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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Pulmonary gas exchange during exercise in women: effects of exercise type and work increment
    American Physiological Society ; 2000
    In:  Journal of Applied Physiology Vol. 89, No. 2 ( 2000-08-01), p. 721-730
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Physiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 89, No. 2 ( 2000-08-01), p. 721-730
    Abstract: Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH) has been reported in male athletes, particularly during fast-increment treadmill exercise protocols. Recent reports suggest a higher incidence in women. We hypothesized that 1-min incremental (fast) running (R) protocols would result in a lower arterial Po 2 (Pa O 2 ) than 5-min increment protocols (slow) or cycling exercise (C) and that women would experience greater EIAH than previously reported for men. Arterial blood gases, cardiac output, and metabolic data were obtained in 17 active women [mean maximal O 2 uptake (V˙o 2 max ) = 51 ml · kg −1 · min −1 ]. They were studied in random order (C or R), with a fastV˙o 2 max protocol. After recovery, the women performed 5 min of exercise at 30, 60, and 90% ofV˙o 2 max (slow). One week later, the other exercise mode (R or C) was similarly studied. There were no significant differences in V˙o 2 max between R and C. Pulmonary gas exchange was similar at rest, 30%, and 60% of V˙o 2 max . At 90% ofV˙o 2 max , Pa O 2 was lower during R (mean ± SE = 94 ± 2 Torr) than during C (105 ± 2 Torr, P 〈 0.0001), as was ventilation (85.2 ± 3.8 vs. 98.2 ± 4.4 l/min btps, P 〈 0.0001) and cardiac output (19.1 ± 0.6 vs. 21.1 ± 1.0 l/min, P 〈 0.001). Arterial Pco 2 (32.0 ± 0.5 vs. 30.0 ± 0.6 Torr, P 〈 0.001) and alveolar-arterial O 2 difference (A-aDo 2 ; 22 ± 2 vs. 16 ± 2 Torr, P 〈 0.0001) were greater during R. Pa O 2 and A-aDo 2 were similar between slow and fast. Nadir Pa O 2 was ≤80 Torr in four women (24%) but only during fast-R. In all subjects, Pa O 2 atV˙o 2 max was greater than the lower 95% prediction limit calculated from available data in men ( n = 72 C and 38 R) for both R and C. These data suggest intrinsic differences in gas exchange between R and C, due to differences in ventilation and also efficiency of gas exchange. The Pa O 2 responses to R and C exercise in our 17 subjects do not differ significantly from those previously observed in men.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8750-7587 , 1522-1601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2000.89.2.721
    RVK:
    WA 15000
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 2000
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1404365-8
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  • 2
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    Hypoxia has a greater effect than exercise on the redistribution of pulmonary blood flow in swine
    American Physiological Society ; 2007
    In:  Journal of Applied Physiology Vol. 103, No. 6 ( 2007-12), p. 2112-2119
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Physiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 103, No. 6 ( 2007-12), p. 2112-2119
    Abstract: Strenuous exercise combined with hypoxia is implicated in the development of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), which is believed to result from rupture of pulmonary capillaries secondary to high vascular pressures. The relative importance of hypoxia and exercise in altering the distribution of pulmonary blood flow (PBF) is unknown. Six chronically catheterized specific pathogen-free Yorkshire hybrid pigs (25.5 ± 0.7 kg, means ± SD) underwent incremental treadmill exercise tests in normoxia (Fi O 2 = 0.21) and hypoxia (Fi O 2 = 0.125, balanced order), consisting of 5 min at 30, 60, and 90% of the previously determined V̇o 2max . At steady state (∼4 min), metabolic and cardiac output data were collected and fluorescent microspheres were injected over ∼30 s. Later the fluorescent intensity of each color in each 2-cm 3 lung piece was determined and regional perfusion was calculated from the weight-normalized fluorescence. Both hypoxia and exercise shifted PBF away from the ventral cranial lung regions toward the dorsal caudal regions of the lung, but hypoxia caused a greater dorsal caudal shift in PBF at rest than did near-maximal exercise in normoxia. The variance in PBF due to hypoxia, exercise, and vascular structure was 16 ± 4.2, 4.0 ± 4.4, and 59.4 ± 11.4%, respectively, and the interaction between hypoxia and exercise represented 12 ± 6.5%. This observation implies that there is already a maximal shift with in PBF with hypoxia in the dorsal-caudal regions in pigs that cannot be exceeded with the addition of exercise. However, exercise greatly increases the pulmonary arterial pressures and therefore the risk of capillary rupture in high flow regions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8750-7587 , 1522-1601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00306.2007
    RVK:
    WA 15000
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    XA 52094
