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  • American Society for Microbiology  (13)
  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Agreement Assessment of Tigecycline Susceptibilities Determined by the Disk Diffusion and Broth Microdilution Methods among Commonly Encountered Resistant Bacterial Isolates: Results from the Tigecycline In Vitro Surveillance in Taiwan (TIST) Study, 2008 to 2010
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2012
    In:  Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Vol. 56, No. 3 ( 2012-03), p. 1414-1417
    Details
    In: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 56, No. 3 ( 2012-03), p. 1414-1417
    Abstract: The Tigecycline In Vitro Surveillance in Taiwan (TIST) study, initiated in 2006, is a nationwide surveillance program designed to longitudinally monitor the in vitro activity of tigecycline against commonly encountered drug-resistant bacteria. This study compared the in vitro activity of tigecycline against 3,014 isolates of clinically important drug-resistant bacteria using the standard broth microdilution and disk diffusion methods. Species studied included methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA; n = 759), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE; n = 191), extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli ( n = 602), ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ( n = 736), and Acinetobacter baumannii ( n = 726) that had been collected from patients treated between 2008 and 2010 at 20 hospitals in Taiwan. MICs and inhibition zone diameters were interpreted according to the currently recommended U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) criteria and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) criteria. The MIC 90 values of tigecycline against MRSA, VRE, ESBL-producing E. coli , ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae , and A. baumannii were 0.5, 0.125, 0.5, 2, and 8 μg/ml, respectively. The total error rates between the two methods using the FDA criteria were high: 38.4% for ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae and 33.8% for A. baumannii . Using the EUCAST criteria, the total error rate was also high (54.6%) for A. baumannii isolates. The total error rates between these two methods were 〈 5% for MRSA, VRE, and ESBL-producing E. coli . For routine susceptibility testing of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii against tigecycline, the broth microdilution method should be used because of the poor correlation of results between these two methods.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0066-4804 , 1098-6596
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/AAC.05879-11
    RVK:
    XA 24552
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2012
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1496156-8
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 2
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    Trends in the Susceptibility of Clinically Important Resistant Bacteria to Tigecycline: Results from the Tigecycline In Vitro Surveillance in Taiwan Study, 2006 to 2010
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2012
    In:  Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Vol. 56, No. 3 ( 2012-03), p. 1452-1457
    Details
    In: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 56, No. 3 ( 2012-03), p. 1452-1457
    Abstract: The Tigecycline In Vitro Surveillance in Taiwan (TIST) study, a nationwide, prospective surveillance during 2006 to 2010, collected a total of 7,793 clinical isolates, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ( n = 1,834), penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP) ( n = 423), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) ( n = 219), extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli ( n = 1,141), ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ( n = 1,330), Acinetobacter baumannii ( n = 1,645), and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ( n = 903), from different specimens from 20 different hospitals in Taiwan. MICs of tigecycline were determined following the criteria of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST-2011). Among drug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens, all of the PRSP isolates were susceptible to tigecycline (MIC 90 , 0.03 μg/ml), and only one MRSA isolate (MIC 90 , 0.5 μg/ml) and three VRE isolates (MIC 90 , 0.125 μg/ml) were nonsusceptible to tigecycline. Among the Gram-negative bacteria, the tigecycline susceptibility rates were 99.65% for ESBL-producing E. coli (MIC 90 , 0.5 μg/ml) and 96.32% for ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae (MIC 90 , 2 μg/ml) when interpreted by FDA criteria but were 98.7% and 85.8%, respectively, when interpreted by EUCAST-2011 criteria. The susceptibility rate for A. baumannii (MIC 90 , 4 μg/ml) decreased from 80.9% in 2006 to 55.3% in 2009 but increased to 73.4% in 2010. A bimodal MIC distribution was found among carbapenem-susceptible A. baumannii isolates, and a unimodal MIC distribution was found among carbapenem-nonsusceptible A. baumannii isolates. In Taiwan, tigecycline continues to have excellent in vitro activity against several major clinically important drug-resistant bacteria, with the exception of A. baumannii .
