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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Temporal Analysis of Invasive Pneumococcal Clones from Scotland Illustrates Fluctuations in Diversity of Serotype and Genotype in the Absence of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2010
    In:  Journal of Clinical Microbiology Vol. 48, No. 4 ( 2010-04), p. 1512-1512
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 48, No. 4 ( 2010-04), p. 1512-1512
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0095-1137 , 1098-660X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00275-10
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1498353-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Temporal Analysis of Invasive Pneumococcal Clones from Scotland Illustrates Fluctuations in Diversity of Serotype and Genotype in the Absence of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2010
    In:  Journal of Clinical Microbiology Vol. 48, No. 1 ( 2010-01), p. 87-96
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 48, No. 1 ( 2010-01), p. 87-96
    Abstract: In September 2006, the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7; Prevenar) was introduced into the childhood vaccination schedule in the United Kingdom. We monitored the population of invasive pneumococci in Scotland in the 5 years preceding the introduction of PCV7 by using serogrouping, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and eBURST analysis. Here, we present a unique analysis of a complete national data set of invasive pneumococci over this time. We observed an increase in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) caused by serotypes 1, 4, and 6 and a decrease in serogroup 14-, 19-, and 23-associated disease. Analysis of sequence type (ST) data shows a significant increase in ST306, associated with serotype 1, and a decrease in ST124, associated with serotype 14. There have also been increases in the amounts of IPD caused by ST227 (serotype 1) and ST53 (serotype 8), although these increases were not found to reach significance ( P = 0.08 and 0.06, respectively). In the course of the study period preceding the introduction of PCV7, we observed considerable and significant changes in serogroup and clonal distribution over time.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0095-1137 , 1098-660X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01485-09
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1498353-9
    SSG: 12
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Potential Impact of Conjugate Vaccine on the Incidence of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease among Children in Scotland
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2006
    In:  Journal of Clinical Microbiology Vol. 44, No. 4 ( 2006-04), p. 1224-1228
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 44, No. 4 ( 2006-04), p. 1224-1228
    Abstract: We sought to determine the potential impact of seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among children in Scotland. Invasive pneumococci from blood and cerebrospinal fluid, isolated between 2000 and 2004 from all children aged less than 5 years in Scotland, were characterized by serotyping. Using reported efficacy data of the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) along with likely coverage rates, we made an estimation of the potential impact on the incidence of IPD among children in Scotland. A total of 217 pneumococci were characterized into 22 different serogroups/types, the most common, in rank order, being 14, 19F, 6B, 18C, 23F, 9V, 4, 1, 19A, and 6A. Estimated serotype coverage for PCV7 was 76.5% in those aged less than 5 years of age but increased to 88.9% for those aged 1 year. By using serotype coverage and estimates of vaccine efficacy and uptake, the potential impact of the vaccine for those greater than 2 months of age, but less than 5 years, was estimated as 67.3%, leading to an average of 29 preventable cases per year. The introduction of PCV7 into the childhood immunization schedule would reduce the burden of pneumococcal disease in children, and the incidence would be particularly reduced in those children aged 1 year. Additional benefits may be gained in adults through herd protection. Continued surveillance of IPD is required before, during, and after the introduction of PCV7.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0095-1137 , 1098-660X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JCM.44.4.1224-1228.2006
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1498353-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Sequential Chemotactic and Phagocytic Activation of Human Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2007
    In:  Infection and Immunity Vol. 75, No. 8 ( 2007-08), p. 3989-3998
    Details
    In: Infection and Immunity, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 75, No. 8 ( 2007-08), p. 3989-3998