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1404365-8
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  • 3
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    Susceptibility to high-altitude pulmonary edema is associated with a more uniform distribution of regional specific ventilation
    American Physiological Society ; 2017
    In:  Journal of Applied Physiology Vol. 122, No. 4 ( 2017-04-01), p. 844-852
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Physiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 122, No. 4 ( 2017-04-01), p. 844-852
    Abstract: High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a potentially fatal condition affecting high-altitude sojourners. The biggest predictor of HAPE development is a history of prior HAPE. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows that HAPE-susceptible (with a history of HAPE), but not HAPE-resistant (with a history of repeated ascents without illness) individuals develop greater heterogeneity of regional pulmonary perfusion breathing hypoxic gas (O 2 = 12.5%), consistent with uneven hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV). Why HPV is uneven in HAPE-susceptible individuals is unknown but may arise from regionally heterogeneous ventilation resulting in an uneven stimulus to HPV. We tested the hypothesis that ventilation is more heterogeneous in HAPE-susceptible subjects ( n = 6) compared with HAPE-resistant controls ( n = 7). MRI specific ventilation imaging (SVI) was used to measure regional specific ventilation and the relative dispersion (SD/mean) of SVI used to quantify baseline heterogeneity. Ventilation heterogeneity from conductive and respiratory airways was measured in normoxia and hypoxia (O 2 = 12.5%) using multiple-breath washout and heterogeneity quantified from the indexes S cond and S acin , respectively. Contrary to our hypothesis, HAPE-susceptible subjects had significantly lower relative dispersion of specific ventilation than the HAPE-resistant controls [susceptible = 1.33 ± 0.67 (SD), resistant = 2.36 ± 0.98, P = 0.05], and S acin tended to be more uniform (susceptible = 0.085 ± 0.009, resistant = 0.113 ± 0.030, P = 0.07). S cond was not significantly different between groups (susceptible = 0.019 ± 0.007, resistant = 0.020 ± 0.004, P = 0.67). S acin and S cond did not change significantly in hypoxia ( P = 0.56 and 0.19, respectively). In conclusion, ventilation heterogeneity does not change with short-term hypoxia irrespective of HAPE susceptibility, and lesser rather than greater ventilation heterogeneity is observed in HAPE-susceptible subjects. This suggests that the basis for uneven HPV in HAPE involves vascular phenomena. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Uneven hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) is thought to incite high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). We evaluated whether greater heterogeneity of ventilation is also a feature of HAPE-susceptible subjects compared with HAPE-resistant subjects. Contrary to our hypothesis, ventilation heterogeneity was less in HAPE-susceptible subjects and unaffected by hypoxia, suggesting a vascular basis for uneven HPV.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8750-7587 , 1522-1601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00494.2016
    RVK:
    WA 15000
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    XA 52094
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1404365-8
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  • 4
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    Vaping disrupts ventilation-perfusion matching in asymptomatic users
    American Physiological Society ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Applied Physiology Vol. 130, No. 2 ( 2021-02-01), p. 308-317
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Physiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 130, No. 2 ( 2021-02-01), p. 308-317
    Abstract: Inhalation of e-cigarette’s aerosols (vaping) has the potential to disrupt pulmonary gas exchange, but the effects in asymptomatic users are unknown. We assessed ventilation-perfusion (V̇ A /Q̇) mismatch in asymptomatic e-cigarette users, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We hypothesized that vaping induces V̇ A /Q̇ mismatch through alterations in both ventilation and perfusion distributions. Nine young, asymptomatic “Vapers” with 〉 1-yr vaping history, and no history of cardiopulmonary disease, were imaged supine using proton MRI, to assess the right lung at baseline and immediately after vaping. Seven young “Controls” were imaged at baseline only. Relative dispersion (SD/means) was used to quantify the heterogeneity of the individual ventilation and perfusion distributions. V̇ A /Q̇ mismatch was quantified using the second moments of the ventilation and perfusion versus V̇ A /Q̇ ratio distributions, log scale, LogSDV̇, and LogSDQ̇, respectively, analogous to the multiple inert gas elimination technique. Spirometry was normal in both groups. Ventilation heterogeneity was similar between groups at baseline (Vapers, 0.43 ± 0.13; Controls, 0.51 ± 0.11; P = 0.13) but increased after vaping (to 0.57 ± 0.17; P = 0.03). Perfusion heterogeneity was greater ( P = 0.04) in Vapers at baseline (0.53 ± 0.06) compared with Controls (0.44 ± 0.10) but decreased after vaping (to 0.42 ± 0.07; P = 0.005). Vapers had greater ( P = 0.01) V̇ A /Q̇ mismatch at baseline compared with Controls (LogSDQ̇ = 0.61 ± 0.12 vs. 0.43 ± 0.12), which was increased after vaping (LogSDQ̇ = 0.73 ± 0.16; P = 0.03). V̇ A /Q̇ mismatch is greater in Vapers and worsens after vaping. This suggests subclinical alterations in lung function not detected by spirometry. