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  • 1
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    Measuring body fat: calibrating the rulers. Intermethod comparisons in 389 normal Caucasian subjects
    American Physiological Society ; 1991
    In:  American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism Vol. 261, No. 1 ( 1991-07-01), p. E103-E108
    Details
    In: American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, American Physiological Society, Vol. 261, No. 1 ( 1991-07-01), p. E103-E108
    Abstract: A systematic study of 389 normal Caucasians stratified for sex and age compared all of the traditional methods for measuring fat: body water, underwater weighing, body potassium, and anthropometrics and the newer methods of dual-photon absorptiometry, bioimpedance analysis, and total body electrical conductivity. Measurements by all methods are highly intercorrelated, but methods differences show the population means for fat percent to range from 26 to 35% of body weight across eight methods. All methods show increasing fat (as % body weight) with age in both sexes but vary in secular slope. The goal of this report is to provide direct translations between each of the eight methods. Intermethod comparison equations are given as simple linear regressions by using each method both as dependent and independent variable for each sex, permitting translation for results by any method to any other.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0193-1849 , 1522-1555
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1991.261.1.E103
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 1991
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1477331-4
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  • 2
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    Body potassium by four-pi 40K counting: an anthropometric correction
    American Physiological Society ; 1984
    In:  American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology Vol. 246, No. 2 ( 1984-02-01), p. F234-F239
    Details
    In: American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 246, No. 2 ( 1984-02-01), p. F234-F239
    Abstract: Four-pi whole body counting for the 1.46 meV photon of 40K has apparent advantages over single-crystal or two-pi counters in efficiency and in subject geometry independence. However, our studies of obese populations have disclosed a systematic undermeasurement of 40K, suggesting that nonhomogeneous K distribution results in systematic undercounting of 40K. In the current study 42K, emitting a 1.52 meV photon, was used in 109 volunteers ranging from 50 to 181 kg, and multiregression covariance analysis was applied to develop correction formulas based on anthropometrics. These corrections quantitatively account for the unappreciated loss of 40K and 42K photons in annular adipose tissue that surrounds the lean body, in which most K+ is concentrated. The correction ranges from 1 to 28% and is a linear (although different) function of weight in both sexes. Thus corrected, body potassium measurements, taken in conjunction with exchangeable sodium and water measurements, provide estimates for whole body osmolality that match measured serum values. Such a quantitative accounting for previously "lost" cation in 58 subjects provides independent evidence for the appropriateness and accuracy of the correction. With this correction, body potassium was recalculated in the 1,492 adult members of a previously reported group of 3,083 subjects.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1931-857X , 1522-1466
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.1984.246.2.F234
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 1984
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1477287-5
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  • 3
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    Influence of body size and gender on control of ventilation
    American Physiological Society ; 1986
    In:  Journal of Applied Physiology Vol. 60, No. 6 ( 1986-06-01), p. 1894-1899
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Physiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 60, No. 6 ( 1986-06-01), p. 1894-1899
    Abstract: Hypoxic (HVR) and hypercapnic (HCVR) ventilatory responses are influenced by both metabolic activity and hormonal factors. By studying 67 subjects of both sexes, including those at the extremes of stature, we examined the influence of gender, CO2 production (VCO2), O2 consumption (VO2), body surface area (BSA), and vital capacity (VC) on resting ventilation (VE), HVR, and HCVR. We measured resting VE, VO2, and VCO2 and then performed isocapnic progressive hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory responses. The effect of stature was reflected in higher VE and metabolic rate (both P less than 0.001) in tall men compared with short men that was ablated by correction for BSA. Perhaps because their heights vary less than those of the men, tall women were not statistically distinguishable from short women in any of these measured parameters. Tall men tended to have greater hypoxic chemosensitivity than short men but this was not significantly different (P = 0.07). Gender affected the control of ventilation in a number of ways. Men had higher VE (P less than 0.05) and metabolic rate (P less than 0.001) than women. Even after correction for BSA men still had higher metabolic rates. Women had higher VE/VCO2 than men (P less than 0.05) and lower resting end-tidal Pco2 (PETCO2) values (P less than 0.05). Both A, the shape parameter of the hyperbolic HVR curve, and HVR determined from mouth occlusion pressure (AP) were greater in women than in men, although only AP reached statistical significance. However, corrections of A for BSA (P less than 0.05), VCO2 (P less than 0.01), and VC (P less than 0.001) amplified these differences.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8750-7587 , 1522-1601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1986.60.6.1894
