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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Neural Representation of the Taste of NaCl and KCl in Gustatory Neurons of the Hamster Solitary Nucleus
    American Physiological Society ; 1999
    In:  Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 81, No. 6 ( 1999-06-01), p. 2636-2646
    Details
    In: Journal of Neurophysiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 81, No. 6 ( 1999-06-01), p. 2636-2646
    Abstract: Neural representation of the taste of NaCl and KCl in gustatory neurons of the hamster solitary nucleus. NaCl and KCl are monovalent salts that can be discriminated behaviorally by hamsters on the basis of their tastes. We examined the effects of the passive Na + channel blocker amiloride on responses to both of these salts in 34 taste-responsive neurons of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) in the hamster. The effects of amiloride were assessed with two different, commonly employed stimulus protocols. Additionally, concentration-response functions for each salt were measured in 37 neurons. Cells were characterized by their best response to (in M) 0.03 NaCl, 0.1 sucrose, 0.003 HCl, 0.001 quinine hydrochloride, and 0.1 KCl. In neurons classified as NaCl-best, amiloride reversibly blocked responses to both NaCl and KCl. In neurons classified as HCl-best, amiloride had no effect on either stimulus. In sucrose-best neurons, amiloride blocked the response to NaCl but not KCl. These results support the hypothesis that both salts are transduced by at least two different receptor mechanisms. In the NST, information arising from these different inputs is maintained in discrete populations of neurons. In addition to differences in amiloride sensitivity, the cell types also differed in their responses to the salts across concentration. At midrange salt concentrations, NaCl-best neurons were far more responsive to NaCl than KCl, whereas HCl- and sucrose-best neurons responded equivalently to the two salts at all concentrations. Because NaCl- and HCl-best cells cannot by themselves distinguish NaCl from KCl, it is the relative activity across these cell types that comprises the code for taste discrimination.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-3077 , 1522-1598
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/jn.1999.81.6.2636
    RVK:
    XA 10000 ; XA 552555
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 1999
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 80161-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1467889-5
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Biomarkers of exposure to new and emerging tobacco delivery products
    American Physiological Society ; 2017
    In:  American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology Vol. 313, No. 3 ( 2017-09-01), p. L425-L452
    Details
    In: American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 313, No. 3 ( 2017-09-01), p. L425-L452
    Abstract: Accurate and reliable measurements of exposure to tobacco products are essential for identifying and confirming patterns of tobacco product use and for assessing their potential biological effects in both human populations and experimental systems. Due to the introduction of new tobacco-derived products and the development of novel ways to modify and use conventional tobacco products, precise and specific assessments of exposure to tobacco are now more important than ever. Biomarkers that were developed and validated to measure exposure to cigarettes are being evaluated to assess their use for measuring exposure to these new products. Here, we review current methods for measuring exposure to new and emerging tobacco products, such as electronic cigarettes, little cigars, water pipes, and cigarillos. Rigorously validated biomarkers specific to these new products have not yet been identified. Here, we discuss the strengths and limitations of current approaches, including whether they provide reliable exposure estimates for new and emerging products. We provide specific guidance for choosing practical and economical biomarkers for different study designs and experimental conditions. Our goal is to help both new and experienced investigators measure exposure to tobacco products accurately and avoid common experimental errors. With the identification of the capacity gaps in biomarker research on new and emerging tobacco products, we hope to provide researchers, policymakers, and funding agencies with a clear action plan for conducting and promoting research on the patterns of use and health effects of these products.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1040-0605 , 1522-1504
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00343.2016
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1477300-4
    SSG: 12
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Counterpoint: Medullary Pacemaker Neurons are Essential for Gasping, but not Eupnea, in Mammals
    American Physiological Society ; 2007
    In:  Journal of Applied Physiology Vol. 103, No. 2 ( 2007-08), p. 718-720
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Physiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 103, No. 2 ( 2007-08), p. 718-720
