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  • American Society for Microbiology  (21)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Society for Microbiology ; 1997
    In:  Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Vol. 41, No. 11 ( 1997-11), p. 2418-2423
    In: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 41, No. 11 ( 1997-11), p. 2418-2423
    Abstract: The association of vancomycin group antibiotics with the growing bacterial cell wall was investigated by using the cell wall precursor analog di-N-acetyl-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala in competition binding experiments. The affinities of the antibiotics for the -D-Ala-D-Ala-containing cell wall precursors of Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 (a model for vancomycin-susceptible gram-positive bacteria) and for the -D-Ala-D-Lac-containing cell wall precursors of Leuconostoc mesenteroides (a model for vancomycin-resistant strains of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis) were determined by a whole-cell assay. The binding of strongly dimerizing antibiotics such as eremomycin to the bacterial surface was thus shown to be enhanced by up to 2 orders of magnitude (relative to the binding in free solution) by the chelate effect, whereas weakly dimerizing antibiotics like vancomycin and antibiotics carrying lipid tails (teicoplanin) benefited less (ca. 1 order of magnitude). The affinity measured in this way correlates well with the MIC of the antibiotic, and a consequence of this is that future design of semisynthetic vancomycin-group antibiotics should attempt to incorporate chelate effect-enhancing structural features.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0066-4804 , 1098-6596
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 1997
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1496156-8
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2002
    In:  Journal of Clinical Microbiology Vol. 40, No. 11 ( 2002-11), p. 4100-4104
    In: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 40, No. 11 ( 2002-11), p. 4100-4104
    Abstract: Isolates from patients with confirmed tuberculosis from London were collected over 2.5 years between 1995 and 1997. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was performed by the international standard technique as part of a multicenter epidemiological study. A total of 2,779 samples representing 2,500 individual patients from 56 laboratories were examined. Analysis of these samples revealed a laboratory cross-contamination rate of between 0.54%, when only presumed cases of cross-contamination were considered, and 0.93%, when presumed and possible cases were counted. Previous studies suggest an extremely wide range of laboratory cross-contamination rates of between 0.1 and 65%. These data indicate that laboratory cross-contamination has not been a common problem in routine practice in the London area, but in several incidents patients did receive full courses of therapy that were probably unnecessary.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0095-1137 , 1098-660X
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2002
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1498353-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 3
    In: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 49, No. 2 ( 2005-02), p. 733-740
    Abstract: In plasmodia, the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) enzyme is the target of the pyrimethamine component of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (S/P). Plasmodium vivax infections are not treated intentionally with antifolates. However, outside Africa, coinfections with Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax are common, and P. vivax infections are often exposed to S/P. Cloning of the P. vivax dhfr gene has allowed molecular comparisons of dhfr alleles from different regions. Examination of the dhfr locus from a few locations has identified a very diverse set of alleles and showed that mutant alleles of the vivax dhfr gene are prevalent in Southeast Asia where S/P has been used extensively. We have surveyed patient isolates from six locations in Indonesia and two locations in Papua New Guinea. We sequenced P. vivax dhfr alleles from 114 patient samples and identified 24 different alleles that differed from the wild type by synonymous and nonsynonymous point mutations, insertions, or deletions. Most importantly, five alleles that carried four or more nonsynonymous mutations were identified. Only one of these highly mutant alleles had been previously observed, and all carried the 57L and 117T mutations. P. vivax cannot be cultured continuously, so we used a yeast assay system to determine in vitro sensitivity to pyrimethamine for a subset of the alleles. Alleles with four nonsynonymous mutations conferred very high levels of resistance to pyrimethamine. This study expands significantly the total number of novel dhfr alleles now identified from P. vivax and provides a foundation for understanding how antifolate resistance arises and spreads in natural P. vivax populations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0066-4804 , 1098-6596
