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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid Diversification of Marine Picophytoplankton with Dissimilar Light-Harvesting Structures Inferred from Sequences of Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus (Cyanobacteria) (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 46 (1998), S. 188-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words:Prochlorococcus—Synechococcus— Cyanobacteria — Picophytoplankton — Photosynthetic picoplankton — Prochlorophyte — Molecular evolution — Gene clusters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Cultured isolates of the unicellular planktonic cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and marine Synechococcus belong to a single marine picophytoplankton clade. Within this clade, two deeply branching lineages of Prochlorococcus, two lineages of marine A Synechococcus and one lineage of marine B Synechococcus exhibit closely spaced divergence points with low bootstrap support. This pattern is consistent with a near-simultaneous diversification of marine lineages with divinyl chlorophyll b and phycobilisomes as photosynthetic antennae. Inferences from 16S ribosomal RNA sequences including data for 18 marine picophytoplankton clade members were congruent with results of psbB and petB and D sequence analyses focusing on five strains of Prochlorococcus and one strain of marine A Synechococcus. Third codon position and intergenic region nucleotide frequencies vary widely among members of the marine picophytoplankton group, suggesting that substitution biases differ among the lineages. Nonetheless, standard phylogenetic methods and newer algorithms insensitive to such biases did not recover different branching patterns within the group, and failed to cluster Prochlorococcus with chloroplasts or other chlorophyll b-containing prokaryotes. Prochlorococcus isolated from surface waters of stratified, oligotrophic ocean provinces predominate in a lineage exhibiting low G + C nucleotide frequencies at highly variable positions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00006294
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characteristics of two marine nitrite oxidizing bacteria, Nitrospina gracilis nov. gen. nov. sp. and Nitrococcus mobilis nov. gen. nov. sp. (1971)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 77 (1971), S. 203-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two new nitrite oxidizing bacteria for which the names Nitrococcus mobilis and Nitrospina gracilis are proposed were isolated from the marine environment. Nitrococcus mobilis was cultured from South Pacific waters and it is a large motile coccus with unique tubular cytomembranes. Nitrospina gracilis was isolated from South Atlantic waters and it is a long slender rod which lacks an extensive cytomembrane system. Both are obligate marine organisms and both are obligate chemoautotrophs. The fine structure of these organisms is detailed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00408114
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and characterization of a visibly luminous variant of Vibrio fischeri strain ES114 from the sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes (1995)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 164 (1995), S. 194-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key wordsVibrio fischeri ; Spontaneous variant ; Pleiotropic variant ; Dimorphism ; Symbiosis ; Sepiolid squid ; Euprymna scolopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Vibrio fischeri strains isolated from light organs of the sepiolid squid Euprymna scolpes are non-visibly luminous and fast growing in laboratory culture, whereas in the symbiosis they are visibly luminous and slow growing. A spontaneous, visibly luminous, slow-growing variant was isolated from a laboratory culture of the squid-symbiotic V. fischeri strain ES114. Taxonomic and DNA-homology analyses demonstrated that the variant was V. fischeri and was very similar to the original form. However, the variant grew at one-fourth the rate of the original form, produced 30,000-fold more luminescence, induced luminescence at a lower cell density, and produced a higher level of V. fischeri luminescence autoinducer. Regulation of luminescence, nonetheless, was similar in the two forms and typical of V. fischeri with respect to responses to autoinducer, glucose, the iron chelator ethylenediamine-di(o-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid), and 3′:5′-cyclic AMP. Compared to the original form, cells of the variant were smaller, exhibited from zero to two polar, sheathed flagella instead of a tuft of three to eight flagella, produced a deeper yellow-orange pigment, did not acidify media containing glycerol, and produced a more distinct pellicle. The two forms also differed in the levels of several outer membrane and soluble proteins. These results establish a distinctive physiological, morphological, and biochemical dimorphism in V. fischeri ES114 in which the variant exhibits several traits similar to V. fischeri cells in the symbiotic state. The variant and its conversion from the original form in laboratory culture may provide insight into the properties of V. fischeri cells in the symbiosis and may serve as a model for elucidating the mechanism for their pleiotropic conversion upon colonization of the squid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002030050254
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chloroherpeton thalassium gen. nov. et spec. nov., a non-filamentous, flexing and gliding green sulfur bacterium (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 138 (1984), S. 96-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Green sulfur bacterium ; Flexing ; Gliding ; Obligate phototroph ; Bacteriochlorophyll c
