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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    MAP D-PHASE: Real-Time Demonstration of Weather Forecast Quality in the Alpine Region
    American Meteorological Society ; 2009
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 90, No. 9 ( 2009-09), p. 1321-1336
    Details
    In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 90, No. 9 ( 2009-09), p. 1321-1336
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-0007 , 1520-0477
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/2009BAMS2776.1
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2029396-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 419957-1
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Supplement to MAP D-PHASE: Real-Time Demonstration of Weather Forecast Quality in the Alpine Region: Additional Applications of the D-Phase Datasets
    American Meteorological Society ; 2009
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 90, No. 9 ( 2009-09), p. S28-S32
    Details
    In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 90, No. 9 ( 2009-09), p. S28-S32
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-0007 , 1520-0477
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/2009BAMS2776.2
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2029396-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 419957-1
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A High-Altitude Long-Range Aircraft Configured as a Cloud Observatory: The NARVAL Expeditions
    American Meteorological Society ; 2019
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 100, No. 6 ( 2019-06), p. 1061-1077
    Details
    In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 100, No. 6 ( 2019-06), p. 1061-1077
    Abstract: A configuration of the High-Altitude Long-Range Research Aircraft (HALO) as a remote sensing cloud observatory is described, and its use is illustrated with results from the first and second Next-Generation Aircraft Remote Sensing for Validation (NARVAL) field studies. Measurements from the second NARVAL (NARVAL2) are used to highlight the ability of HALO, when configured in this fashion, to characterize not only the distribution of water condensate in the atmosphere, but also its impact on radiant energy transfer and the covarying large-scale meteorological conditions—including the large-scale velocity field and its vertical component. The NARVAL campaigns with HALO demonstrate the potential of airborne cloud observatories to address long-standing riddles in studies of the coupling between clouds and circulation and are helping to motivate a new generation of field studies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-0007 , 1520-0477
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0198.1
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2029396-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 419957-1
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    FESSTVaL: the Field Experiment on Submesoscale Spatio-Temporal Variability in Lindenberg
    American Meteorological Society ; 2023
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society ( 2023-09-06)
    Details
    In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, American Meteorological Society, ( 2023-09-06)
    Abstract: Numerical weather prediction models operate on grid spacings of a few kilometers, where deep convection begins to become resolvable. Around this scale, the emergence of coherent structures in the planetary boundary layer, often hypothesized to be caused by cold pools, forces the transition from shallow to deep convection. Yet, the kilometer-scale range is typically not resolved by standard surface operational measurement networks. The measurement campaign FESSTVaL aimed at addressing this gap by observing atmospheric variability at the hectometer to kilometer scale, with a particular emphasis on cold pools, wind gusts and coherent patterns in the planetary boundary layer during summer. A unique feature was the distribution of 150 self-developed and low-cost instruments. More specifically, FESSTVaL included dense networks of 80 autonomous cold pool loggers, 19 weather stations and 83 soil sensor systems, all installed in a rural region of 15-km radius in eastern Germany, as well as self-developed weather stations handed out to citizens. Boundary layer and upper air observations were provided by 8 Doppler lidars and 4 microwave radiometers distributed at 3 supersites; water vapor and temperature were also measured by advanced lidar systems and an infrared spectrometer; and rain was observed by a X-band radar. An uncrewed aircraft, multicopters and a small radiometer network carried out additional measurements during a four-week period. In this paper, we present FESSTVaL’s measurement strategy and show first observational results including unprecedented highly-resolved spatio-temporal cold-pool structures, both in the horizontal as well as in the vertical dimension, associated with overpassing convective systems.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-0007 , 1520-0477
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0330.1
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2029396-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 419957-1
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Optimized Surface Radiation Fields Derived from Meteosat Imagery and a Regional Atmospheric Model
    American Meteorological Society ; 2004
    In:  Journal of Hydrometeorology Vol. 5, No. 6 ( 2004-12-01), p. 1091-1101
    Details
    In: Journal of Hydrometeorology, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 5, No. 6 ( 2004-12-01), p. 1091-1101