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This research provides evidence of vaping-induced disruptions in ventilation-perfusion matching in young, healthy, asymptomatic adults with normal spirometry who habitually vape. The changes in ventilation and perfusion distributions, both at baseline and acutely after vaping, and the potential implications on hypoxic vasoconstriction are particularly relevant in understanding the pathogenesis of vaping-induced dysfunction. Our imaging-based approach provides evidence of potential subclinical alterations in lung function below thresholds of detection using spirometry.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8750-7587 , 1522-1601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00709.2020
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    RVK:
    XA 52094
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1404365-8
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  • 5
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    Advances in magnetic resonance imaging of lung physiology
    American Physiological Society ; 2007
    In:  Journal of Applied Physiology Vol. 102, No. 3 ( 2007-03), p. 1244-1254
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Physiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 102, No. 3 ( 2007-03), p. 1244-1254
    Abstract: This review presents an overview of some recent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques for measuring aspects of local physiology in the lung. MRI is noninvasive, relatively high resolution, and does not expose subjects to ionizing radiation. Conventional MRI of the lung suffers from low signal intensity caused by the low proton density and the large degree of microscopic field inhomogeneity that degrades the magnetic resonance signal and interferes with image acquisition. However, in recent years, there have been rapid advances in both hardware and software design, allowing these difficulties to be minimized. This review focuses on some newer techniques that measure regional perfusion, ventilation, gas diffusion, ventilation-to-perfusion ratio, partial pressure of oxygen, and lung water. These techniques include contrast-enhanced and arterial spin-labeling techniques for measuring perfusion, hyperpolarized gas techniques for measuring regional ventilation, and apparent diffusion coefficient and multiecho and gradient echo techniques for measuring proton density and lung water. Some of the major advantages and disadvantages of each technique are discussed. In addition, some of the physiological issues associated with making measurements are discussed, along with strategies for understanding large and complex data sets.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8750-7587 , 1522-1601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00738.2006
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    RVK:
    XA 52094
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1404365-8
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  • 6
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    Sustained submaximal exercise does not alter the integrity of the lung blood-gas barrier in elite athletes
    American Physiological Society ; 1998
    In:  Journal of Applied Physiology Vol. 84, No. 4 ( 1998-04-01), p. 1185-1189
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Physiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 84, No. 4 ( 1998-04-01), p. 1185-1189
    Abstract: The extreme thinness of the pulmonary blood-gas barrier results in high mechanical stresses in the capillary wall when the capillary pressure rises during exercise. We have previously shown that, in elite cyclists, 6–8 min of maximal exercise increase blood-gas barrier permeability and result in higher concentrations of red blood cells, total protein, and leukotriene B 4 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid compared with results in sedentary controls. To test the hypothesis that stress failure of the barrier only occurs at the highest level of exercise, we performed BAL in six healthy athletes after 1 h of exercise at 77% of maximal O 2 consumption. Controls were eight normal nonathletes who did not exercise before BAL. In contrast with our previous study, we did not find higher concentrations of red blood cells, total protein, and leukotriene B 4 in the exercising athletes compared with control subjects. However, higher concentrations of surfactant apoprotein A and a higher surfactant apoprotein A-to-phospholipid ratio were observed in the athletes performing prolonged exercise, compared with both the controls and the athletes from our previous study. These results suggest that, in elite athletes, the integrity of the blood-gas barrier is altered only at extreme levels of exercise.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8750-7587 , 1522-1601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1998.84.4.1185
