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  • Biology  (72)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Role of the Phenylalanine-Hydroxylating System in Aromatic Substance Degradation and Lipid Metabolism in the Oleaginous Fungus Mortierella alpina
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2013
    In:  Applied and Environmental Microbiology Vol. 79, No. 10 ( 2013-05-15), p. 3225-3233
    Details
    In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 79, No. 10 ( 2013-05-15), p. 3225-3233
    Abstract: Mortierella alpina is a filamentous fungus commonly found in soil that is able to produce lipids in the form of triacylglycerols that account for up to 50% of its dry weight. Analysis of the M. alpina genome suggests that there is a phenylalanine-hydroxylating system for the catabolism of phenylalanine, which has never been found in fungi before. We characterized the phenylalanine-hydroxylating system in M. alpina to explore its role in phenylalanine metabolism and its relationship to lipid biosynthesis. Significant changes were found in the profile of fatty acids in M. alpina grown on medium containing an inhibitor of the phenylalanine-hydroxylating system compared to M. alpina grown on medium without inhibitor. Genes encoding enzymes involved in the phenylalanine-hydroxylating system (phenylalanine hydroxylase [PAH], pterin-4α-carbinolamine dehydratase, and dihydropteridine reductase) were expressed heterologo usly in Escherichia coli , and the resulting proteins were purified to homogeneity. Their enzymatic activity was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or visible (Vis)-UV spectroscopy. Two functional PAH enzymes were observed, encoded by distinct gene copies. A novel role for tetrahydrobiopterin in fungi as a cofactor for PAH, which is similar to its function in higher life forms, is suggested. This study establishes a novel scheme for the fungal degradation of an aromatic substance (phenylalanine) and suggests that the phenylalanine-hydroxylating system is functionally significant in lipid metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0099-2240 , 1098-5336
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00238-13
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 223011-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1478346-0
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Microbial Ecological Mechanism for Long-Term Production of High Concentrations of n -Caproate via Lactate-Driven Chain Elongation
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2021
    In:  Applied and Environmental Microbiology Vol. 87, No. 11 ( 2021-05-11)
    Details
    In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 87, No. 11 ( 2021-05-11)
    Abstract: Lactate-driven chain elongation (LCE) has emerged as a new biotechnology to upgrade organic waste streams into a valuable biochemical and fuel precursor, medium - chain carboxylate, n -caproate. Considering that a low cost of downstream extraction is critical for biorefinery technology, a high concentration of n -caproate production is very important to improve the scale-up of the LCE process. We report here that in a nonsterile open environment, the n -caproate concentration was increased from the previous record of 25.7 g·liter −1 to a new high level of 33.7 g·liter −1 (76.8 g chemical oxygen demand [COD]·liter − 1 ), with the highest production rate being 11.5 g·liter −1 ·day −1 (26.2 g COD·liter − 1 ·day −1 ). In addition, the LCE process remained stable, with an average concentration of n -caproate production of 20.2 ± 5.62 g·liter −1 (46.1 ± 12.8 g COD·liter − 1 ) for 780 days. Dynamic changes in taxonomic composition integrated with metagenomic data reveal the microbial ecology for long-term production of high concentrations of n -caproate: (i) the core microbiome is related to efficient functional groups, such as Ruminococcaceae (with functional strain CPB6); (ii) the core bacteria can maintain stability for long-term operation; (iii) the microbial network has relatively low microbe-microbe interaction strength; and (iv) low relative abundance and variety of competitors. The network structure could be shaped by hydraulic retention time (HRT) over time, and long-term operation at an HRT of 8 days displayed higher efficacy. IMPORTANCE Our research revealed the microbial network of the LCE reactor microbiome for n- caproate production at high concentrations, which will provide a foundation for designing or engineering the LCE reactor microbiome to recover n -caproate from organic waste streams in the future. In addition, the hypothetical model of the reactor microbiome that we proposed may offer guidance for researchers to find the underlying microbial mechanism when they encounter low-efficiency n -caproate production from the LCE process. We anticipate that our research will rapidly advance LCE biotechnology with the goal of promoting the sustainable development of human society.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0099-2240 , 1098-5336
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/AEM.03075-20
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 223011-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1478346-0
    SSG: 12
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Enhancing the Promiscuous Phosphotriesterase Activity of a Thermostable Lactonase (GkaP) for the Efficient Degradation of Organophosphate Pesticides
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2012
