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  • 1
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    Occurrence and distribution of sucrose-metabolizing enzymes in oral streptococci
    American Society for Microbiology ; 1976
    In:  Infection and Immunity Vol. 14, No. 2 ( 1976-08), p. 408-415
    Details
    In: Infection and Immunity, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 14, No. 2 ( 1976-08), p. 408-415
    Abstract: Specific growth rates, growth yields, and the level and cellular distribution of three sucrose-metabolizing enzyme activities were determined for seven oral streptococci (Streptococcus mutans strains E49, BHT, 10449, SL-1, and LM-7, S. sanguis 10558, and S. salivarius 25975). Cultures were grown in a fermentor at pH 6 with either 20 mM glucose or 10 mM sucrose.Generation times varied between 21 and 70 min. Whereas some strains grew 10 to 50% more slowly with sucrose than with glucose, others did not. Growth was always logarithmic, and the growth yields were similar. Glcosyl transferase (EC 2.4.1.5) was largely extracellular; in sucrose cultures it was appreciably lower, but no major shift to a cell-associated form was found. In glucose cultures, the activity varied between 4 and 140 IU per 6-liter culture. The glucan formed was mostly or exclusively water insoluble. Glcosyl transferase was stimulated weakly (60% or less) by various dextrans. Fructosyl transferase (EC 2.4.1.10) was primarily extracellular (except in glucose cultures of S. salivarius) and varied between 0 and 337 IU/culture. In S. salivarius, the extracellular fructosyl transferase was induced by sucrose. In all S. Mutans cultures, the total fructosyl transferase activity was lower after growth with sucrose. All strains had extra- and intracellular invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) activity. Total levels varied between 210 and 3,500 IU/culture. Less extracellular activity was present in sucrose cultures. Only S. salivarius had appreciable activity in the cellular particulate fraction. Invertase activity was significantly higher than the combined glucosyl and fructosyl transferase activities in all cultures.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0019-9567 , 1098-5522
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/iai.14.2.408-415.1976
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 1976
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1483247-1
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  • 2
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    Effect of HIV/HAART and Other Clinical Variables on the Oral Mycobiome Using Multivariate Analyses
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2021
    In:  mBio Vol. 12, No. 2 ( 2021-04-27)
    Details
    In: mBio, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 12, No. 2 ( 2021-04-27)
    Abstract: The oral microbiome is considered an important factor in health and disease. We recently reported significant effects of HIV and several other clinical variables on the oral bacterial communities in a large cohort of HIV-positive and -negative individuals. The purpose of the present study was to similarly analyze the oral mycobiome in the same cohort. To identify fungi, the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of the fungal rRNA genes was sequenced using oral rinse samples from 149 HIV-positive and 88 HIV-negative subjects that had previously undergone bacterial amplicon sequencing. Quantitative PCR was performed for total fungal content and total bacterial content. Interestingly, samples often showed predominance of a single fungal species with four major clusters predominated by Candida albicans , Candida dubliniensis , Malassezia restricta , or Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Quantitative PCR analysis showed the Candida -dominated sample clusters had significantly higher total fungal abundance than the Malassezia or Saccharomyces species. Of the 25 clinical variables evaluated for potential influences on the oral mycobiome, significant effects were associated with caries status, geographical site of sampling, sex, HIV under highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and missing teeth, in rank order of statistical significance. Investigating specific interactions between fungi and bacteria in the samples often showed Candida species positively correlated with Firmicutes or Actinobacteria and negatively correlated with Fusobacteria , Proteobacteria , and Bacteroidetes . Our data suggest that the oral mycobiome, while diverse, is often dominated by a limited number of species per individual; is affected by several clinical variables, including HIV positivity and HAART; and shows genera-specific associations with bacterial groups. IMPORTANCE The oral microbiome is likely a key element of homeostasis in the oral cavity. With 〉 600 bacterial species and 〉 160 fungal species comprising the oral microbiome, influences on its composition can have an impact on both local and systemic health. We recently reported significant effects of HIV and several other clinical variables on the oral bacterial community in a large cohort of HIV-positive and -negative subjects. We describe here a comprehensive analysis of the oral mycobiome in the same cohort. Similar to the bacterial community, HIV under highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) had a significant impact on the mycobiome composition, but with less impact compared to other clinical variables. Additionally, unlike the oral bacterial microbiome, the oral mycobiome is often dominated by a single species with 4 major clusters of fungal communities. Together, these results suggest the oral mycobiome has distinct properties compared with the oral bacterial community, although both are equally impacted by HIV.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2150-7511