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    RVK:
    XA 52094
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 1986
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1404365-8
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  • 4
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    Body fat from body density: underwater weighing vs. dual-photon absorptiometry
    American Physiological Society ; 1989
    In:  American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism Vol. 256, No. 6 ( 1989-06-01), p. E829-E834
    Details
    In: American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, American Physiological Society, Vol. 256, No. 6 ( 1989-06-01), p. E829-E834
    Abstract: We measured fat in 286 healthy volunteers by underwater weighing (FUWW) and dual-photon absorptiometry (FDPA) to develop a translation table for the differing results from these entirely different techniques and to study the sources of these differences. In 99 males and 187 females aged 19-94 yr, fatness was 7-47%. Prediction equations are presented for FUWW-FDPA (delta F), density of lean body mass (DLBM), and FDPA. FUWW and FDPA were significantly different from each other (P less than 0.01). Calculated DLBM is less than the assumed constant of 1.10 (P less than 0.01), ranging widely from 1.05 to 1.13 and being highly correlated with the ratio of total body bone mineral to lean body mass (TBBM/LBM). delta F, the differences between FUWW and FDPA measurements in individual subjects, varied widely (-7 to +11% in males and -18 to +13% in females). The difference was positively correlated with the DLBM. FUWW was no better than anthropometrics in equations for predicting FDPA. The FDPA predicted from anthropometrics showed smaller standard errors than when FUWW was used. Neither anthropometrics nor FUWW equations are clearly superior to those previously available.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0193-1849 , 1522-1555
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1989.256.6.E829
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 1989
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1477331-4
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  • 5
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    Chemical and elemental analysis of humans in vivo using improved body composition models
    American Physiological Society ; 1991
    In:  American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism Vol. 261, No. 2 ( 1991-08-01), p. E190-E198
    Details
    In: American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, American Physiological Society, Vol. 261, No. 2 ( 1991-08-01), p. E190-E198
    Abstract: Six chemical compartments [water, protein, mineral (osseus and cellular), glycogen, and fat] consisting of 11 elements (N, C, Ca, Na, Cl, K, H, P, O, S, and Mg) comprise greater than or equal to 99% of body weight in living humans. The combination of three neutron-activation systems, whole body 40K counting, and 3H2O dilution at Brookhaven National Laboratory now potentially makes it possible to quantify greater than or equal to 96% of the chemical and elemental determinants of body weight in vivo. The aims of the present study were 1) to develop 6- and 11-compartment chemical and elemental models, respectively, and 2) to evaluate these models in a group of 20 healthy adults. Results demonstrated that body weight estimated from either chemical or elemental components was highly correlated with (both r = 0.97, P less than 0.001) and on average differed by less than 4% from actual body weight. The compartmental results obtained using the chemical model were also evaluated by comparing calculated and actual body density (Db) estimated by underwater weighing. Calculated Db [1.041 +/- 0.017 (SD) g/ml] agreed closely and was highly correlated with actual Db (1.039 +/- 0.018 g/ml; r = 0.82; P less than 0.001). Hence a near-complete chemical and elemental analysis of living human subjects is now possible and, with potential future refinements, represents an important opportunity to quantify the effects of gender, aging, and ethnic status on body composition.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0193-1849 , 1522-1555
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1991.261.2.E190
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 1991
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1477331-4
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  • 6
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    Effects of hypocapnia and hypocapnic alkalosis on cardiovascular function
    American Physiological Society ; 1976
    In:  Journal of Applied Physiology Vol. 40, No. 3 ( 1976-03-01), p. 333-337