    In:  Applied and Environmental Microbiology Vol. 78, No. 18 ( 2012-09-15), p. 6647-6655
    Details
    In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 78, No. 18 ( 2012-09-15), p. 6647-6655
    Abstract: The phosphotriesterase-like lactonase (PLL) enzymes in the amidohydrolase superfamily hydrolyze various lactones and exhibit latent phosphotriesterase activities. These enzymes serve as attractive templates for in vitro evolution of neurotoxic organophosphates (OPs) with hydrolytic capabilities that can be used as bioremediation tools. Here, a thermostable PLL from Geobacillus kaustophilus HTA426 (GkaP) was targeted for joint laboratory evolution with the aim of enhancing its catalytic efficiency against OP pesticides. By a combination of site saturation mutagenesis and whole-gene error-prone PCR approaches, several improved variants were isolated. The most active variant, 26A8C, accumulated eight amino acid substitutions and demonstrated a 232-fold improvement over the wild-type enzyme in reactivity ( k cat / K m ) for the OP pesticide ethyl -paraoxon. Concomitantly, this variant showed a 767-fold decrease in lactonase activity with δ-decanolactone, imparting a specificity switch of 1.8 × 10 5 -fold. 26A8C also exhibited high hydrolytic activities (19- to 497-fold) for several OP pesticides, including parathion, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos. Analysis of the mutagenesis sites on the GkaP structure revealed that most mutations are located in loop 8, which determines substrate specificity in the amidohydrolase superfamily. Molecular dynamics simulation shed light on why 26A8C lost its native lactonase activity and improved the promiscuous phosphotriesterase activity. These results permit us to obtain further insights into the divergent evolution of promiscuous enzymes and suggest that laboratory evolution of GkaP may lead to potential biological solutions for the efficient decontamination of neurotoxic OP compounds.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0099-2240 , 1098-5336
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01122-12
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2012
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 223011-2
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Illuminating Key Microbial Players and Metabolic Processes Involved in the Remineralization of Particulate Organic Carbon in the Ocean’s Twilight Zone by Metaproteomics
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2021
    In:  Applied and Environmental Microbiology Vol. 87, No. 20 ( 2021-09-28)
    Details
    In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 87, No. 20 ( 2021-09-28)
    Abstract: The twilight zone (from the base of the euphotic zone to the depth of 1,000 m) is the major area of particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralization in the ocean, and heterotrophic microbes contribute to more than 70% of the estimated remineralization. However, little is known about the microbial community and metabolic activity directly associated with POC remineralization in this chronically understudied realm. Here, we characterized the microbial community proteomes of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting sites in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a metaproteomic approach. The particle-attached bacteria from Alteromonadales , Rhodobacterales , and Enterobacterales were the primary POC remineralizers. Hydrolytic enzymes, including proteases and hydrolases, that degrade proteinaceous components and polysaccharides, the main constituents of POC, were abundant and taxonomically associated with these bacterial groups. Furthermore, identification of diverse species-specific transporters and metabolic enzymes implied niche specialization for nutrient acquisition among these bacterial groups. Temperature was the main environmental factor driving the active bacterial groups and metabolic processes, and Enterobacterales replaced Alteromonadales as the predominant group under low temperature. This study provides insight into the key bacteria and metabolic processes involved in POC remineralization, and niche complementarity and species substitution among bacterial groups are critical for efficient POC remineralization in the twilight zone. IMPORTANCE The ocean’s twilight zone is a critical zone where more than 70% of the sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) is remineralized. Therefore, the twilight zone determines the size of biological carbon storage in the ocean and regulates the global climate. Prokaryotes are major players that govern remineralization of POC in this region. However, knowledge of microbial community structure and metabolic activity is still lacking. This study unveiled microbial communities and metabolic activities of POC samples collected from the twilight zone of three contrasting environments in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using a metaproteomic approach. Alteromonadales , Rhodobacterales , and Enterobacterales were the major remineralizers of POC. They excreted diverse species-specific hydrolytic enzymes to split POC into solubilized POC or dissolved organic carbon. Temperature played a crucial role in regulating the community composition and metabolism. Furthermore, niche complementarity or species substitution among bacterial groups guaranteed the efficient remineralization of POC in the twilight zone.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0099-2240 , 1098-5336