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0066-4804 , 1098-6596
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/AAC.06053-11
    RVK:
    XA 24552
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2012
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1496156-8
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 3
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    Trends in Susceptibility of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium to Tigecycline, Daptomycin, and Linezolid and Molecular Epidemiology of the Isolates: Results from the Tigecycline In Vitro Surveillance in Taiwan (TIST) Study, 2006 to 2010
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2012
    In:  Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Vol. 56, No. 6 ( 2012-06), p. 3402-3405
    Details
    In: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 56, No. 6 ( 2012-06), p. 3402-3405
    Abstract: Among the 219 vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates collected in 20 Taiwanese hospitals from 2006 to 2010, all were susceptible to linezolid and daptomycin, and 98.6% were susceptible to tigecycline. There was a shift toward higher tigecycline MIC values (MIC 90 s) from 2006-2007 (0.06 μg/ml) to 2008–2010 (0.12 μg/ml). The MIC 90 s of daptomycin and linezolid remained stationary. Although pulsotypes among the isolates from the 20 hospitals varied, intrahospital spreading of several clones was identified in 13 hospitals.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0066-4804 , 1098-6596
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00533-12
    RVK:
    XA 24552
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2012
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1496156-8
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 4
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    The Novel Nuclear Targeting and BFRF1-Interacting Domains of BFLF2 Are Essential for Efficient Epstein-Barr Virus Virion Release
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2020
    In:  Journal of Virology Vol. 94, No. 3 ( 2020-01-17)
    Details
    In: Journal of Virology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 94, No. 3 ( 2020-01-17)
    Abstract: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genomic DNA is replicated and packaged into procapsids in the nucleus to form nucleocapsids, which are then transported into the cytoplasm for tegumentation and final maturation. The process is facilitated by the coordination of the viral nuclear egress complex (NEC), which consists of BFLF2 and BFRF1. By expression alone, BFLF2 is distributed mainly in the nucleus. However, it colocalizes with BFRF1 at the nuclear rim and in cytoplasmic nuclear envelope-derived vesicles in coexpressing cells, suggesting temporal control of the interaction between BFLF2 and BFRF1 is critical for their proper function. The N-terminal sequence of BFLF2 is less conserved than that of alpha- and betaherpesvirus homologs. Here, we found that BFLF2 amino acids (aa) 2 to 102 are required for both nuclear targeting and its interaction with BFRF1. Coimmunoprecipitation and confocal analysis indicated that aa 82 to 106 of BFLF2 are important for its interaction with BFRF1. Three crucial amino acids (R47, K50, and R52) and several noncontinuous arginine and histidine residues within aa 59 to 80 function together as a noncanonical nuclear localization signal (NLS), which can be transferred onto yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-LacZ for nuclear targeting in an importin β-dependent manner. Virion secretion is defective in 293 cells harboring a BFLF2 knockout EBV bacmid upon lytic induction and is restored by trans -complementation of wild-type BFLF2, but not NLS or BFRF1-interacting defective mutants. In addition, multiple domains of BFRF1 were found to bind BFLF2, suggesting multiple contact regions within BFRF1 and BFLF2 are required for proper nuclear egress of EBV nucleocapsids. IMPORTANCE Although Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BFRF1 and BFLF2 are homologs of conserved viral nuclear egress complex (NEC) in all human herpesviruses, unique amino acid sequences and functions were identified in both proteins. In this study, the nuclear targeting and BFRF1-interacting domains were found within the N terminus of BFLF2. We showed that amino acids (aa) 82 to 106 are the major region required for BFLF2 to interact with BFRF1. However, the coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) data and glutathione transferase (GST) pulldown experiments revealed that multiple regions of both proteins contribute to reciprocal interactions. Different from the canonical nuclear localization signal (NLS) in other herpes viral homologs, BFLF2 contains a novel importin-dependent nuclear localization signal, including R47, K50, and R52 and several neighboring discontinuous arginine and histidine residues. Using a bacmid complementation system, we show that both the nuclear targeting and the novel nuclear localization signal within aa 82 to 106 of BFLF2 are required for virion secretion.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-538X , 1098-5514
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01498-19
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 5