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A flexing and gliding green sulfur bacterium has been isolated from marine sources off the North East coast of the USA. Chloroherpeton thalassium is an obligate phototroph, and requires CO2 and S2- for growth; some organic acids can contribute to cell carbon, and N2 may be fixed. The cells contain typical chlorosomes, and gas vesicles may be present. Bacteriochlorophyll c is the main light harvesting pigment, and a small quantity of bacteriochlorophyll a is also present. Over 80% of the carotenoid is γ-carotene. DNA base composition of the isolates ranges from 45.0–48.2 mol% G+C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413007
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrospira marina gen. nov. sp. nov.: a chemolithotrophic nitrite-oxidizing bacterium (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 144 (1986), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrospira marina ; Nitrite-oxidizing bacterium ; Chemolithotrophic ; Mixotrophic ; Periplasmic space
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new chemolithotrophic nitrite-oxidizing bacterium, for which the name Nitrospira marina is proposed, was isolated from the Gulf of Maine. N. marina is a Gramnegative curved rod which may form spirals with 1 to 12 turns. Cells have a unique periplasmic space and lack intracytoplasmic membranes and carboxysomes. N. marina is an obligate chemolithotroph, but best growth is obtained in a mixotrophic medium. N. marina may be one of the most prevalent nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in some oceanic environments. Type strain is field with American Type Culture Collection (ATCC 43039).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00454947
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen fixation and nitrate utilization by marine and freshwater Beggiatoa (1982)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 133 (1982), S. 172-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Beggiatoa ; Nitrogen fixation ; Acetylene reduction ; Nitrate assimilation ; Microaerobic ; Isolation of marine strains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four newly isolated marine strains of Beggiatoa and five freshwater strains were tested for nitrogen fixation in slush agar medium. All strains reduced acetylene when grown microaerobically in media containing a reduced sulfur source and lacking added combined nitrogen. The addition of 2 mmol N, as nitrate or ammonium salts, completely inhibited this reduction. Although not optimized for temperature or cell density, acetylene reduction rates ranged from 3.2 to 12 nmol·mg prot-1 min-1. Two freshwater strains did not grow well or reduce acetylene in medium lacking combined nitrogen if sulfide was replaced by thiosulfate. Two other strains grew well in liquid media lacking both combined nitrogen and reduced sulfur compounds but only under lowered concentrations of air. All freshwater strains grew well in medium containing nitrate as the combined nitrogen source. Since they did not reduce acetylene under these conditions, we infer that they can assimilate nitrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414997
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prochlorococcus marinus nov. gen. nov. sp.: an oxyphototrophic marine prokaryote containing divinyl chlorophyll a and b (1992)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 157 (1992), S. 297-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Prokaryote ; Prochlorophyte ; Prochlorococcus marinus ; Cyanobacteria ; Picoplankton ; Molecular phylogeny ; Divinyl chlorophyll
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several years ago, prochlorophyte picoplankton were discovered in the N. Atlantic. They have since been found to be abundant within the euphotic zone of the world's tropical and temperate oceans. The cells are extremely small, lack phycobiliproteins, and contain divinyl chlorophyll a and b as their primary photosynthetic pigments. Phylogenies constructed from DNA sequence data indicate that these cells are more closely related to a cluster of marine cyanobacteria than to their prochlorophyte ‘relatives’ Prochlorothrix and Prochloron. Several strains of this organism have recently been brought into culture, and herewith are given the name Prochlorococcus marinus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00245165
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  • 8
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    Iron stress in open-ocean cyanobacteria (Synechococcus, Trichodesmium, and Crocosphaera spp.) : identification of the IdiA protein (2005)
    American Society for Microbiology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Society for Microbiology, 2001. This article is posted here by permission of American Society for Microbiology for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67 (2001): 5444-5452, doi:10.1128/AEM.67.12.5444-5452.2001.
    Description: Cyanobacteria are prominent constituents of the marine biosphere that account for a significant percentage of oceanic primary productivity. In an effort to resolve how open-ocean cyanobacteria persist in regions where the Fe concentration is thought to be limiting their productivity, we performed a number of Fe stress experiments on axenic cultures of marine Synechococcus spp., Crocosphaera sp., and Trichodesmium sp. Through this work, we determined that all of these marine cyanobacteria mount adaptive responses to Fe stress, which resulted in the induction and/or repression of several proteins. We have identified one of the Fe stress-induced proteins as an IdiA homologue. Genomic observations and laboratory data presented herein from open-ocean Synechococcus spp. are consistent with IdiA having a role in cellular Fe scavenging. Our data indicate that IdiA may make an excellent marker for Fe stress in open-ocean cyanobacterial field populations. By determining how these microorganisms respond to Fe stress, we will gain insight into how and when this important trace element can limit their growth in situ. This knowledge will greatly increase our understanding of how marine Fe cycling impacts oceanic processes, such as carbon and nitrogen fixation.