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00986-21
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 223011-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1478346-0
    SSG: 12
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Functional Differences in the Blooming Phytoplankton Heterosigma akashiwo and Prorocentrum donghaiense Revealed by Comparative Metaproteomics
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2019
    In:  Applied and Environmental Microbiology Vol. 85, No. 19 ( 2019-10)
    Details
    In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 85, No. 19 ( 2019-10)
    Abstract: Phytoplankton blooms are natural phenomena in the ocean, which are the results of rapid cell growth of some phytoplankton species in a unique environment. However, little is known about the molecular events occurring during the bloom. Here, we compared metaproteomes of two phytoplankton Heterosigma akashiwo and Prorocentrum donghaiense in the coastal East China Sea. H. akashiwo and P. donghaiense accounted for 7.82% and 4.74% of the phytoplankton community protein abundances in the nonbloom sample, whereas they contributed to 60.13% and 78.09%, respectively, in their individual blooming samples. Compared with P. donghaiense , H. akashiwo possessed a significantly higher abundance of light-harvesting complex proteins, carbonic anhydrasem and RuBisCO. The blooming H. akashiwo cells expressed more proteins related to external nutrient acquisition, such as bicarbonate transporter SLC4, ammonium transporter, nitrite transporter, and alkaline phosphatase, while the blooming P. donghaiense cells highly expressed proteins related to extra- and intracellular organic nutrient utilization, such as amino acid transporter, 5′-nucleotidase, acid phosphatase, and tripeptidyl-peptidase. The strong capabilities of light harvesting, as well as acquisition and assimilation of inorganic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, facilitated the formation of the H. akashiwo bloom under the high turbidity and inorganic nutrient-sufficient condition, whereas the competitive advantages in organic nutrient acquisition and reallocation guaranteed the occurrence of the P. donghaiense bloom under the inorganic nutrient-insufficient condition. This study highlights the power of metaproteomics for revealing the underlying molecular behaviors of different coexisting phytoplankton species and advances our knowledge on the formation of phytoplankton blooms. IMPORTANCE A deep understanding of the mechanisms driving bloom formation is a prerequisite for effective bloom management. Metaproteomics was applied in this study to reveal the adaptive and responsive strategies of two coexisting phytoplankton species, H. akashiwo and P. donghaiense , during their bloom periods. Metabolic features and niche divergence in light harvesting, as well as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus acquisition and assimilation likely promoted the bloom occurrence under different environments. The molecular behaviors of coexisting bloom-causing species will give clues for bloom monitoring and management in the oceans.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0099-2240 , 1098-5336
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01425-19
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 223011-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1478346-0
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Identification of a MarR Subfamily That Regulates Arsenic Resistance Genes
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2021
    In:  Applied and Environmental Microbiology Vol. 87, No. 24 ( 2021-11-24)
    Details
    In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 87, No. 24 ( 2021-11-24)
    Abstract: In this study, comprehensive analyses were performed to determine the function of an atypical MarR homolog in Achromobacter sp. strain As-55. Genomic analyses of Achromobacter sp. As-55 showed that this marR is located adjacent to an arsV gene. ArsV is a flavin-dependent monooxygenase that confers resistance to the antibiotic methylarsenite [MAs(III)], the organoarsenic compound roxarsone(III) [Rox(III)] , and the inorganic antimonite [Sb(III)]. Similar marR genes are widely distributed in arsenic-resistant bacteria. Phylogenetic analyses showed that these MarRs are found in operons predicted to be involved in resistance to inorganic and organic arsenic species, so the subfamily was named MarR ars . MarR ars orthologs have three conserved cysteine residues, which are Cys36, Cys37, and Cys157 in Achromobacter sp. As-55, mutation of which compromises the response to MAs(III)/Sb(III). GFP-fluorescent biosensor assays show that AdMarR ars (MarR protein of Achromobacter deleyi As-55) responds to trivalent As(III) and Sb(III) but not to pentavalent As(V) or Sb(V). The results of RT-qPCR assays show that arsV is expressed constitutively in a marR deletion mutant, indicating that marR represses transcription of arsV . Moreover, electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) demonstrate that AdMarR ars binds to the promoters of both marR and arsV in the absence of ligands and that DNA binding is relieved upon binding of As(III) and Sb(III). Our results demonstrate that AdMarR ars is a novel As(III)/Sb(III)-responsive transcriptional repressor that controls expression of arsV, which confers resistance to MAs(III), Rox(III), and Sb(III). AdMarR ars and its orthologs form a subfamily of MarR proteins that regulate genes conferring resistance to arsenic-containing antibiotics. IMPORTANCE In this study, a MarR family member, AdMarR ars was shown to regulate the arsV gene, which confers resistance to arsenic-containing antibiotics. It is a founding member of a distinct subfamily that we refer to as MarR ars , regulating genes conferring resistance to arsenic and antimony antibiotic compounds. AdMarR ars was shown to be a repressor containing conserved cysteine residues that are required to bind As(III) and Sb(III), leading to a conformational change and subsequent derepression. Here we show that members of the MarR family are involved in regulating arsenic-containing compounds.