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2005
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1496156-8
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 4
    In: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 52, No. 6 ( 2008-06), p. 2212-2222
    Abstract: Mutations in the chloroquine resistance (CQR) transporter gene of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf crt ; chromosome 7) play a key role in CQR, while mutations in the multidrug resistance gene (Pf mdr1 ; chromosome 5) play a significant role in the parasite's resistance to a variety of antimalarials and also modulate CQR. To compare patterns of genetic variation at Pf crt and Pf mdr1 loci, we investigated 460 blood samples from P. falciparum -infected patients from four Asian, three African, and three South American countries, analyzing microsatellite (MS) loci flanking Pf crt (five loci [∼40 kb]) and Pf mdr1 (either two loci [∼5 kb] or four loci [∼10 kb] ). CQR Pf mdr1 allele-associated MS haplotypes showed considerably higher genetic diversity and higher levels of subdivision than CQR Pf crt allele-associated MS haplotypes in both Asian and African parasite populations. However, both Pf crt and Pf mdr1 MS haplotypes showed similar levels of low diversity in South American parasite populations. Median-joining network analyses showed that the Pf crt MS haplotypes correlated well with geography and CQR Pf crt alleles, whereas there was no distinct Pf mdr1 MS haplotype that correlated with geography and/or CQR Pf mdr1 alleles. Furthermore, multiple independent origins of CQR Pf mdr1 alleles in Asia and Africa were inferred. These results suggest that variation at Pf crt and Pf mdr1 loci in both Asian and African parasite populations is generated and/or maintained via substantially different mechanisms. Since Pf mdr1 mutations may be associated with resistance to artemisinin combination therapies that are replacing CQ, particularly in Africa, it is important to determine if, and how, the genetic characteristics of this locus change over time.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0066-4804 , 1098-6596
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1496156-8
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Society for Microbiology ; 1995
    In:  Journal of Bacteriology Vol. 177, No. 18 ( 1995-09), p. 5350-5354
    In: Journal of Bacteriology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 177, No. 18 ( 1995-09), p. 5350-5354
    Abstract: The MM281 strain of Salmonella typhimurium possesses mutations in each of its three Mg2+ transport systems, requires 100 mM Mg2+ for growth, and was used to screen a genomic library from the gram-negative bacterium Providencia stuartii for clones that could restore the ability to grow without Mg2+ supplementation. The clones obtained also conferred sensitivity to Co2+, a phenotype similar to that seen with the S. typhimurium corA Mg2+ transport gene. The sequence of the cloned P. stuartii DNA revealed the presence of a single open reading frame, which was shown to express a protein with a gel molecular mass of 37 kDa in agreement with the deduced size of 34 kDa. Despite a phenotype similar to that of corA and the close phylogenetic relationship between P. stuartii and S. typhimurium, this new putative Mg2+ transporter lacks similarity to the CorA Mg2+ transporter and is instead homologous to MgtE, a newly discovered Mg2+ transport protein from the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus firmus OF4. The distribution of mgtE in bacteria was studied by Southern blot hybridization to PCR amplification products. In contrast to the ubiquity of the corA gene, which encodes the dominant constitutive Mg2+ influx system of bacteria, mgtE has a much more limited phylogenetic distribution.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-9193 , 1098-5530
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 1995
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481988-0
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Society for Microbiology ; 1996
    In:  Journal of Virology Vol. 70, No. 10 ( 1996-10), p. 7103-7107
    In: Journal of Virology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 70, No. 10 ( 1996-10), p. 7103-7107