    Description: This work was partially funded by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution postdoctoral scholarship and a subcontract from the Center for Bioinorganic Chemistry at Princeton University (grant no. CHE-9810248) to E.A.W. Additional funds were supplied by the Seaver Institute to J.W.M.
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Synechococcus spp. ; Crocosphaera sp ; Trichodesmium sp ; Iron stress
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 9
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    Distribution and diversity of natural product genes in marine and freshwater cyanobacterial cultures and genomes (2005)
    American Society for Microbiology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Society for Microbiology, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of American Society for Microbiology for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71 (2005): 7401-7413, doi:10.1128/AEM.71.11.7401-7413.2005.
    Description: Natural products are a functionally diverse class of biochemically synthesized compounds, which include antibiotics, toxins, and siderophores. In this paper, we describe both the detection of natural product activities and the sequence identification of gene fragments from two molecular systems that have previously been implicated in natural product production, i.e., nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) and modular polyketide synthases (PKSs), in diverse marine and freshwater cyanobacterial cultures. Using degenerate PCR and the sequencing of cloned products, we show that NRPSs and PKSs are common among the cyanobacteria tested. Our molecular data, when combined with genomic searches of finished and progressing cyanobacterial genomes, demonstrate that not all cyanobacteria contain NRPS and PKS genes and that the filamentous and heterocystous cyanobacteria are the richest sources of these genes and the most likely sources of novel natural products within the phylum. In addition to validating the use of degenerate primers for the identification of PKS and NRPS genes in cyanobacteria, this study also defines numerous gene fragments that will be useful as probes for future studies of the synthesis of natural products in cyanobacteria. Phylogenetic analyses of the cyanobacterial NRPS and PKS fragments sequenced in this study, as well as those from the cyanobacterial genome projects, demonstrate that there is remarkable diversity and likely novelty of these genes within the cyanobacteria. These results underscore the potential variety of novel products being produced by these ubiquitous organisms.
    Description: I.M.E. was partially supported through a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Summer Fellowship. This work was funded by a WHOI internal grant, Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health (OCE-0430724), and an NSF grant (OCE-0352241) to E.A.W.
    Keywords: Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) ; Modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) ; Cyanobacteria
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: 712305 bytes
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  • 10
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    Characterization of Trichodesmium spp. by genetic techniques (2005)
    American Society for Microbiology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Society for Microbiology, 2002. This article is posted here by permission of American Society for Microbiology for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68 (2002): 2236-2245, doi:10.1128/AEM.68.5.2236-2245.2002.
    Description: The genetic diversity of Trichodesmium spp. from natural populations (off Bermuda in the Sargasso Sea and off North Australia in the Arafura and Coral Seas) and of culture isolates from two regions (Sargasso Sea and Indian Ocean) was investigated. Three independent techniques were used, including a DNA fingerprinting method based on a highly iterated palindrome (HIP1), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of a hetR fragment, and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the 16S-23S rDNA region. Low genetic diversity was observed in natural populations of Trichodesmium spp. from the two hemispheres. Culture isolates of Trichodesmium thiebautii, Trichodesmium hildebrandtii, Trichodesmium tenue, and Katagnymene spiralis displayed remarkable similarity when these techniques were used, suggesting that K. spiralis is very closely related to the genus Trichodesmium. The largest genetic variation was found between Trichodesmium erythraeum and all other species of Trichodesmium, including a species of Katagnymene. Our data obtained with all three techniques suggest that there are two major clades of Trichodesmium spp. The HIP1 fingerprinting and ITS sequence analyses allowed the closely related species to be distinguished. This is the first report of the presence of HIP1 in marine cyanobacteria.
    Description: This work was funded by the Swedish Foundation for International Co-operation in Research and Higher Education (STINT) (B.B.), the Swedish Natural Science Research Council (B.B.), and the Swedish Institute (K.M.O.).
    Keywords: Trichodesmium spp. ; Highly iterated palindrome (HIP1) fingerprinting ; Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) ; Internal transcribed spacer (ITS)
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: 1318345 bytes
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