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8750-7587 , 1522-1601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00003.2007a
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    RVK:
    XA 52094
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1404365-8
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    SSG: 31
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Maintenance of gasping and restoration of eupnea after hypoxia is impaired following blockers of α 1 -adrenergic receptors and serotonin 5-HT 2 receptors
    American Physiological Society ; 2008
    In:  Journal of Applied Physiology Vol. 104, No. 3 ( 2008-03), p. 665-673
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Physiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 104, No. 3 ( 2008-03), p. 665-673
    Abstract: In severe hypoxia or ischemia, normal eupneic breathing fails and is replaced by gasping. Gasping serves as part of a process of autoresuscitation by which eupnea is reestablished. Medullary neurons, having a burster, pacemaker discharge, underlie gasping. Conductance through persistent sodium channels is essential for the burster discharge. This conductance is modulated by norepinephrine, acting on α 1 -adrenergic receptors, and serotonin, acting on 5-HT 2 receptors. We hypothesized that blockers of 5-HT 2 receptors and α 1 -adrenergic receptors would alter autoresuscitation. The in situ perfused preparation of the juvenile rat was used. Integrated phrenic discharge was switched from an incrementing pattern, akin to eupnea, to the decrementing pattern comparable to gasping in hypoxic hypercapnia. With a restoration of hyperoxic normocapnia, rhythmic, incrementing phrenic discharge returned within 10 s in most preparations. Following addition of blockers of α 1 -adrenergic receptors (WB-4101, 0.0625–0.500 μM) and/or blockers of 5-HT 2 (ketanserin, 1.25–10 μM) or multiple 5-HT receptors (methysergide, 3.0–10 μM) to the perfusate, incrementing phrenic discharge continued. Fictive gasping was still induced, although it ceased after significantly fewer decrementing bursts than in preparations than received no blockers. Moreover, the time for recovery of rhythmic activity was significantly prolonged. This prolongation was in excess of 100 s in all preparations that received both WB-4101 (above 0.125 μM) and methysergide (above 2.5 μM). We conclude that activation of adrenergic and 5-HT 2 receptors is important to sustain gasping and to restore rhythmic respiratory activity after hypoxia-induced depression.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8750-7587 , 1522-1601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00599.2007
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    RVK:
    XA 52094
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1404365-8
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 31
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Visual accuracy dominates over haptic speed for state estimation of a partner during collaborative sensorimotor interactions
    American Physiological Society ; 2023
    In:  Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 130, No. 1 ( 2023-07-01), p. 23-42
    Details
    In: Journal of Neurophysiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 130, No. 1 ( 2023-07-01), p. 23-42
    Abstract: We routinely have physical interactions with others, whether it be handing someone a glass of water or jointly moving a heavy object together. These sensorimotor interactions between humans typically rely on visual feedback and haptic feedback. Recent single-participant studies have highlighted that the unique noise and time delays of each sense must be considered to estimate the state, such as the position and velocity, of one’s own movement. However, we know little about how visual feedback and haptic feedback are used to estimate the state of another person. Here, we tested how humans utilize visual feedback and haptic feedback to estimate the state of their partner during a collaborative sensorimotor task. Across two experiments, we show that visual feedback dominated haptic feedback during collaboration. Specifically, we found that visual feedback led to comparatively lower task-relevant movement variability, smoother collaborative movements, and faster trial completion times. We also developed an optimal feedback controller that considered the noise and time delays of both visual feedback and haptic feedback to estimate the state of a partner. This model was able to capture both lower task-relevant movement variability and smoother collaborative movements. Taken together, our empirical and modeling results support the idea that visual accuracy is more important than haptic speed to perform state estimation of a partner during collaboration. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Physical collaboration between two or more individuals involves both visual and haptic feedback. Here, we investigated how visual and haptic feedback is used to estimate the movements of a partner during a collaboration task. Our experimental and computational modeling results parsimoniously support the notion that greater visual accuracy is more important than faster yet noisier haptic feedback when estimating the state of a partner.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-3077 , 1522-1598