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0099-2240 , 1098-5336
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01588-21
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 223011-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1478346-0
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Deciphering Molecular Mechanism Underlying Self-Flocculation of Zymomonas mobilis for Robust Production
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2022
    In:  Applied and Environmental Microbiology Vol. 88, No. 9 ( 2022-05-10)
    Details
    In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 88, No. 9 ( 2022-05-10)
    Abstract: Zymomonas mobilis metabolizes sugar anaerobically through the Entner-Doudoroff pathway with less ATP generated for lower biomass accumulation to direct more sugar for product formation with improved yield, making it a suitable host to be engineered as microbial cell factories for producing bulk commodities with major costs from feedstock consumption. Self-flocculation of the bacterial cells presents many advantages, such as enhanced tolerance to environmental stresses, a prerequisite for achieving high product titers by using concentrated substrates. ZM401, a self-flocculating mutant developed from ZM4, the unicellular model strain of Z. mobilis , was employed in this work to explore the molecular mechanism underlying this self-flocculating phenotype. Comparative studies between ZM401 and ZM4 indicate that a frameshift caused by a single nucleotide deletion in the poly-T tract of ZMO1082 fused the putative gene with the open reading frame of ZMO1083, encoding the catalytic subunit BcsA of the bacterial cellulose synthase to catalyze cellulose biosynthesis. Furthermore, the single nucleotide polymorphism mutation in the open reading frame of ZMO1055, encoding a bifunctional GGDEF-EAL protein with apparent diguanylate cyclase/phosphodiesterase activities, resulted in the Ala526Val substitution, which consequently compromised in vivo specific phosphodiesterase activity for the degradation of cyclic diguanylic acid, leading to intracellular accumulation of the signaling molecule to activate cellulose biosynthesis. These discoveries are significant for engineering other unicellular strains from Z. mobilis with the self-flocculating phenotype for robust production. IMPORTANCE Stress tolerance is a prerequisite for microbial cell factories to be robust in production, particularly for biorefinery of lignocellulosic biomass to produce biofuels, bioenergy, and bio-based chemicals for sustainable socioeconomic development, since various inhibitors are released during the pretreatment to destroy the recalcitrant lignin-carbohydrate complex for sugar production through enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulose component, and their detoxification is too costly for producing bulk commodities. Although tolerance to individual stress has been intensively studied, the progress seems less significant since microbial cells are inevitably suffering from multiple stresses simultaneously under production conditions. When self-flocculating, microbial cells are more tolerant to multiple stresses through the general stress response due to enhanced quorum sensing associated with the morphological change for physiological and metabolic advantages. Therefore, elucidation of the molecular mechanism underlying such a self-flocculating phenotype is significant for engineering microbial cells with the unique multicellular morphology through rational design to boost their production performance.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0099-2240 , 1098-5336
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/aem.02398-21
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 223011-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1478346-0
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Visible-Light-Induced Bactericidal Activity of a Nitrogen-Doped Titanium Photocatalyst against Human Pathogens
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2006
    In:  Applied and Environmental Microbiology Vol. 72, No. 9 ( 2006-09), p. 6111-6116
    Details
    In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 72, No. 9 ( 2006-09), p. 6111-6116
