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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rill erosion in contrasting landscapes (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The data from the national project to monitor water erosion has mostly been treated in an aggregate form, because in many of the monitored transects in any year too few fields were eroded for the data to be split into its component parts. However, in crop year 1983 erosion affected enough fields in two localities with contrasting soils for their data to be compared. Rainfall patterns in the two localities were similar. The transects covered a sandland area in Nottinghamshire and an area of clayland in and on the margins of Bedfordshire. Compared with the clayland, rilling of the sandland was widespread, related to the greater range of crops grown there, and more severe. On clayland, rills were mainly confined to valley floors, and slopes flanking these valleys generally had lower gradients than those on the sandland. On sandland, slopes were steeper in eroded fields drilled to winter cereals than they were in fields planted to potatoes or sugarbeet. Such field- based studies hint at the complex interactions of rain falling on a cropped field. Erosional thresholds are not static. The areas of fields affected by erosion and deposition were mostly very small. This helps us understand why the farmer often considers erosion unimportant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1992.tb00916.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soils at risk of accelerated erosion in England and Wales (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The 296 soil associations of the National Soil Map of England and Wales are placed into five categories of erosion risk. These are based on land use, landform and soil properties and take into account the extent of erosion in the uplands, and its frequency, extent and rates in the lowlands. Erosion of arable land is by water or wind, but in the uplands frost action and disturbance by sheep are also important. A large proportion of arable England (36%) is at moderate to very high risk of erosion, including much of the better drained and more easily worked land, especially sandy soils. In the uplands thin soils or deep peats are most at risk. If land use changes, because of increasing intensification of agriculture or in response to climatic changes, many soil associations will become more at risk of erosion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1990.tb00821.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rural land use in England and Wales and the delivery to the adjacent seas of nitrogen, phosphorus and atrazine (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 18 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. In an exploratory study land use in 27 catchments covering most of England and Wales was assessed (using the land use classification devised by the then Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, now a part of the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology) and related to loads and concentrations of total nitrogen, phosphorus (mainly as orthophosphate (Op)) and some pesticides in river flows reaching the surrounding seas in the years 1990–1993. There are good correlations between seven land use types and the concentrations of total nitrogen (r=0.83) and Op (r=0.73) entering the seas. The correlations for individual land use types are best for arable land: total nitrogen, r=0.77; Op, r=0.65; and are positive. However, except for the mixed arable and grassland, the relationships between the other five land use types (improved grassland, upland grassland, upland moorland, upland mixed, and afforested and upland) and contaminant concentrations are negative. If data from the Mersey catchment are discarded, on the grounds that contaminant concentrations in the river seem unduly high, correlations between land use and contaminant concentrations reaching the seas are improved for all land uses: total nitrogen, r=0.89; Op, r=0.83; and atrazine, r=0.78. Loads and concentrations of pollutants in rivers entering the sea could be used to validate models of losses from catchments. Models may need to take greater account of runoff and transport of soil particles than they do presently.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2002.tb00251.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Outdoor pigs and flooding: an English case study (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 20 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The number of outdoor pigs has increased greatly in England over the last two decades. It is known that runoff and soil erosion are likely to occur in such fields; however, the off-field impacts of runoff have not been addressed. A group of properties adjacent to fields of outdoor pigs near Culford, Suffolk, England was flooded at frequent intervals in 1998 and 1999. The factors that may have caused the flooding are examined. The floods were initiated and exacerbated because the soils in the fields were trampled by pigs and rutted by tractors, severely restricting the rates at which rain could infiltrate the soil, thereby promoting runoff. The runoff carried sediment, faeces and pathogens. To a home owner such flooding, or a high risk of flooding, is unacceptable. The results of a claim in the County Court arising from the floods are briefly described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00354.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Curtailment of muddy floods in the Sompting catchment, South Downs, West Sussex, southern England (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 19 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Muddy floods due to runoff are a widespread problem on the South Downs of southern England and are associated with increased growing of autumn-sown cereals over the last two decades. The 10.6 km2 Sompting catchment has been monitored over the 12-year period 1990/91–2001/02. A housing estate at the lower end of the catchment that was frequently inundated by muddy floods in the late 1980s and early 1990s has not been flooded since the winter of 1993/94, even during the heavy rainfall events of October and November 2000. This is a result of the ameliorative measures put in place in the early 1990s, primarily the reversion of some winter cereal fields to permanent grassland (set-aside). Other land management changes helped, for example, some parts of the catchment were put down to short-term grass leys and small dams were constructed to impound runoff. Flooding of the housing estate occurred when more than 30% of the catchment was covered by eroded fields, which contributed runoff to the valley floors leading down to the housing estate. The length of continuous down-valley flow was greater in the early 1990s compared with later years. The introduction of grassland reduced the risk of flooding not only by reducing the area contributing to runoff, but also by stopping valley floor flows linking up. Such measures to alleviate runoff, erosion and flooding fit well with policies proposed in the recent report by the UK Policy Commission on the Future of Farming and Food.