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    The C Terminus of the Core β-Ladder Domain in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Nonstructural Protein 1 Is Flexible for Accommodation of Heterologous Epitope Fusion
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2016
    In:  Journal of Virology Vol. 90, No. 3 ( 2016-02), p. 1178-1189
    Details
    In: Journal of Virology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 90, No. 3 ( 2016-02), p. 1178-1189
    Abstract: NS1 is the only nonstructural protein that enters the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where NS1 is glycosylated, forms a dimer, and is subsequently secreted during flavivirus replication as dimers or hexamers, which appear to be highly immunogenic to the infected host, as protective immunity can be elicited against homologous flavivirus infections. Here, by using a trans -complementation assay, we identified the C-terminal end of NS1 derived from Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), which was more flexible than other regions in terms of housing foreign epitopes without a significant impact on virus replication. This mapped flexible region is located in the conserved tip of the core β-ladder domain of the multimeric NS1 structure and is also known to contain certain linear epitopes, readily triggering specific antibody responses from the host. Despite becoming attenuated, recombinant JEV with insertion of a neutralizing epitope derived from enterovirus 71 (EV71) into the C-terminal end of NS1 not only could be normally released from infected cells, but also induced dual protective immunity for the host to counteract lethal challenge with either JEV or EV71 in neonatal mice. These results indicated that the secreted multimeric NS1 of flaviviruses may serve as a natural protein carrier to render epitopes of interest more immunogenic in the C terminus of the core β-ladder domain. IMPORTANCE The positive-sense RNA genomes of mosquito-borne flaviviruses appear to be flexible in terms of accommodating extra insertions of short heterologous antigens into their virus genes. Here, we illustrate that the newly identified C terminus of the core β-ladder domain in NS1 could be readily inserted into entities such as EV71 epitopes, and the resulting NS1-epitope fusion proteins appeared to maintain normal virus replication, secretion ability, and multimeric formation from infected cells. Nonetheless, such an insertion attenuated the recombinant JEV in mice, despite having retained the brain replication ability observed in wild-type JEV. Mother dams immunized with recombinant JEV expressing EV71 epitope-NS1 fused proteins elicited neutralizing antibodies that protected the newborn mice against lethal EV71 challenge. Together, our results implied a potential application of JEV NS1 as a viral carrier protein to express a heterologous epitope to stimulate dual/multiple protective immunity concurrently against several pathogens.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-538X , 1098-5514
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02057-15
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2016
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  • 6
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    Outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase-2-Producing K. pneumoniae Sequence Type 11 in Taiwan in 2011
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2012
    In:  Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Vol. 56, No. 10 ( 2012-10), p. 5016-5022
    Details
    In: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 56, No. 10 ( 2012-10), p. 5016-5022
    Abstract: From June to September 2011, a total of 305 ertapenem-nonsusceptible Enterobacteriaceae isolates (MICs of ertapenem ≥ 1 μg/ml) were collected from 11 hospitals in different parts of Taiwan. The MICs of 12 antimicrobial agents against these isolates were determined using the broth microdilution method, and genes for carbapenemases were detected using PCR. Genotypes of isolates possessing carbapenemase genes were identified by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing. The ertapenem-nonsusceptible Enterobacteriaceae isolates included Klebsiella pneumoniae ( n = 219), Escherichia coli ( n = 64), Enterobacter cloacae ( n = 15), and other species ( n = 7). Seven (2.3%) of the ertapenem-nonsusceptible Enterobacteriaceae isolates exhibited colistin MICs of 〉 4 μg/ml, and 24 (7.9%) were not susceptible to tigecycline (MICs 〉 2 μg/ml). A total of 29 (9.5%) isolates carried genes encoding carbapenemases, namely, K. pneumoniae carbapenemase-2 (KPC-2) in 16 (7.3%) isolates of K. pneumoniae (KPC-2-KP) and IMP-8 in 5 (2.3%) isolates of K. pneumoniae , 5 (33.3%) isolates of E. cloacae , 1 isolate of E. coli , 1 isolate of Klebsiella oxytoca , and one isolate of Citrobacter freundii . The 16 KPC-2-KP isolates were isolated from patients at four different hospitals in northern Taiwan. All 16 of the KPC-2-KP isolates were susceptible to amikacin and colistin and had a similar pulsotype (pulsotype 1) and the same sequence type (sequence type 11). Infections due to KPC-2-KP mainly occurred in severely ill patients in the intensive care unit ( n = 14, 88%). Four patients with infections due to KPC-2-KP died within 14 days of hospitalization. The findings are the first to demonstrate intrahospital and interhospital dissemination of KPC-2-KP in northern Taiwan.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0066-4804 , 1098-6596