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    RVK:
    XA 52094
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 1998
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  • 7
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    Ventilation heterogeneity measured by multiple breath inert gas testing is not affected by inspired oxygen concentration in healthy humans
    American Physiological Society ; 2017
    In:  Journal of Applied Physiology Vol. 122, No. 6 ( 2017-06-01), p. 1379-1387
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Physiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 122, No. 6 ( 2017-06-01), p. 1379-1387
    Abstract: Multiple breath washout (MBW) and oxygen-enhanced MRI techniques use acute exposure to 100% oxygen to measure ventilation heterogeneity. Implicit is the assumption that breathing 100% oxygen does not induce changes in ventilation heterogeneity; however, this is untested. We hypothesized that ventilation heterogeneity decreases with increasing inspired oxygen concentration in healthy subjects. We performed MBW in 8 healthy subjects (4 women, 4 men; age = 43 ± 15 yr) with normal pulmonary function (FEV 1 = 98 ± 6% predicted) using 10% argon as a tracer gas and oxygen concentrations of 12.5%, 21%, or 90%. MBW was performed in accordance with ERS-ATS guidelines. Subjects initially inspired air followed by a wash-in of test gas. Tests were performed in balanced order in triplicate. Gas concentrations were measured at the mouth, and argon signals rescaled to mimic a N 2 washout, and analyzed to determine the distribution of specific ventilation (SV). Heterogeneity was characterized by the width of a log-Gaussian fit of the SV distribution and from S acin and S cond indexes derived from the phase III slope. There were no significant differences in the ventilation heterogeneity due to altered inspired oxygen: histogram width (hypoxia 0.57 ± 0.11, normoxia 0.60 ± 0.08, hyperoxia 0.59 ± 0.09, P = 0.51), S cond (hypoxia 0.014 ± 0.011, normoxia 0.012 ± 0.015, hyperoxia 0.010 ± 0.011, P = 0.34), or S acin (hypoxia 0.11 ± 0.04, normoxia 0.10 ± 0.03, hyperoxia 0.12 ± 0.03, P = 0.23). Functional residual capacity was increased in hypoxia ( P = 0.04) and dead space increased in hyperoxia ( P = 0.0001) compared with the other conditions. The acute use of 100% oxygen in MBW or MRI is unlikely to affect ventilation heterogeneity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Hyperoxia is used to measure the distribution of ventilation in imaging and MBW but may alter the underlying ventilation distribution. We used MBW to evaluate the effect of inspired oxygen concentration on the ventilation distribution using 10% argon as a tracer. Short-duration exposure to hypoxia (12.5% oxygen) and hyperoxia (90% oxygen) during MBW had no significant effect on ventilation heterogeneity, suggesting that hyperoxia can be used to assess the ventilation distribution.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8750-7587 , 1522-1601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01013.2016
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    RVK:
    XA 52094
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1404365-8
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  • 8
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    The spatial-temporal dynamics of pulmonary blood flow are altered in pulmonary arterial hypertension
    American Physiological Society ; 2023
    In:  Journal of Applied Physiology Vol. 134, No. 4 ( 2023-04-01), p. 969-979
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Physiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 134, No. 4 ( 2023-04-01), p. 969-979
    Abstract: Global fluctuation dispersion (FDglobal), a spatial-temporal metric derived from serial images of the pulmonary perfusion obtained with MRI-arterial spin labeling, describes temporal fluctuations in the spatial distribution of perfusion. In healthy subjects, FDglobal is increased by hyperoxia, hypoxia, and inhaled nitric oxide. We evaluated patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH, 4F, aged 47 ± 15, mean pulmonary artery pressure 48 ± 7 mmHg) and healthy controls (CON, 7F, aged 47 ± 12) to test the hypothesis that FDglobal is increased in PAH. Images were acquired at ∼4–5 s intervals during voluntary respiratory gating, inspected for quality, registered using a deformable registration algorithm, and normalized. Spatial relative dispersion (RD = SD/mean) and the percent of the lung image with no measurable perfusion signal (%NMP) were also assessed. FDglobal was significantly