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Physiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 40, No. 3 ( 1976-03-01), p. 333-337
    Abstract: Cardiovascular effects of hypocapnia and hypocapnic alkalosis with and without a fluid load were studied in four groups of dogs (group I: fluid load control; group II: fluid load-isolated hypocapnia; group III: fluid load-hypocapnic alkalosis; group IV: no fluid load-hypocapnic alkalosis). Hypocapnic alkalosis was induced by mechanical hyperventilation, and isolated hypocapnia by the simultaneous administration of 0.1 N HCl. Respiratory alkalosis was also studied during administration of a saline fluid load. Cardiac output and stroke volume increased in all groups receiving a fluid load (including isolated hypocapnia and hypocapnic alkalosis groups), but both fell significantly during hypocapnic alkalosis without fluid load. Pulmonary artery wedge pressure rose in groups with hypocapnic alkalosis with fluid load and isolated hypocapnia with fluid load, but did not change significantly with hypocapnic alkalosis without fluid load or in the normocapnic group with fluid load. It is concluded that cardiac output and stroke volume fall in response to hypocapnic alkalosis but both are maintained with a fluid load at the expense of an increased left ventricular preload.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8750-7587 , 1522-1601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1976.40.3.333
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    RVK:
    XA 52094
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 1976
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1404365-8
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  • 7
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    Relative expansion of extracellular fluid in obese vs. nonobese women
    American Physiological Society ; 1991
    In:  American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism Vol. 261, No. 2 ( 1991-08-01), p. E199-E203
    Details
    In: American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, American Physiological Society, Vol. 261, No. 2 ( 1991-08-01), p. E199-E203
    Abstract: There is a conflict in previous studies with regard to the relation between adipose tissue mass and total body fluid distribution. This study tested the hypothesis that obesity is accompanied by an increase in the extracellular-to-intracellular fluid ratio above that observed in nonobese subjects. Extracellular fluid was evaluated in obese (n = 39) and nonobese (n = 26) healthy women, using two different dilution volumes, 35SO4 [extracellular water (ECW)] and 24NaCl [exchangeable sodium (Nae)] . Intracellular water (ICW = 3H2O dilution volume-ECW) and total body potassium (TBK; 40K whole body counting) were assumed to represent intracellular fluid. Two independent markers of relative fluid distribution were formulated as ECW/ICW and Nae/TBK. Obese and nonobese women were of similar age and height but differed in body weight and TBW by 67.7 kg and 12.9 liters, respectively. The obese women had significantly larger absolute ECW, Nae, ICW, and TBK compared with the nonobese women (all P less than 0.001). The ratios ECW/ICW and Nae/TBK were significantly higher in obese vs. nonobese women and were highly correlated with each other (r = 0.54, P less than 0.001) in the pooled group of subjects. Fluid volumes are thus increased in obese women, and the expansion is relatively greater for the extracellular compartment. These results have implications in the study of human body composition and may also account in part for the fluid-overload states that often accompany severe obesity.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0193-1849 , 1522-1555
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1991.261.2.E199
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 1991
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1477331-4
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  • 8
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    Estimation of composition of weight loss in man: a comparison of methods
    American Physiological Society ; 1977
    In:  Journal of Applied Physiology Vol. 43, No. 2 ( 1977-08-01), p. 331-338
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Physiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 43, No. 2 ( 1977-08-01), p. 331-338
    Abstract: Five different procedures were used to estimate composition of weight loss by six obese individuals maintained on low-calorie regimens: 1) energy-nitrogen (E-N) balance; 2) total body water-nitrogen balance (TBW-N); 3) total body water (TBW); 4) total body potassium (TBK); and 5) an anthropometric method. Quantity of weight lost by obese subjects during comparison periods lasting 25–40 days ranged from 7.9 to 17.1 kg. Expressed as percent of aggregate weight loss, collective fat loss was 47.6 by E-N balance; 46.3 by TBW-N balance; 51.7 by TBK; 50.9 by anthrometry; and 33 by TBW. The E-N balance method yielded a tight cluster of individual means, whereas the other procedures gave a wide scatter of means. For short-term studies, the E-N balance procedure, although tedious and difficult, should yield results less variable than those generated by any of the other methods examined.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8750-7587 , 1522-1601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1977.43.2.331