    Abstract: High-quality fields of surface radiation fluxes are required for the development of Land Data Assimilation Systems. A fast offline integration scheme was developed to modify NWP model cloud fields based on Meteosat visible and infrared observations. From the updated cloud fields, downward shortwave and longwave radiation at the surface are computed using the NWP radiative transfer model. A dataset of 15 months covering Europe was produced and validated against measurements of ground stations on a daily basis. In situ measurements are available for 30 stations in the Netherlands and two Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) stations in Germany and France. The accuracy of shortwave surface radiation is increased when the integration system is applied. The rms error in the model forecast is found to be 32 and 42 W m−2 for the period from October 1999 to December 2000 for the two BSRN stations. These values are reduced to 21 and 25 W m−2 through the application of the integration scheme. During the summer months the errors are generally larger than in winter. Because of an integrated monitoring of surface albedo, the performance of the scheme is not affected by snow cover. The errors in the longwave radiation field of the original NWP model are already small. However, they are slightly reduced by applying the integration scheme.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1525-7541 , 1525-755X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JHM-389.1
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2004
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2042176-X
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Simple Method for Attenuation Correction in Local X-Band Radar Measurements Using C-Band Radar Data
    American Meteorological Society ; 2016
    In:  Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology Vol. 33, No. 11 ( 2016-11), p. 2315-2329
    Details
    In: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 33, No. 11 ( 2016-11), p. 2315-2329
    Abstract: This paper presents a novel, simple method to correct reflectivity measurements of weather radars that operate in attenuation-influenced frequency bands using observations from less attenuated radar systems. In recent years radar systems operating in the X-band frequency range have been developed to provide precipitation fields for areas of special interest in high temporal (≤1 min) and spatial (≤250 m) resolution in complement to nationwide radar networks. However, X-band radars are highly influenced by attenuation. C- and S-band radars typically have coarser resolution (250 m–1 km and 5 min) but are less affected by attenuation. Correcting for attenuation effects in simple (non-Doppler) single-polarized X-band radars remains challenging and is often dependent on restriction parameters, for example, those derived from mountain returns. Therefore, these algorithms are applicable only in limited areas. The method proposed here uses measurements from C-band radars and hence can be applied in all regions covered by nationwide C- (or S-) band radar networks. First, a single scan of X-band radar measurements is used exemplary to identify advantages and disadvantages of the novel algorithm compared to a standard single radar algorithm. The performance of the correction algorithms in different types of precipitation is examined in nine case studies. The proposed method provides very promising results for each type of precipitation. Additionally, it is evaluated in a 5-month comparison with Micro Rain Radar (MRR) observations. The bias between uncorrected X-band radar and MRR data is nearly eliminated by the attenuation correction algorithm, and the RMSE is reduced by 20% while the correlation of ~0.9 between both systems remains nearly constant.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0739-0572 , 1520-0426
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JTECH-D-15-0091.1
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021720-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 48441-6
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Assessing the Benefits of Convection-Permitting Models by Neighborhood Verification: Examples from MAP D-PHASE
    American Meteorological Society ; 2010
    In:  Monthly Weather Review Vol. 138, No. 9 ( 2010-09-01), p. 3418-3433
    Details
    In: Monthly Weather Review, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 138, No. 9 ( 2010-09-01), p. 3418-3433
    Abstract: High-resolution numerical weather prediction (NWP) models produce more detailed precipitation structures but the real benefit is probably the more realistic statistics gained with the higher resolution and not the information on the specific grid point. By evaluating three model pairs, each consisting of a high-resolution NWP system resolving convection explicitly and its low-resolution-driving model with parameterized convection, on different spatial scales and for different thresholds, this paper addresses the question of whether high-resolution models really perform better than their driving lower-resolution counterparts. The model pairs are evaluated by means of two fuzzy verification methods—upscaling (UP) and fractions skill score (FSS)—for the 6 months of the D-PHASE Operations Period and in a highly complex terrain. Observations are provided by the Swiss radar composite and the evaluation is restricted to the area covered by the Swiss radar stations. The high-resolution models outperform or equal the performance of their respective lower-resolution driving models. The differences between the models are significant and robust against small changes in the verification settings. An evaluation based on individual months shows that high-resolution models give better results, particularly with regard to convective, more localized precipitation events.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0493 , 0027-0644
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/2010MWR3380.1
    RVK:
    RA 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2033056-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 202616-8
    SSG: 14
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Convective Cold Pools in Long-Term Boundary Layer Mast Observations
    American Meteorological Society ; 2021
    In:  Monthly Weather Review Vol. 149, No. 3 ( 2021-03), p. 811-820
    Details
    In: Monthly Weather Review, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 149, No. 3 ( 2021-03), p. 811-820