    Abstract: The antibacterial activity of photocatalytic titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) substrates is induced primarily by UV light irradiation. Recently, nitrogen- and carbon-doped TiO 2 substrates were shown to exhibit photocatalytic activities under visible-light illumination. Their antibacterial activity, however, remains to be quantified. In this study, we demonstrated that nitrogen-doped TiO 2 substrates have superior visible-light-induced bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli compared to pure TiO 2 and carbon-doped TiO 2 substrates. We also found that protein- and light-absorbing contaminants partially reduce the bactericidal activity of nitrogen-doped TiO 2 substrates due to their light-shielding effects. In the pathogen-killing experiment, a significantly higher proportion of all tested pathogens, including Shigella flexneri , Listeria monocytogenes , Vibrio parahaemolyticus , Staphylococcus aureus , Streptococcus pyogenes , and Acinetobacter baumannii , were killed by visible-light-illuminated nitrogen-doped TiO 2 substrates than by pure TiO 2 substrates. These findings suggest that nitrogen-doped TiO 2 has potential application in the development of alternative disinfectants for environmental and medical usages.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0099-2240 , 1098-5336
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02580-05
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 223011-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1478346-0
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  • 9
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    Biodiversity and Biogeography of Rhizobia Associated with Soybean Plants Grown in the North China Plain
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2011
    In:  Applied and Environmental Microbiology Vol. 77, No. 18 ( 2011-09-15), p. 6331-6342
    Details
    In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 77, No. 18 ( 2011-09-15), p. 6331-6342
    Abstract: As the putative center of origin for soybean and the second largest region of soybean production in China, the North China Plain covers temperate and subtropical regions with diverse soil characteristics. However, the soybean rhizobia in this plain have not been sufficiently studied. To investigate the biodiversity and biogeography of soybean rhizobia in this plain, a total of 309 isolates of symbiotic bacteria from the soybean nodules collected from 16 sampling sites were studied by molecular characterization. These isolates were classified into 10 genospecies belonging to the genera Sinorhizobium and Bradyrhizobium , including four novel groups, with S. fredii (68.28%) as the dominant group. The phylogeny of symbiotic genes nodC and nifH defined four lineages among the isolates associated with Sinorhizobium fredii , Bradyrhizobium elkanii , B. japonicum , and B. yuanmingense , demonstrating the different origins of symbiotic genes and their coevolution with the chromosome. The possible lateral transfer of symbiotic genes was detected in several cases. The association between soil factors (available N, P, and K and pH) and the distribution of genospecies suggest clear biogeographic patterns: Sinorhizobium spp. were superdominant in sampling sites with alkaline-saline soils, while Bradyrhizobium spp. were more abundant in neutral soils. This study clarified the biodiversity and biogeography of soybean rhizobia in the North China Plain.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0099-2240 , 1098-5336
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00542-11
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2011
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 223011-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1478346-0
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
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    Community and Proteomic Analysis of Methanogenic Consortia Degrading Terephthalate
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2013
    In:  Applied and Environmental Microbiology Vol. 79, No. 1 ( 2013-01), p. 105-112
    Details
    In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 79, No. 1 ( 2013-01), p. 105-112
    Abstract: Degradation of terephthalate (TA) through microbial syntrophy under moderately thermophilic (46 to 50°C) methanogenic conditions was characterized by using a metagenomic approach (A. Lykidis et al., ISME J. 5:122–130, 2011). To further study the activities of key microorganisms responsible for the TA degradation, community analysis and shotgun proteomics were used. The results of hierarchical oligonucleotide primer extension analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes indicated that Pelotomaculum , Methanosaeta , and Methanolinea were predominant in the TA-degrading biofilms. Metaproteomic analysis identified a total of 482 proteins and revealed a distinctive distribution pattern of microbial functions expressed in situ . The results confirmed that TA was degraded by Pelotomaculum spp. via the proposed decarboxylation and benzoyl-coenzyme A-dependent pathway. The intermediate by-products, including acetate, H 2 /CO 2 , and butyrate, were produced to support the growth of methanogens, as well as other microbial populations that could further degrade butyrate. Proteins related to energy production and conservation, and signal transduction mechanisms (that is, chemotaxis, PAS/GGDEF regulators, and stress proteins) were highly expressed, and these mechanisms were important for growth in energy-limited syntrophic ecosystems.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0099-2240 , 1098-5336
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02327-12
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 223011-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1478346-0
    SSG: 12
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