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/mBio.00294-21
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2557172-2
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  • 3
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    vanG Element Insertions within a Conserved Chromosomal Site Conferring Vancomycin Resistance to Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus anginosus
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2014
    In:  mBio Vol. 5, No. 4 ( 2014-08-29)
    Details
    In: mBio, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 5, No. 4 ( 2014-08-29)
    Abstract: These three streptococcal strains represent the first known vancomycin-resistant strains of their species. The collective observations made from these strains reveal a specific hot spot for insertional elements that is conserved between streptococci and different Gram-positive species. The two GBS strains potentially represent a GBS lineage that is predisposed to insertion of vanG elements.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2161-2129 , 2150-7511
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/mBio.01386-14
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2557172-2
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  • 4
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    Independent Effects of HIV and Antiretroviral Therapy on the Oral Microbiome Identified by Multivariate Analyses
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2023
    In:  mBio Vol. 14, No. 3 ( 2023-06-27)
    Details
    In: mBio, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 14, No. 3 ( 2023-06-27)
    Abstract: The oral microbiome is an important predictor of health and disease. We recently reported significant yet modest effects of HIV under highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART) on the oral microbiome (bacterial and fungal) in a large cohort of HIV-positive (HIV + ) and matched HIV-negative (HIV − ) individuals. As it was unclear whether ART added to or masked further effects of HIV on the oral microbiome, the present study aimed to analyze the effects of HIV and ART independently, which also included HIV − subjects on preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) therapy. Cross-sectional analyses of the effect of HIV devoid of ART (HIV + ART − versus matched HIV − subjects) showed a significant effect on both the bacteriome and mycobiome ( P   〈  0.024) after controlling for other clinical variables (permutational multivariate analysis of variance [PERMANOVA] of Bray-Curtis dissimilarity). Cross-sectio nal analyses evaluating the effects of ART (HIV + ART + versus HIV + ART − subjects) revealed a significant effect on the mycobiome ( P   〈  0.007) but not the bacteriome. In parallel longitudinal analyses, ART (before versus after the initiation of ART) had a significant effect on the bacteriome, but not the mycobiome, of HIV + and HIV − PrEP subjects ( P   〈  0.005 and P   〈  0.016, respectively). These analyses also revealed significant differences in the oral microbiome and several clinical variables between HIV − PrEP subjects (pre-PrEP) and the HIV-matched HIV − group ( P   〈  0.001). At the species level, a small number of differences in both bacterial and fungal taxa were identified within the effects of HIV and/or ART. We conclude that the effects of HIV and ART on the oral microbiome are similar to those of the clinical variables but collectively are modest overall. IMPORTANCE The oral microbiome can be an important predictor of health and disease. For persons living with HIV (PLWH), HIV and highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART) may have a significant influence on their oral microbiome. We previously reported a significant effect of HIV with ART on both the bacteriome and mycobiome. It was unclear whether ART added to or masked further effects of HIV on the oral microbiome. Hence, it was important to evaluate the effects of HIV and ART independently. For this, multivariate cross-sectional and longitudinal oral microbiome analyses (bacteriome and mycobiome) were conducted within the cohort, including HIV + ART + subjects and HIV + and HIV − (preexposure prophylaxis [PrEP]) subjects before and after the initiation of ART. While we report independent significant effects of HIV and ART on the oral microbiome, we conclude that their influence is similar to that of the clinical variables but collectively modest overall.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2150-7511
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00409-23
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2557172-2
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  • 5
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    Use of a signature nucleotide sequence of hepatitis C virus for detection of viral RNA in human serum and plasma
    American Society for Microbiology ; 1991
    In:  Journal of Clinical Microbiology Vol. 29, No. 11 ( 1991-11), p. 2528-2534
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 29, No. 11 ( 1991-11), p. 2528-2534