increased in PAH (PAH = 0.40 ± 0.17, CON = 0.17 ± 0.02, P = 0.006, a 135% increase) with no overlap in values between the two groups, consistent with altered vascular regulation. Both spatial RD and %NMP were also markedly greater in PAH vs. CON (PAH RD = 1.46 ± 0.24, CON = 0.90 ± 0.10, P = 0.0004; PAH NMP = 13.4 ± 6.1%; CON = 2.3 ± 1.4%, P = 0.001 respectively) consistent with vascular remodeling resulting in poorly perfused regions of lung and increased spatial heterogeneity. The difference in FDglobal between normal subjects and patients with PAH in this small cohort suggests that spatial-temporal imaging of perfusion may be useful in the evaluation of patients with PAH. Since this MR imaging technique uses no injected contrast agents and has no ionizing radiation it may be suitable for use in diverse patient populations. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using proton MRI-arterial spin labeling to obtain serial images of pulmonary perfusion, we show that global fluctuation dispersion (FDglobal), a metric of temporal fluctuations in the spatial distribution of perfusion, was significantly increased in female patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) compared with healthy controls. This potentially indicates pulmonary vascular dysregulation. Dynamic measures using proton MRI may provide new tools for evaluating individuals at risk of PAH or for monitoring therapy in patients with PAH.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8750-7587 , 1522-1601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00463.2022
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    RVK:
    XA 52094
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1404365-8
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  • 9
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    The heterogeneity of regional specific ventilation is unchanged following heavy exercise in athletes
    American Physiological Society ; 2013
    In:  Journal of Applied Physiology Vol. 115, No. 1 ( 2013-07-01), p. 126-135
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Physiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 115, No. 1 ( 2013-07-01), p. 126-135
    Abstract: Heavy exercise increases ventilation-perfusion mismatch and decreases pulmonary gas exchange efficiency. Previous work using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) arterial spin labeling in athletes has shown that, after 45 min of heavy exercise, the spatial heterogeneity of pulmonary blood flow was increased in recovery. We hypothesized that the heterogeneity of regional specific ventilation (SV, the local tidal volume over functional residual capacity ratio) would also be increased following sustained exercise, consistent with the previously documented changes in blood flow heterogeneity. Trained subjects ( n = 6, maximal O 2 consumption = 61 ± 7 ml·kg −1 ·min −1 ) cycled 45 min at their individually determined ventilatory threshold. Oxygen-enhanced MRI was used to quantify SV in a sagittal slice of the right lung in supine posture pre- (preexercise) and 15- and 60-min postexercise. Arterial spin labeling was used to measure pulmonary blood flow in the same slice bracketing the SV measures. Heterogeneity of SV and blood flow were quantified by relative dispersion (RD = SD/mean). The alveolar-arterial oxygen difference was increased during exercise, 23.3 ± 5.3 Torr, compared with rest, 6.3 ± 3.7 Torr, indicating a gas exchange impairment during exercise. No significant change in RD of SV was seen after exercise: preexercise 0.78 ± 0.15, 15 min postexercise 0.81 ± 0.13, 60 min postexercise 0.78 ± 0.08 ( P = 0.5). The RD of blood flow increased significantly postexercise: preexercise 1.00 ± 0.12, 15 min postexercise 1.15 ± 0.10, 45 min postexercise 1.10 ± 0.10, 60 min postexercise 1.19 ± 0.11, 90 min postexercise 1.11 ± 0.12 ( P 〈 0.005). The lack of a significant change in RD of SV postexercise, despite an increase in the RD of blood flow, suggests that airways may be less susceptible to the effects of exercise than blood vessels.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8750-7587 , 1522-1601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00778.2012
    RVK:
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 2013
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  • 10
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    Case Studies in Physiology: The Case of the Giant Giraffe
    American Physiological Society ; 2016
    In:  Journal of Applied Physiology Vol. 121, No. 6 ( 2016-12-01), p. 1379-1380
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Physiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 121, No. 6 ( 2016-12-01), p. 1379-1380
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8750-7587 , 1522-1601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00891.2016
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    RVK:
    XA 52094
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1404365-8
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 31
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