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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    (Over)training effects on quantitative electromyography and muscle enzyme activities in standardbred horses
    American Physiological Society ; 2008
    In:  Journal of Applied Physiology Vol. 105, No. 6 ( 2008-12), p. 1746-1753
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Physiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 105, No. 6 ( 2008-12), p. 1746-1753
    Abstract: Too intensive training may lead to overreaching or overtraining. To study whether quantitative needle electromyography (QEMG) is more sensitive to detect training (mal)adaptation than muscle enzyme activities, 12 standardbred geldings trained for 32 wk in age-, breed-, and sex-matched fixed pairs. After a habituation and normal training (NT) phase ( phases 1 and 2, 4 and 18 wk, respectively), with increasing intensity and duration and frequency of training sessions, an intensified training (IT) group ( phase 3, 6 wk) and a control group (which continued training as in the last week of phase 2) were formed. Thereafter, all horses entered a reduced training phase ( phase 4, 4 wk). One hour before a standardized exercise test (SET; treadmill), QEMG analysis and biochemical enzyme activity were performed in muscle or in biopsies from vastus lateralis and pectoralis descendens muscle in order to identify causes of changes in exercise performance and eventual (mal)adaptation in skeletal muscle. NT resulted in a significant adaptation of QEMG parameters, whereas in muscle biopsies hexokinase activity was significantly decreased. Compared with NT controls, IT induced a stronger adaptation (e.g., higher amplitude, shorter duration, and fewer turns) in QEMG variables resembling potentially synchronization of individual motor unit fiber action potentials. Despite a 19% decrease in performance of the SET after IT, enzyme activities of 3-hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase and citrate synthase displayed similar increases in control and IT animals. We conclude that 1) QEMG analysis is a more sensitive tool to monitor training adaptation than muscle enzyme activities but does not discriminate between overreaching and normal training adaptations at this training level and 2) the decreased performance as noted in this study after IT originates most likely from a central (brain) rather than peripheral level.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8750-7587 , 1522-1601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01272.2007
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    RVK:
    XA 52094
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1404365-8
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 31
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Overtrained horses alter their resting pulsatile growth hormone secretion
    American Physiological Society ; 2009
    In:  American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology Vol. 297, No. 2 ( 2009-08), p. R403-R411
    Details
    In: American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 297, No. 2 ( 2009-08), p. R403-R411
    Abstract: The influence of intensified and reduced training on nocturnal growth hormone (GH) secretion and elimination dynamics was studied in young (1.5 yr) Standardbred geldings to detect potential markers indicative for early overtraining. Ten horses trained on a treadmill for 32 wk in age-, breed-, and gender-matched fixed pairs. Training was divided into four phases (4, 18, 6, and 4 wk, respectively): 1) habituation to high-speed treadmill trotting, 2) normal training, in which speed and duration of training sessions were gradually increased, 3) in this phase, the horses were divided into 2 groups: control (C) and intensified trained (IT) group. In IT, training intensity, duration, and frequency were further increased, whereas in control these remained unaltered, and 4) reduced training (RT). At the end of phases 2, 3, and 4, blood was sampled overnight every 5 min for 8 h for assessment of GH secretory dynamics using pulse detection, deconvolution analysis, and approximate entropy (ApEn). Intensified training induced overtraining (performance decreased by 19% compared with C), which was associated with an increase in concentration peaks number (3.6 vs. 2.0, respectively), a smaller peak secretion pattern with a prolonged half-life (15.2 vs. 7.3 min, respectively), and an increased ApEn (0.89 vs. 0.49, respectively). RT did not lead to full recovery for the overtrained horses. The increased irregularity of nocturnal GH pulsatility pattern is indicative of a loss of coordinated control of GH regulation. Longer phases of somatostatin withdrawal are hypothesized to be the underlying mechanism for the observed changes in GH pulsatility pattern.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0363-6119 , 1522-1490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90778.2008
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1477297-8
    SSG: 12
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Endocardial and epicardial activation pathways of the canine right atrium
    American Physiological Society ; 1971
    In:  American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content Vol. 220, No. 1 ( 1971-01-01), p. 1-11