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/jn.00053.2023
    RVK:
    XA 10000 ; XA 552555
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 80161-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1467889-5
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Respiratory neuron responses to hypercapnia and carotid chemoreceptor stimulation
    American Physiological Society ; 1981
    In:  Journal of Applied Physiology Vol. 51, No. 4 ( 1981-10-01), p. 816-822
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Physiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 51, No. 4 ( 1981-10-01), p. 816-822
    Abstract: In decerebrate, vagotomized, paralyzed, and ventilated cats, activities were recorded from the phrenic nerve and from respiratory units within the dorsal and ventral medullary respiratory nuclei and the pontile reticular formation. These unit activities were monitored during equivalent augmentations in peak integrated phrenic nerve activity induced by stimuli acting primarily on the peripheral or central chemoreceptors. These stimuli were intracarotid infusions of sodium cyanide or nicotine and exposure to hyperoxic hypercapnia, respectively. Both stimuli caused similar increases in activities for most dorsal nucleus inspiratory units. For units of the ventral medullary nucleus, augmentations in activity were only significant (inspiratory neurons) or were of greater magnitude (expiratory neurons) during hypercapnia. As opposed to medullary units, the discharge frequencies of many pontile units were unaltered or declined during both peripheral and central chemoreceptor stimulations. These results support the concept that excitatory influences from the peripheral and central chemoreceptors are not equally distributed among all groups of brain stem respiratory neurons.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8750-7587 , 1522-1601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1981.51.4.816
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    RVK:
    XA 52094
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 1981
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1404365-8
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 31
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Brain stem genesis of automatic ventilatory patterns independent of spinal mechanisms
    American Physiological Society ; 1981
    In:  Journal of Applied Physiology Vol. 51, No. 1 ( 1981-07-01), p. 204-210
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Physiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 51, No. 1 ( 1981-07-01), p. 204-210
    Abstract: Efferent activities on the phrenic and recurrent laryngeal (RLN) nerves were monitored during eupnea, apneusis, and gasping in decerebrate, paralyzed, and ventilated cats before and after spinal cord transection at the first cervical level. The vagi were sectioned caudal to the RLN being studied and at the midcervical level contralaterally. Before spinal transection, the onset of RLN inspiratory activity preceded that of the phrenic nerve during eupnea and apneusis; in gasping, phrenic activity began before the RLN. These results were the same in normocapnia, hypercapnia, and hypoxia. After spinal transection, no phasic phrenic activity was observed at normoxia or hyperoxia, whereas the RLN exhibited discharge patterns similar to those before transection. Upon end-tidal O2 partial pressure diminutions below 50 Torr, one or more "burst" of phrenic activity were recorded. These bursts were not synchronized with the phasic RLN discharge. It is concluded that automatic ventilatory activity may be generated by inherent brain stem mechanisms. These results further imply the processes underlying gasping neurogenesis may differ fundamentally from those of eupnea or apneusis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8750-7587 , 1522-1601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1981.51.1.204
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    RVK:
    XA 52094
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 1981
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1404365-8
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 31
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Phasic pulmonary stretch receptor feedback modulates both eupnea and gasping in an in situ rat preparation
    American Physiological Society ; 2005
    In:  American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology Vol. 289, No. 2 ( 2005-08), p. R450-R455
    Details
    In: American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 289, No. 2 ( 2005-08), p. R450-R455