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00878-12
    RVK:
    XA 24552
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2012
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1496156-8
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 7
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    Detection of Circulating Galactomannan in Serum Samples for Diagnosis of Penicillium marneffei Infection and Cryptococcosis among Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2007
    In:  Journal of Clinical Microbiology Vol. 45, No. 9 ( 2007-09), p. 2858-2862
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 45, No. 9 ( 2007-09), p. 2858-2862
    Abstract: Galactomannan (GM) is a heteropolysaccharide in the cell walls of most Aspergillus and Penicillium species. Cross-reactivity of Cryptococcus neoformans galactoxylomannan in an Aspergillus GM test has also been reported. In this study, we used a Platelia Aspergillus enzyme immunoassay kit (Bio-Rad) to test serum samples obtained from 48 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients (15 with penicilliosis [7 with fungemia alone, 4 with cavitary lung lesions alone, 3 with both fungemia and cavitary lung lesions, and 1 with disseminated disease], 22 with cryptococcosis [11 with fungemia alone, 5 with cavitary lung lesions, 3 with both, and 3 with meningitis alone] , and 11 without any invasive fungal infection [control]) for GM levels. None of the patients had aspergillosis or concurrent use of piperacillin-tazobactam or amoxicillin-clavulanate. The median time between diagnosis of fungal infection and collection of serum samples was 0 days for penicilliosis and 1.5 days for cryptococcosis. Of patients with penicilliosis, cryptococcosis, and controls, 73.3%, 13.6%, and 9%, respectively, had GM optical density (OD) indices of 〉 0.5 ( P = 0.0001). GM OD indices were higher for penicilliosis (median OD index, 4.419; range, 0.158 to 〉 20) than for cryptococcosis (median, 0.247; range, 0.112 to 3.849) cases ( P 〈 0.001). Patients with fungemic penicilliosis had higher OD indices (median, 10.628; range, 0.401 to 〉 20) than patients with nonfungemic penicilliosis (median, 0.378; range, 0.158 to 4.419) and patients with cryptococcemia (median, 0.231; range, 0.112 to 1.168) ( P 〈 0.001). Of the 15 patients with cavitary lung lesions, those with penicilliosis had higher antigen levels (median OD index, 1.641; range, 0.247 to 〉 20) than those with cryptococcosis (median, 0.227; range, 0.112 to 3.849) ( P = 0.011). This study showed that the GM OD index was significantly elevated for HIV patients with penicilliosis. The use of the GM antigen assay may facilitate earlier diagnosis of Penicillium marneffei infection for HIV-infected patients in areas of endemicity.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0095-1137 , 1098-660X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00050-07
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1498353-9
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  • 8
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    Rab18 Facilitates Dengue Virus Infection by Targeting Fatty Acid Synthase to Sites of Viral Replication
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2014
    In:  Journal of Virology Vol. 88, No. 12 ( 2014-06-15), p. 6793-6804
    Details
    In: Journal of Virology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 88, No. 12 ( 2014-06-15), p. 6793-6804
    Abstract: Positive-sense RNA viruses, such as dengue virus (DENV), hijack the intracellular membrane machinery for their own replication. The Rab18 protein, a member of the Rab GTPase family, key regulators of membrane trafficking, is located on the organelles involved in DENV infection, such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lipid droplets (LDs). In this study, we addressed the potential involvement of Rab18 in DENV infection by using cells overexpressing the wild-type, GTP-bound active form, or GDP-bound inactive form of Rab18 and cells with Rab18 knockdown. DENV replication, measured by viral protein, viral RNA, and viral progeny production, as well as LD induction, was reduced in cells with inactive Rab18 and in cells deprived of Rab18 expression, suggesting a positive role of Rab18 in the DENV life cycle. Interestingly, the interaction of fatty acid synthase (FASN), a key lipogenic enzyme in lipid biosynthesis, with DENV NS3 protein relied on the conversion of the GDP-bound to the GTP-bound form of Rab18. Furthermore, the targeting of FASN to sites participating in DENV infection, such as the ER and LDs, depends on functional Rab18. Thus, Rab18-mediated membrane trafficking of FASN and NS3 facilitates DENV replication, probably by ensuring a sufficient and coordinated lipid supply for membrane proliferation and arrangement. IMPORTANCE Infection by dengue virus (DENV), an important mosquito-borne virus threatening ∼40% of the world's population, can cause mild dengue fever or severe dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. The pathogenesis mechanisms of DENV-related diseases are not clear, but high viral replication is believed to be a risk factor for the severe form of DENV infection. Thus, understanding the detailed mechanism of DENV replication might help address this devastating virus. Here, we found that Rab18, a small GTPase involved in vesicle trafficking and located in the endoplasmic reticulum network and on the surfaces of lipid droplets, positively regulates DENV replication. The functional machinery of Rab18 is required to recruit the enzyme fatty acid synthase to sites of DENV replication and to interact with DENV NS3 protein to promote fatty acid biosynthesis. Thus, DENV usurps Rab18 to facilitate its own replication.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-538X , 1098-5514