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    RVK:
    XA 52094
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 1977
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1404365-8
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 31
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  • 9
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    Salivary antimicrobial proteins and stress biomarkers are elevated during a 6-month mission to the International Space Station
    American Physiological Society ; 2020
    In:  Journal of Applied Physiology Vol. 128, No. 2 ( 2020-02-01), p. 264-275
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Physiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 128, No. 2 ( 2020-02-01), p. 264-275
    Abstract: As the international space community plans for manned missions to Mars, spaceflight-associated immune dysregulation has been identified as a potential risk to the health and safety of the flight crew. There is a need to determine whether salivary antimicrobial proteins, which act as a first line of innate immune defense against multiple pathogens, are altered in response to long-duration ( 〉 6 mo) missions. We collected 7 consecutive days of whole and sublingual saliva samples from eight International Space Station (ISS) crewmembers and seven ground-based control subjects at nine mission time points, ~180 and ~60 days before launch (L−180/L−60), on orbit at flight days ~10 and ~90 (FD10/FD90) and ~1 day before return (R−1), and at R+0, R+18, R+33, and R+66 days after returning to Earth. We found that salivary secretory (s)IgA, lysozyme, LL-37, and the cortisol-to-dehydroepiandrosterone ratio were elevated in the ISS crew before (L−180) and during (FD10/FD90) the mission. “Rookie” crewmembers embarking on their first spaceflight mission had lower levels of salivary sIgA but increased levels of α-amylase, lysozyme, and LL-37 during and after the mission compared with the “veteran” crew who had previously flown. Latent herpesvirus reactivation was distinct to the ~6-mo mission crewmembers who performed extravehicular activity (“spacewalks”). Crewmembers who shed at least one latent virus had higher cortisol levels than those who did not shed. We conclude that long-duration spaceflight alters the concentration and/or secretion of several antimicrobial proteins in saliva, some of which are related to crewmember flight experience, biomarkers of stress, and latent viral reactivation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Spaceflight-associated immune dysregulation may jeopardize future exploration-class missions. Salivary antimicrobial proteins act as a first line of innate immune defense. We report here that several of these proteins are elevated in astronauts during an International Space Station mission, particularly in those embarking on their first space voyage. Astronauts who shed a latent herpesvirus also had higher concentrations of salivary cortisol compared with those who did not shed. Stress-relieving countermeasures are needed to preserve immunity and prevent viral reactivation during prolonged voyages into deep space.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8750-7587 , 1522-1601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00560.2019
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    RVK:
    XA 52094
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1404365-8
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 31
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  • 10
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    Density of fat-free body mass: relationship with race, age, and level of body fatness
    American Physiological Society ; 1997
    In:  American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism Vol. 272, No. 5 ( 1997-05-01), p. E781-E787
    Details
    In: American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, American Physiological Society, Vol. 272, No. 5 ( 1997-05-01), p. E781-E787
    Abstract: The two-compartment body composition method assumes that fat-free body mass (FFM) has a density of 1.100 kg/l. This study tested the hypothesis that FFM density is independent of race, age, and body fatness. Subjects were 703 black and white subjects, ages 20-94 yr, with body mass index (BMI) 17-35 kg/m2. Body composition was assessed using a four-compartment model based on tritium dilution volume, body density by underwater weighing, bone mineral by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and body weight. No relationship was observed between FFM density and race or BMI. A tendency was observed for a lower FFM density only in older white women. The difference in percent body fat (delta fat) between the four-compartment model and underwater weighing was 〈 2% for all groups. Race, age, and BMI explained only 2.3 (women) and 1.4% (men) of the variance in delta fat, whereas the total body water fraction of FFM explained 77%. In contrast to current thinking, these results show that the assumption of constant FFM density is valid in black, elderly, and obese subjects.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0193-1849 , 1522-1555
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1997.272.5.E781
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 1997
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1477331-4
    SSG: 12
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