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2003.tb00308.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Overgrazing and soil erosion on hill pastures with particular reference to the Peak District (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 32 (1977), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In a small drainage basin in the Peak District rates of soil erosion were measured between October 1966 and September 1968. The vegetated margins of ground denuded of vegetation (scars) were retreating by 9.3 mm per annum and rills and sheet wash removed annually from these scars up to 34 t ha−1 soil. Erosion was taking place primarily within Agrostis-Festuca swards and also in heather moor, but not on peat-covered slopes under cotton grass (Eriophorum vaginatum) moor. The Agrostis-Festuca sward supported a higher sheep population than did the other vegetation types. In May 1974 most scars had been colonized by vegetation; this was related to a marked decrease in sheep numbers in 1969 and not to climatic factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1977.tb01415.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maintenance of the Adult Rat Superior Cervical Ganglion In Vitro: Comparison of Organ and Explant Culture Systems (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 34 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Concentrations of selected intermediates of energy metabolism whole rat superior cervical ganglia maintained in vitro by an organ culture technique were compared with values measured in small slices of this maintained under essentially the same conditions. Rates of incorporation [3H]leucine into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material in whole ganglia mained constant for at least 48 h: however, the oxidation-reduction state tissue as indexed by (NAD):(NADH) ratios calculated from measured amounts of lactate and pyruvate decreased more than 50% within 3h in vitro. Ganglion explants prepared by cutting the tissue into 300-pm transverse sections played (NAD):(NADH) ratios that were about three times greater than noted in whole ganglia maintained in vitro for the same period of time. explants contained significantly higher concentrations of pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate than whole ganglia maintained in culture. Maintenance of vorable metabolic state may support the extensive growth of neurites seen explant cultures of superior cervical ganglia. Outgrowth of processes containing catecholamines could be detected readily in explant cultures of ganglia adult rats; however, this was somewhat slower and less consistent than growth observed in explants from neonatal rats. Outgrowth of neurites adult ganglia was minimal without the addition of Nerve Growth Factor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1980.tb09972.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FOLLICULAR CERVICITIS—COLPOSCOPIC APPEARANCES AND ASSOCIATION WITH CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 88 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Follicular cervicitis was recognised in 15 (44 per cent) of 34 women who were examined colposcopically and who were sexual partners of men with non-gonococcal urethritis. Valid results of culture for Chlamydia trachomatis were obtained in 26 cases: the organism was isolated from the cervix of five of 11 women in whom follicular cervicitis had been diagnosed, but from only one of 15 whose cervices did not have this change. A similar correlation was not found for infection with Mycoplasma hominis or Ureaplasma urealyticum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1981.tb00964.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between fluoridation and socioeconomic status on dental caries experience in 5-year-old New Zealand children (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 12 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This article examines the relationship between fluoridation and socioeconomic status on caries experience, as measured by the dmf index, in 5-yr-old New Zealand children in the city of Dunedin (fluoridated in 1967) and in adjacent non-fluoride communities. The children were subdivided into six socioeconomic status groups (SES 1, professional and managerial - SES 6, unskilled workers), but then for simplicity they were combined to form three groups. A two-way analysis of variance demonstrated that interaction between fluoride history and socioeconomic status was not significant. In all three SES groups, dmf was higher in non-fluoride communities, but the difference was significant only in SES group (5&6) (P 〈 0.01). Caries experience increased with decreasing socioeconomic status in both fluoride and non-fluoride communities, but this effect was only significant between SES groups (1&2) and (3&4) in the fluoridated community (p 〈 0.05), and between SES groups (3&4) and (5&6) in non-fluoride communities (P 〈 0.01). These results are compared with those of similar studies, and it is concluded that so far, the relationship between fluoridation and socioeconomic status on caries experience remains equivocal. A note of caution is sounded regarding the interpretation of such results, and the difficulties faced when comparing studies is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1984.tb01401.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Refining the Estimate of the Critical Period for Susceptibility to Enamel Fluorosis in Human Maxillary Central Incisors (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of public health dentistry 55 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-7325
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine an improved estimate of the critical period for susceptibility to fluorosis in human maxillary central incisors. Methods: The fluorosis score, S, of the incisal (I), middle (M), and cervical (C) third divisions on the labial surface of right maxillary central incisors of subjects (a representative sample of 1,085 Hong Kong Chinese children aged 7 to 12 years surveyed in 1986) was determined according to the Chronological Fluorosis Assessment (CFA) Index. Subject data were grouped by month of birth relative to June 1978, when the designated concentration for waterborne fluoride in the community water supply was reduced from 1.0 to 0.7 mg/L. The analytical task was one of finding the correlation maximum in a system of 12 variates and adjustable parameters including the waterborne fluoride concentration, [F-], and the fluorosis score. Results: The main findings were: (1) the peak correlation of S vs [F-] for the male incisal third centered at 17.5 months after birth; (2) and six months later for females; (3) the correlation of S with [F-] is maximized for S(M) following S(I) by two months, and S(C) following S(M) by a further two months for both males and females; and (4) the critical period for exposure to fluoride is of about four months' duration for each third. Conclusions: The maxillary central incisor, as a whole, appears most at risk to fluorosis from dietary fluoride between age 15 and 24 months for males and between 21 and 30 months for females.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-7325.1995.tb02376.x
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