    Abstract: The nucleic acid sequence of the putative 5'-untranslated (5PUT) region of hepatitis C virus (HCV), determined for samples obtained from a variety of geographic origins, was found to be over 98% conserved among all isolates. On the basis of this signature sequence for HCV, a viral RNA assay was developed by using cDNA synthesis with reverse transcriptase, followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The new assay was compared with the Ortho-Chiron C100-3 HCV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to research radioimmunoassays for antibodies to the C33c and C22 HCV antigens and to the first reported set of HCV PCR primers designed from the NS3 domain. Plasma samples from 16 Japanese patients with non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANBH) and 16 immunoassay-positive blood donors from the United States were investigated. The 5PUT PCR primers were found to be superior to the NS3 primers in sensitivity and specificity (15 of 25 versus 3 of 25 of the C100 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-positive samples, respectively). Samples from two C100-negative patients with acute NANBH were found to react with the 5PUT primers but not with the NS3 primers. Also, two of three patients with chronic NANBH converted from reverse transcriptase PCR positive to negative after interferon treatment. Although the clinical significance of the presence or absence of HCV RNA in samples from patients is not fully understood, the use of probes and primers from the 5PUT region (as opposed to primers from other segments) should not lead to false-negative results due to nucleic acid sequence variations in viral isolates.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0095-1137 , 1098-660X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/jcm.29.11.2528-2534.1991
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 1991
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1498353-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
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    Molecular Epidemiology, Ecology, and Evolution of Group A Streptococci
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2018
    In:  Microbiology Spectrum Vol. 6, No. 5 ( 2018-09-07)
    Details
    In: Microbiology Spectrum, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 6, No. 5 ( 2018-09-07)
    Abstract: The clinico-epidemiological features of diseases caused by group A streptococci (GAS) is presented through the lens of the ecology, population genetics, and evolution of the organism. The serological targets of three typing schemes (M, T, SOF) are themselves GAS cell surface proteins that have a myriad of virulence functions and a diverse array of structural forms. Horizontal gene transfer expands the GAS antigenic cell surface repertoire by generating numerous combinations of M, T, and SOF antigens. However, horizontal gene transfer of the serotype determinant genes is not unconstrained, and therein lies a genetic organization that may signify adaptations to a narrow ecological niche, such as the primary tissue reservoirs of the human host. Adaptations may be further shaped by selection pressures such as herd immunity. Understanding the molecular evolution of GAS on multiple levels—short, intermediate, and long term—sheds insight on mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions, the emergence and spread of new clones, rational vaccine design, and public health interventions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2165-0497
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.CPP3-0009-2018
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2807133-5
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  • 7
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    Penicillin-Binding Protein Transpeptidase Signatures for Tracking and Predicting β-Lactam Resistance Levels in Streptococcus pneumoniae
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2016
    In:  mBio Vol. 7, No. 3 ( 2016-07-06)
    Details
    In: mBio, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 7, No. 3 ( 2016-07-06)
    Abstract: The human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. β-Lactam antibiotics such as penicillin and ceftriaxone are the drugs of choice to treat pneumococcal infections. Some pneumococcal strains have developed β-lactam resistance through altering their penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) and have become a major concern in choosing effective patient therapy. To systematically track and predict β-lactam resistance, we obtained the sequence signatures of PBPs from a large collection of clinical pneumococcal isolates using whole-genome sequencing data and found that these “PBP types” were predictive of resistance levels. Our findings can benefit the current era of strain surveillance when whole-genome sequencing data often lacks detailed resistance information. Using PBP positions that we found are always substituted within highly resistant strains may lead to further refinements. Sequence-based predictions are accurate and may lead to the ability to extract critical resistance information from nonculturable clinical specimens.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2161-2129 , 2150-7511
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/mBio.00756-16
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2557172-2
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  • 8
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    Clonal Distribution of Invasive Pneumococcal Isolatesfrom Children and Selected Adults in the United States Prior to7-Valent Conjugate VaccineIntroduction
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2003
    In:  Journal of Clinical Microbiology Vol. 41, No. 9 ( 2003-09), p. 4194-4216
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 41, No. 9 ( 2003-09), p. 4194-4216