    Details
    In: American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content, American Physiological Society, Vol. 220, No. 1 ( 1971-01-01), p. 1-11
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0002-9513
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1971.220.1.1
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    RVK:
    XA 20060
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 1971
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1477334-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2065807-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1477287-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1477308-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1477297-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1477331-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1477300-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1477329-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 4
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    Machine-perfused donor kidneys as a source of human renal endothelial cells
    American Physiological Society ; 2021
    In:  American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology Vol. 320, No. 5 ( 2021-05-01), p. F947-F962
    Details
    In: American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 320, No. 5 ( 2021-05-01), p. F947-F962
    Abstract: Renal endothelial cells (ECs) play crucial roles in vasorelaxation, ultrafiltration, and selective transport of electrolytes and water, but also in leakage of the glomerular filtration barrier and inflammatory processes like complement activation and leukocyte recruitment. In addition, they are target cells for both cellular and antibody-mediated rejection in the transplanted kidney. To study the molecular and cellular processes underlying EC behavior in renal disease, well-characterized primary renal ECs are indispensible. In this report, we describe a straightforward procedure to isolate ECs from the perfusion fluid of human donor kidneys by a combination of negative selection of monocytes/macrophages, positive selection by CD31 Dynabeads, and propagation in endothelium-specific culture medium. Thus, we isolated and propagated renal ECs from 102 donor kidneys, representative of all blood groups and major human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and II antigens. The obtained ECs were positive for CD31 and von Willebrand factor, expressed other endothelial markers such as CD34, VEGF receptor-2, TIE2, and plasmalemmal vesicle associated protein-1 to a variable extent, and were negative for the monocyte marker CD14 and lymphatic endothelial marker podoplanin. HLA class II was either constitutively expressed or could be induced by interferon-γ. Furthermore, as a proof of principle, we showed the diagnostic value of this renal endothelial biobank in renal endothelium-specific cross-matching tests for HLA antibodies. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We describe a new and widely accessible approach to obtain human primary renal endothelial cells in a standardized fashion, by isolating from the perfusate of machine-perfused donor kidneys. Characterization of the cells showed a mixed population originating from different compartments of the kidney. As a proof of principle, we demonstrated a possible diagnostic application in an endothelium-specific cross-match. Next to transplantation, we foresee further applications in the field renal endothelial research.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1931-857X , 1522-1466
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00541.2020
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1477287-5
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Retention of estradiol negative feedback relationship to LH predicts ovulation in response to caloric restriction and weight loss in obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome
    American Physiological Society ; 2004
    In:  American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism Vol. 286, No. 4 ( 2004-04), p. E615-E620
    Details
    In: American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, American Physiological Society, Vol. 286, No. 4 ( 2004-04), p. E615-E620
    Abstract: The present study tests the hypothesis that specific endocrine, metabolic, and anthropometric features distinguish obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) who resume ovulation in response to calorie restriction and weight loss from those who do not. Fifteen obese (body mass index 39 ± 7 kg/m 2 ) hyperandrogenemic oligoovulatory patients undertook a very low calorie diet (VLCD), wherein each lost ≥10% of body weight over a mean of 6.25 mo. Body fat distribution was quantitated by magnetic resonance imaging. Hormones were measured in the morning at baseline, after 1 wk of VLCD, and after 10% weight loss. To monitor LH release, blood was sampled for 24 h at 10-min intervals before intervention and after 7 days of VLCD. Responders were defined a priori as individuals exhibiting two or more ovulatory cycles in the course of intervention, as corroborated by serum progesterone concentrations ≥18 nmol/l followed by vaginal bleeding. At baseline, responders had a higher sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) concentration but were otherwise indistinguishable from nonresponders. Body weight, the size of body fat depots, and plasma insulin levels declined to a similar extent in responders and nonresponders. Also, SHBG increased, and the free testosterone index decreased comparably. However, responders exhibited a significant decline of circulating estradiol concentrations (from 191 ± 82 to 158 ± 77 pmol/l, means ± SD, P = 0.037) and a concurrent increase in LH secretion (from 104 ± 42 to 140 ± 5 U·l -1 ·day -1 , P = 0.006) in response to 7 days of VLCD, whereas neither parameter changed significantly in nonresponders. We infer that evidence of retention of estradiol-dependent negative feedback on LH secretion may forecast follicle maturation and ovulation in obese patients with PCOS under dietary restriction.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0193-1849 , 1522-1555
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00377.2003
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 2004
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1477331-4
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Central administration of rat IL-6 induces HPA activation and fever but not sickness behavior in rats
    American Physiological Society ; 1999
    In:  American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology Vol. 276, No. 3 ( 1999-03-01), p. R652-R658
    Details
    In: American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 276, No. 3 ( 1999-03-01), p. R652-R658
    Abstract: Interleukin (IL)-6 has been proposed to mediate several sickness responses, including brain-mediated neuroendocrine, temperature, and behavioral changes. However, the exact mechanisms and sites of action of IL-6 are still poorly understood. In the present study, we describe the effects of central administration of species-homologous recombinant rat IL-6 (rrIL-6) on the induction of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity, fever, social investigatory behavior, and immobility. After intracerebroventricular administration of rrIL-6 (50 or 100 ng/rat), rats demonstrated HPA and febrile responses. In contrast, rrIL-6 alone did not induce changes in social investigatory and locomotor behavior at doses of up to 400 ng/rat. Coadministration of rrIL-6 (100 ng/rat) and rrIL-1β (40 ng/rat), which alone did not affect the behavioral responses, reduced social investigatory behavior and increased the duration of immobility. Compared with rhIL-6, intracerebroventricular administration of rrIL-6 (100 ng/rat) induced higher HPA responses and early-phase febrile responses. This is consistent with a higher potency of rrIL-6, compared with rhIL-6, in the murine B9 bioassay. We conclude that species-homologous rrIL-6 alone can act in the brain to induce HPA and febrile responses, whereas it only reduces social investigatory behavior and locomotor activity in the presence of IL-1β.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0363-6119 , 1522-1490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1999.276.3.R652
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 1999
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1477297-8
    SSG: 12
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Increase in daily LH secretion in response to short-term calorie restriction in obese women with PCOS
    American Physiological Society ; 2002
    In:  American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism Vol. 282, No. 4 ( 2002-04-01), p. E865-E872
    Details
    In: American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, American Physiological Society, Vol. 282, No. 4 ( 2002-04-01), p. E865-E872
    Abstract: We hypothesized that short-term calorie restriction would blunt luteinizing hormone (LH) hypersecretion in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and thereby ameliorate the anovulatory endocrine milieu. To test this hypothesis, 15 obese patients with PCOS and nine age- and body mass index-matched healthy women underwent 24-h blood sampling to quantitate plasma LH, leptin, and insulin levels. PCOS subjects were prescribed a very low caloric liquid diet (4.2 MJ/day) for 7 days and were then resampled. Basal and pulsatile LH secretion was threefold higher in PCOS subjects, but plasma insulin and leptin levels were not different in the calorie-replete state. Contrary to expectation, calorie restriction enhanced basal and pulsatile LH secretion even further. As expected, plasma glucose, insulin, and leptin concentrations decreased by 18, 75, and 50%, respectively. Serum total testosterone concentration fell by 23%, whereas serum estrone, estradiol, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and androstenedione concentrations remained unchanged. Enhanced LH secretion in the presence of normal metabolic and hormonal adaptations to calorie restriction points to anomalous feedback control of pituitary LH release in PCOS.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0193-1849 , 1522-1555
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00458.2001
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 2002
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1477331-4
    SSG: 12
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