    Abstract: The perfused in situ juvenile rat preparation produces patterns of phrenic discharge comparable to eupnea and gasping in vivo. These ventilatory patterns differ in multiple aspects, including most prominently the rate of rise of inspiratory activity. Although we have recently demonstrated that both eupnea and gasping are similarly modulated by a Hering-Breuer expiratory-promoting reflex to tonic pulmonary stretch, it has generally been assumed that gasping was unresponsive to afferent stimuli from pulmonary stretch receptors. In the present study, we recorded eupneic and gasplike efferent activity of the phrenic nerve in the in situ juvenile rat perfused brain stem preparation, with and without phrenic-triggered phasic pulmonary inflation. We tested the hypothesis that phasic pulmonary inflation produces reflex responses in situ akin to those in vivo and that both eupnea and gasping are similarly modulated by phasic pulmonary stretch. In eupnea, we found that phasic pulmonary inflation decreases inspiratory burst duration and the period of expiration, thus increasing burst frequency of the phrenic neurogram. Phasic pulmonary inflation also decreases the duration of expiration and increases the burst frequency during gasping. Bilateral vagotomy eliminated these changes. We conclude that the neural substrate mediating the Hering-Breuer reflex is retained in the in situ preparation and that the brain stem circuitry generating the respiratory patterns respond to phasic activation of pulmonary stretch receptors in both eupnea and gasping. These findings support the homology of eupneic phrenic discharge patterns in the reduced in situ preparation and eupnea in vivo and disprove the common supposition that gasping is insensitive to vagal afferent feedback from pulmonary stretch receptor mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0363-6119 , 1522-1490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00750.2004
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 2005
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1477297-8
    SSG: 12
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mechanical determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption in conscious dogs
    American Physiological Society ; 1996
    In:  American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology Vol. 270, No. 6 ( 1996-06-01), p. 1-1
    Details
    In: American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 270, No. 6 ( 1996-06-01), p. 1-1
    Abstract: Pages H609–H620: Jospeh R. Elbeery, John C. Lucke, Michael P. Feneley, George W. Maier, Clarence H. Owen, R. Eric Lilly, Michael A. Savitt, Mark St. J. Hickey, Stanley A. Gall, Jr., James W. Davis, Peter VanTrigt, J. Scott Rankin, and Donald D. Glower. “Mechanical determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption in conscious dogs.” Page H618: Equations 12, 14, and 15 should read as follows. There should only be one SW term in Eq. 12 MVo 2 = H un + H p + H c + SW (12) Equations 14 and 15 should contain end-diastolic volume (EDV) instead of end-systolic volume (ESV) MVo 2 = H un + k · EDV · MEP + SW (14) = Hun + M(EDV · MEP + SW) (15)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0363-6135 , 1522-1539
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1996.270.6.1-a
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 1996
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1477308-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Evidence that embryonic kidney cells expressing flk-1 are intrinsic, vasculogenic angioblasts
    American Physiological Society ; 1996
    In:  American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology Vol. 271, No. 3 ( 1996-09-01), p. F744-F753
    Details
    In: American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 271, No. 3 ( 1996-09-01), p. F744-F753
    Abstract: Renal glomerular capillary tufts have been believed to arise from angiogenic ingrowth of extrinsic vessels. We found, however, that when embryonic day 12 (E12) mouse kidneys were maintained in culture for 6 days and then grafted into anterior eye chambers of adult transgenic ROSA26 host mice (which carry the beta-galactosidase transgene), glomerular endothelial cells within the grafts were predominantly of intrinsic, kidney origin. To identify potential endothelial precursors, we immunolabled kidneys with antibodies against the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, flk-1. Numerous discrete cells expressing flk-1 were scattered throughout the nephrogenic mesenchyme of both E12 and newborn kidneys, and with development these cells became concentrated in microvessels, glomerular vascular clefts, and glomerular tufts. In adults, flk-1 was weakly expressed in glomeruli but absent elsewhere. To examine abilities of flk-1-positive cells to establish glomeruli, E12 kidneys were grafted into kidney cortices of adult and newborn ROSA26 hosts. Grafts into adults resulted in few glomeruli containing host-derived endothelium, whereas a majority of glomeruli grafted into newborns contained host cells. Cells of graft origin were found in vessels forming in renal cortices of newborn hosts, but not in adults. Our findings indicate that embryonic kidney cells expressing flk-1 are angioblasts that create microvessels and glomeruli by vasculogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1931-857X , 1522-1466
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.1996.271.3.F744
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 1996
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1477287-5
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