    Abstract: Interleukin-4 (IL-4) promotes the growth of Th2-type cells while down regulating the development of Th1-type cells. It has been suggested that the actions of this factor inhibit Th1-type effector activity in vivo and may underlie the development of diseases normally controlled by cell-mediated immune responses. Here, we show that clearance of recombinant vaccinia viruses (VV) engineered to express the gene for murine IL-4 is markedly delayed in mice compared with control recombinant VV. While antiviral antibody levels and NK activity in mice given control virus or IL-4-expressing virus were similar, antiviral cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses were profoundly suppressed throughout the course of infection with the latter. Limiting dilution analysis of IL-4-virus-infected spleens revealed a marked reduction in numbers of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursors. Furthermore, reverse transcriptase PCR analysis of splenic mRNA prepared from mice infected with the IL-4-expressing VV showed a marked down regulation of IL-12, gamma interferon, and IL-2 gene expression compared with that from mice given control virus. IL-4 also inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO), a potent mediator of antimicrobial activity. Together, these data show that IL-4 markedly suppresses the development of antiviral cell-mediated immune responses in vivo with deleterious effects on virus clearance.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-538X , 1098-5514
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 1996
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1495529-5
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Society for Microbiology ; 1989
    In:  Journal of Bacteriology Vol. 171, No. 9 ( 1989-09), p. 4752-4760
    In: Journal of Bacteriology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 171, No. 9 ( 1989-09), p. 4752-4760
    Abstract: In Salmonella typhimurium, the corA, mgtA, and mgtB loci are involved in active transport of Mg2+ (S. P. Hmiel, M. D. Snavely, C. G. Miller, and M. E. Maguire, J. Bacteriol. 168:1444-1450, 1988; S. P. Hmiel, M. D. Snavely, J. B. Florer, M. E. Maguire, and C. G. Miller, J. Bacteriol. 171:4742-4751, 1989). In this study, the gene products coded for by the corA, mgtA, and mgtB genes were identified by using plasmid expression in Escherichia coli maxicells. Complementation was assessed by introducing plasmids into a Mg2+-dependent corA mgtA mgtB strain and determining the ability of the plasmid to restore growth on medium without a Mg2+ supplement. Complementing plasmids containing corA expressed a 42-kilodalton (kDa) protein. This protein was not expressed by plasmids containing insertions or deletions that eliminated complementation. A plasmid containing mgtA expressed 37- and 91-kDa gene products. Data obtained with subclones and insertions in this plasmid indicated that plasmids expressing only the 91-kDa polypeptide complemented; plasmids that did not express this protein did not complement regardless of whether they expressed the 37-kDa protein. Plasmids carrying mgtB expressed a single protein of 102 kDa whose presence or absence correlated with the ability of the plasmid to complement the Mg2+-dependent triple mutant. Fractionation of labeled maxicells demonstrated that the 42-kDa corA, the 91-kDa mgtA, and the 102-kDa mgtB gene products are all tightly associated with the membrane, a location consistent with involvement in a transport process. These data provide further support the for existence of three distinct systems for Mg2+ transport in S. typhimurium.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-9193 , 1098-5530
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 1989
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481988-0
    SSG: 12
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Society for Microbiology ; 1993
    In:  Journal of Clinical Microbiology Vol. 31, No. 7 ( 1993-07), p. 1811-1814
    In: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 31, No. 7 ( 1993-07), p. 1811-1814
    Abstract: We describe a rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based test for diagnosing Mycobacterium avium directly from blood specimens. Blood was collected in anticoagulant (EDTA) from patients who also had blood cultures performed by the lysis-centrifugation method. Blood samples were centrifuged on a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient to purify peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The purified cells were washed and incubated in the presence of Chelex-100 (a divalent cation-binding resin), boiled to release mycobacterial DNA, and then amplified with M. avium-specific PCR primers. Amplification was detected by hybridization with radiolabelled probe, and the results were compared with the culture results. The PCR assay gave positive results for 12 of 15 specimens that were taken from patients with positive cultures for M. avium complex (sensitivity, 80%). The three PCR-negative specimens in this group showed evidence of PCR inhibition. The PCR assay gave positive results for 32 of 228 specimens taken from patients with negative cultures (specificity, 86%). Of these 32 PCR-positive culture-negative specimens, 27 were also positive when amplified with primers specific for the genus Mycobacterium, suggesting that PCR may be more sensitive than culture.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0095-1137 , 1098-660X
