serum samples obtained from primate caretakers. Binding and plaque reduction assays revealed the involvement of type A and B histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) in TV infection. Taken together, these findings indicate the zoonotic potential of primate CVs. The discovery of a genetically diverse and prevalent group of primate CVs and remarkable similarities between rhesus enteric CVs and human NoVs opens new possibilities for research involving in vitro and in vivo models of human NoV gastroenteritis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-538X , 1098-5514
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00630-10
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1495529-5
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