    Abstract: Theseven-valent pneumococcal conjugated polysaccharide vaccine PC7V was licensed for use among children in 2000. Since 90 serotypes of pneumococci exist, an increase in nonvaccine serotypes could occur through immune selection for capsular type switching. Eleven hundred sixty-eight invasive isolates (24 serotypes), recovered primarily from pediatric patients (855 isolates = 73%) and 22 reference strains of known multilocus sequence types (STs) were subjected to macrorestriction profiling (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [PFGE]). The correlation of 187 ST results (including 49 newly discovered STs) with the PFGE data assigned 1,042 (89.2%) study isolates to 46 defined clonal complexes or genetic lineages based on related multilocus STs (BURST). Seventeen clonal complexes were represented by 2 to 10 related allelic profiles (STs), while 33 lineages (including reference strains) consisted of single STs with 4 or fewer allelic identities to other STs found in the study. Expansion of the BURST analysis to a global analysis of all known pneumococcal STs (as of 27 November 2002) reduced the number of single ST lineages from 33 to 8, and the number of multi-ST clonal complexes was reduced from 17 to 13. In this work, we established the basic genetic structure within individual serotypes prior to PC7V use. The resultant database will be useful for detecting potential selective effects of this vaccine in postvaccine surveillance.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0095-1137 , 1098-660X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JCM.41.9.4194-4216.2003
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2003
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1498353-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 9
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    Pre- and Postvaccination Clonal Compositions of Invasive Pneumococcal Serotypes for Isolates Collected in the United States in 1999, 2001, and 2002
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2006
    In:  Journal of Clinical Microbiology Vol. 44, No. 3 ( 2006-03), p. 999-1017
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 44, No. 3 ( 2006-03), p. 999-1017
    Abstract: Monitoring of serotypes and their clonal associations is critical as pneumococci adapt to the selective pressures exerted by the pneumococcal seven-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV7). We genotyped 1,476 invasive isolates from the Active Bacterial Core surveillance (705 [89.8%] of the isolates were obtained from children 〈 5 years of age, and 771 [18.4%] of the isolates were obtained from individuals 〉 5 years of age) in 2001 and 2002 (after the introduction of PCV7). The data were compared to the results for 1,168 invasive isolates (855 [83.9%] of the isolates were from children 〈 5 years of age) collected in 1999. Among children 〈 5 years of age, the incidence of invasive disease due to non-PCV7 serogroups together with serogroup 19A increased ( P 〈 0.001). Eighty-three clonal sets, representing 177 multilocus sequence types (STs), were compiled from the 3-year isolate set. Among the non-PCV7 serogroups, newly emerging clones were uncommon; and a significant expansion of already established clones occurred for serotypes 3 (ST180), 7F (ST191), 15BCF (ST199), 19A (ST199), 22F (ST433), 33F (ST662), and 38 (ST393). However, additional minor clonal types within serotypes 1, 6A, 6B, 7C, 9N, 10A, 12F, 14, 15B/C, 17F, 19A, 19F, 20, 22F, and 33F that were absent in 1999 were found during 2001 and 2002. Although 23 clonal sets exhibited multiple serotypes, for most serotypes there were either no changes or modest changes in clonal compositions since the introduction of PCV7. The only example of an identical ST shared between non-PCV7 and PCV7 or PCV7-related serotypes was ST199; however, ST199 was prevalent within serotypes 15B/C and 19A before and after PCV7 introduction. Continued genotypic surveillance is warranted, since certain clones not targeted by PCV7 are expanding, and their emergence as significant pathogens could occur with maintained vaccine pressure.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0095-1137 , 1098-660X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JCM.44.3.999-1017.2006
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1498353-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
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    RAPID LETHAL EFFECT IN RATS OF A THIRD COMPONENT FOUND UPON FRACTIONATING THE TOXIN OF BACILLUS ANTHRACIS
    American Society for Microbiology ; 1962
    In:  Journal of Bacteriology Vol. 83, No. 6 ( 1962-06), p. 1274-1280
    Details
    In: Journal of Bacteriology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 83, No. 6 ( 1962-06), p. 1274-1280
    Abstract: Beall, Francis A. (U.S. Army Chemical Corps, Frederick, Md.), Martha J. Taylor, and Curtis B. Thorne . Rapid lethal effect in rats of a third component found upon fractionating the toxin of Bacillus anthracis . J. Bacteriol. 83: 1274–1280. 1962.—Rats were found to be more susceptible to the lethal effect of toxin produced by Bacillus anthracis in vitro than were several species considered less resistant to anthrax. Rats were killed much faster by less toxin per gram of body weight than were mice. Guinea pigs survived doses of toxin that killed rats. Intravenous injection of Fischer 344 rats is a rapid test for lethal activity, which facilitates the demonstration of two components, different from protective antigen, in toxin. One of these, a lethal factor, was separated from the other component, which causes cutaneous edema in the guinea pig. The latter component was not necessary for lethal effect. Neither of these factors was active unless combined with protective antigen. Although the guinea pig skin reaction has been used routinely to assay the toxicity of samples, the present results show that this test does not assay the lethal component.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-9193 , 1098-5530
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/jb.83.6.1274-1280.1962
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 1962
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481988-0
    SSG: 12
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