    Abstract: Cold pools are mesoscale features that are key for understanding the organization of convection, but are insufficiently captured in conventional observations. This study conducts a statistical characterization of cold-pool passages observed at a 280-m-high boundary layer mast in Hamburg (Germany) and discusses factors controlling their signal strength. During 14 summer seasons 489 cold-pool events are identified from rapid temperature drops below −2 K associated with rainfall. The cold-pool activity exhibits distinct annual and diurnal cycles peaking in July and midafternoon, respectively. The median temperature perturbation is −3.3 K at 2-m height and weakens above. Also the increase in hydrostatic air pressure and specific humidity is largest near the surface. Extrapolation of the vertically weakening pressure signal suggests a characteristic cold-pool depth of about 750 m. Disturbances in the horizontal and vertical wind speed components document a lifting-induced circulation of air masses prior to the approaching cold-pool front. According to a correlation analysis, the near-surface temperature perturbation is more strongly controlled by the pre-event saturation deficit ( r = −0.71) than by the event-accumulated rainfall amount ( r = −0.35). Simulating the observed temperature drops as idealized wet-bulb processes suggests that evaporative cooling alone explains 64% of the variability in cold-pool strength. This number increases to 92% for cases that are not affected by advection of midtropospheric low-Θ e air masses under convective downdrafts.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-0644 , 1520-0493
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-20-0197.1
    RVK:
    RA 1000
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2033056-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 202616-8
    SSG: 14
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Observing Local-Scale Variability of Near-Surface Temperature and Humidity Using a Wireless Sensor Network
    American Meteorological Society ; 2012
    In:  Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology Vol. 51, No. 1 ( 2012-01), p. 30-41
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 51, No. 1 ( 2012-01), p. 30-41
    Abstract: In this paper the influence of surface type, wind speed, and other environmental conditions on near-surface air temperature, specific humidity, and surface temperature is studied. A wireless sensor network consisting of 13 low-cost meteorological stations was set up as a 2.3-km-long double transect in western Germany during the Fluxes and Patterns in the Soil–Vegetation–Atmosphere Scheme (FLUXPAT2009) campaign. This deployment covered various surface types, including a small river. It was found that the air temperature was mainly influenced by the distance to the river and that its variability is controlled by the wind speed. During the night, a pool of cold air formed in the valley close to the water. The specific humidity is also governed by proximity to the river, especially during the night and for low wind speeds. In contrast, the differences in surface temperature were caused by different land cover. These results can be confirmed by a cluster analysis. Setting up 13 stations in a relatively small area is not always feasible. In this study, an estimation of the error that is made by considering the effect of a reduced number of stations is given. Use of only a single station results in an error of 0.86 K in air temperature, 0.67 g kg −1 in specific humidity, and 1.4 K in surface temperature.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1558-8424 , 1558-8432
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JAMC-D-11-025.1
    RVK:
    UA 4547
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2012
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2227779-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2227759-6
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Stratiform and Convective Radar Reflectivity–Rain Rate Relationships and Their Potential to Improve Radar Rainfall Estimates
    American Meteorological Society ; 2019
    In:  Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology Vol. 58, No. 10 ( 2019-10), p. 2259-2271
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 58, No. 10 ( 2019-10), p. 2259-2271
    Abstract: The variability of the raindrop size distribution (DSD) contributes to large parts of the uncertainty in radar-based quantitative rainfall estimates. The variety of microphysical processes acting on the formation of rainfall generally leads to significantly different relationships between radar reflectivity Z and rain rate R for stratiform and convective rainfall. High-resolution observation data from three Micro Rain Radars in northern Germany are analyzed to quantify the potential of dual Z – R relationships to improve radar rainfall estimates under idealized rainfall type identification and separation. Stratiform and convective rainfall are separated with two methods, establishing thresholds for the rain rate-dependent mean drop size and the α coefficient of the power-law Z – R relationship. The two types of dual Z – R relationships are tested against a standard Marshall–Palmer relationship and a globally adjusted single relationship. The comparison of DSD-based and reflectivity-derived rain rates shows that the use of stratiform and convective Z – R relationships reduces the estimation error of the 6-month accumulated rainfall between 30% and 50% relative to a single Z – R relationship. Consistent results for neighboring locations are obtained at different rainfall intensity classes. The range of estimation errors narrows by between 20% and 40% for 10-s-integrated rain rates, dependent on rainfall intensity and separation method. The presented technique also considerably reduces the occurrence of extreme underestimations of the true rain rate for heavy rainfall, which is particularly relevant for operational applications and flooding predictions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1558-8424 , 1558-8432
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JAMC-D-19-0077.1
    RVK:
    UA 4547
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2227779-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2227759-6
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