    Abstract: Human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) chemotax to a foreign entity. When the chemoattractants’ origins are reached, specific receptors bind to the invader's surface, initiating phagocytosis, phagosome formation, and fusion with granule membranes, generating the bactericidal oxidative burst, and releasing lytic enzymes, specific peptides, and proteins. We explored the initial signaling involved in these functions by observing naïve, unprimed PMN in suspension using fluorescent indicators of cytoplasmic signals (Δ[Ca 2+ ] i and ΔpH i ) and of bactericidal entities (oxidative species and elastase) exposed to N -formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) and/or multivalent immune complexes (IC). fMLP and IC each initiate a rapid transient rise in [Ca 2+ ] i , mostly from intracellular stores, simultaneously with a drop in pH i ; these are followed by a drop in [Ca 2+ ] i and a rise in pH i , with the latter being due to a Na + /H + antiport. The impact of a second stimulation depends on the order in which stimuli are applied, on their dose, and on their nature. Provided that [Ca 2+ ] i is restored, 10 −7 M fMLP, previously shown to elicit maximal Δ[Ca 2+ ] i but no bactericidal functions, did not prevent the cells’ responses with Δ[Ca 2+ ] i to a subsequent high dose of fMLP or IC; conversely, cells first exposed to 120 μg/ml IC, previously shown to elicit maximal Δ[Ca 2+ ] i and bactericidal functions, exhibited no subsequent Δ[Ca 2+ ] i or ΔpH i to either stimulus. While exposure to 10 −7 M fMLP, which saturates the PMN high-affinity receptor, did not elicit bactericidal release from these naïve unprimed PMN in suspension, 10 −5 M fMLP did, presumably via the low-affinity receptor, using a different Ca 2+ source.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0019-9567 , 1098-5522
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00388-07
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1483247-1
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Bacterial lipopolysaccharide induction of leukocyte-derived corticotropin and endorphins
    American Society for Microbiology ; 1985
    In:  Infection and Immunity Vol. 48, No. 3 ( 1985-06), p. 813-817
    Details
    In: Infection and Immunity, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 48, No. 3 ( 1985-06), p. 813-817
    Abstract: Previous reports have shown that there is an endogenous opioid component associated with pathophysiological responses to endotoxin. It has been shown that these responses are alleviated by naloxone, a specific opiate antagonist. Results of another study have indicated that leukocytes may mediate some of those responses since leukocyte depletion alleviated the effects of lipopolysaccharide. In view of the above reports as well as the finding that leukocytes produce immunoreactive (ir-) endorphins and corticotropin (ACTH) when stimulated with Newcastle disease virus or ACTH-releasing factor, we postulated that leukocytes may serve as an extrapituitary source of endorphins produced in response to bacterial endotoxin. To test this hypothesis, human peripheral blood leukocytes as well as mouse spleen cells were cultured in vitro with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide for 48 h. The lipopolysaccharide (i.e., endotoxin) was shown to induce de novo synthesis of ir-ACTH and ir-endorphins. The leukocyte-derived ir-ACTH had a molecular weight of approximately 2,900 and demonstrated a bioactivity similar to that of pituitary-derived ACTH. The lymphocyte-derived ir-endorphin comigrated with alpha- and gamma-endorphin at approximately 1,800 daltons and was shown to bind to brain opiate receptors. These findings imply that leukocyte-derived endorphins may be involved in the pathophysiological response to endotoxin.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0019-9567 , 1098-5522
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/iai.48.3.813-817.1985
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 1985
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1483247-1
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Development of rRNA-Based PCR Assays for Identification of Burkholderia cepacia Complex Isolates Recovered from Cystic Fibrosis Patients
    American Society for Microbiology ; 1999
    In:  Journal of Clinical Microbiology Vol. 37, No. 10 ( 1999-10), p. 3167-3170
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 37, No. 10 ( 1999-10), p. 3167-3170
    Abstract: PCR assays targeting rRNA genes were developed to identify species (genomovars) within the Burkholderia cepacia complex. Each assay was tested with 177 bacterial isolates that also underwent taxonomic analysis by whole-cell protein profile. These isolates were from clinical and environmental sources and included 107 B. cepacia complex strains, 23 Burkholderia gladioli strains, 20 Ralstonia pickettii strains, 10 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, 8 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains, and 9 isolates belonging to nine other species. The sensitivity and specificity of the 16S rRNA-based assay for Burkholderia multivorans (genomovar II) were 100 and 99%, respectively; for Burkholderia vietnamiensis (genomovar V), sensitivity and specificity were 87 and 92%, respectively. An assay based on 16S and 23S rRNA gene analysis of B. cepacia ATCC 25416 (genomovar I) was useful in identifying genomovars I, III, and IV as a group (sensitivity, 100%, and specificity, 99%). Another assay, designed to be specific at the genus level, identified all but one of the Burkholderia and Ralstonia isolates tested (sensitivity, 99%, and specificity, 96%). The combined use of these assays offers a significant improvement over previously published PCR assays for B. cepacia .
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0095-1137 , 1098-660X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JCM.37.10.3167-3170.1999
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 1999
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1498353-9
    SSG: 12
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    Online Resource
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