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 1993
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1498353-9
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Society for Microbiology ; 1986
    In:  Journal of Bacteriology Vol. 168, No. 3 ( 1986-12), p. 1444-1450
    In: Journal of Bacteriology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 168, No. 3 ( 1986-12), p. 1444-1450
    Abstract: The influx of Mg2+ in Salmonella typhimurium LT-2 was studied by both kinetic and genetic techniques. Wild-type cells grown in a high MgSO4 concentration (10 mM) exhibited a Km of 15 microM for Mg2+ influx, with a Vmax of 0.25 nmol of Mg2+ per min per 10(8) cells. The apparent Km decreased to 3 microM, and the Vmax increased 60% after growth in a low MgSO4 concentration (10 microM). Co2+ was a simple competitive inhibitor (Ki = 30 microM) of Mg2+ influx in cells grown in high Mg2+ concentrations but blocked only a portion of the Mg2+ influx in cells grown in low Mg2+ concentrations. Co2+ influx exhibited kinetics similar to those of Mg2+ influx (Km = 30 microM; Vmax = 0.5 nmol of Co2+ per min per 10(8) cells) but was not affected by growth conditions. Co2+ influx was competitively inhibited by both Mg2+ and Mn2+. Mutations affecting Mg2+ uptake were isolated by selection for spontaneous resistance to toxic levels of Co2+. One class of mutants designated corA mapped at 84 min near metE with the following gene order: corA, metE, zie-3161::Tn10, pepQ. A second class designated corB mapped at 98 min near pyrB. Mg2+ influx was decreased in a corA mutant strain (relative to that of the wild type) when grown in high Mg2+ concentrations but was restored when grown in low Mg2+ concentrations. Co2+ transport was completely abolished by the corA mutation under all growth conditions. Recombinant plasmids carrying the corA region from either Escherichia coli K-12 or S. typhimurium complemented the corA mutation in S. typhimurium, restoring uptake of both Co2+ and Mg2+ and conferring sensitivity to Co2+. The S. typhimurium corA gene was localized to a restriction fragment of approximately 1.5 kilobases.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-9193 , 1098-5530
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 1986
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481988-0
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2010
    In:  Journal of Virology Vol. 84, No. 24 ( 2010-12-15), p. 12824-12831
    In: Journal of Virology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 84, No. 24 ( 2010-12-15), p. 12824-12831
    Abstract: Hepadnaviruses are DNA viruses that are found in several mammalian and avian species. These viruses replicate their genome through reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate termed pregenomic RNA (pgRNA). pgRNA is reverse transcribed by the viral polymerase into a minus-strand DNA, followed by synthesis of the plus-strand DNA. There are multiple cis -acting sequences that contribute to the synthesis of minus-strand DNA for human hepatitis B virus (HBV). Less is known about the cis -acting sequences of avian hepadnaviruses that contribute to synthesis of minus-strand DNA. To identify cis -acting sequences of duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) and heron hepatitis B virus (HHBV), we analyzed variants containing 200-nucleotide (nt) deletions. Most variants of DHBV synthesized minus-strand DNA to 50 to 100% of the wild-type (WT) level, while two variants synthesized less than 50%. For HHBV, most variants synthesized minus-strand DNA to less than 50% the WT level. These results differ from those for HBV, where most of the genome can be removed with little consequence. HBV contains a sequence, φ, that contributes to the synthesis of minus-strand DNA. It has been proposed that DHBV has an analogous sequence. We determined that the proposed φ sequence of DHBV does not contribute to the synthesis of minus-strand DNA. Finally, we found that the DR2 sequence present in all hepadnaviruses is important for synthesis of minus-strand DNA in both DHBV and HHBV but not in HBV. These differences in cis -acting sequences suggest that the individual hepadnaviruses have evolved differences in their mechanisms for synthesizing minus-strand DNA, more so than for other steps in replication.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-538X , 1098-5514
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1495529-5
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