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00045-14
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2014
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  • 9
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    Hepatitis C Virus Replication Is Modulated by the Interaction of Nonstructural Protein NS5B and Fatty Acid Synthase
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2013
    In:  Journal of Virology Vol. 87, No. 9 ( 2013-05), p. 4994-5004
    Details
    In: Journal of Virology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 87, No. 9 ( 2013-05), p. 4994-5004
    Abstract: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 5B (NS5B) is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) that acts as a key player in the HCV replication complex. Understanding the interplay between the viral and cellular components of the HCV replication complex could provide new insight for prevention of the progression of HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, the NS5B protein was used as the bait in a pulldown assay to screen for NS5B-interacting proteins that are present in Huh7 hepatoma cell lysates. After mass spectrophotometric analysis, fatty acid synthase (FASN) was found to interact with NS5B. Coimmunoprecipitation and double staining assays further confirmed the direct binding between NS5B and FASN. The domain of NS5B that interacts with FASN was also determined. Moreover, FASN was associated with detergent-resistant lipid rafts and colocalized with NS5B in active HCV replication complexes. In addition, overexpression of FASN enhanced HCV expression in Huh7/Rep-Feo cells, while transfection of FASN small interfering RNA (siRNA) or treatment with FASN-specific inhibitors decreased HCV replication and viral production. Notably, FASN directly increased HCV NS5B RdRp activity in vitro . These results together indicate that FASN interacts with NS5B and modulates HCV replication through a direct increase of NS5B RdRp activity. FASN may thereby serve as a target for the treatment of HCV infection and the prevention of HCV-associated HCC progression.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-538X , 1098-5514
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02526-12
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2013
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  • 10
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    Infection of Pericytes In Vitro by Japanese Encephalitis Virus Disrupts the Integrity of the Endothelial Barrier
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2014
    In:  Journal of Virology Vol. 88, No. 2 ( 2014-01-15), p. 1150-1161
    Details
    In: Journal of Virology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 88, No. 2 ( 2014-01-15), p. 1150-1161
    Abstract: Though the compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a pathological hallmark of Japanese encephalitis-associated neurological sequelae, the underlying mechanisms and the specific cell types involved are not understood. BBB characteristics are induced and maintained by cross talk between brain microvascular endothelial cells and neighboring elements of the neurovascular unit. In this study, we show a potential mechanism of disruption of endothelial barrier integrity during the course of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection through the activation of neighboring pericytes. We found that cultured brain pericytes were susceptible to JEV infection but were without signs of remarkable cytotoxicity. JEV-infected pericytes were found to release biologically active molecules which activated ubiquitin proteasome, degraded zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and disrupted endothelial barrier integrity in cultured brain microvascular endothelial cells. Infection of pericytes with JEV was found to elicit elevated production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), which contributed to the aforementioned endothelial changes. We further demonstrated that ubiquitin-protein ligase E3 component n -recognin-1 (Ubr 1) was a key upstream regulator which caused proteasomal degradation of ZO-1 downstream of IL-6 signaling. During JEV central nervous system trafficking, endothelial cells rather than pericytes are directly exposed to cell-free viruses in the peripheral bloodstream. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that subsequent to primary infection of endothelial cells, JEV infection of pericytes might contribute to the initiation and/or augmentation of Japanese encephalitis-associated BBB breakdown in concerted action with other unidentified barrier disrupting factors.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-538X , 1098-5514
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02738-13
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2014
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