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  • Springer  (186)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)  (4)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 13 (2001), S. 1755-1767 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The continuity and momentum equations do not imply a Reynolds number dependence of turbulence data when wall variables are used for normalization. However, experimental and numerical results show a Reynolds number dependence of turbulence intensity very close to the wall. The cause of this is explained. It results from the behavior of a sink term in the dissipation rate equation which shows a Reynolds number dependence in the limit of two-component two-dimensional turbulence as it exists close to walls. Away from the near-wall region the Reynolds number dependence originates from the streamwise pressure gradient which enters into the equations for the turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent dissipation rate through the gradient production processes. The low-Reynolds number effects in turbulent channel flow were investigated experimentally using the laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) measuring technique. A new method was used to eliminate the influence of the limited spatial resolution of the LDA measuring control volume. Results are presented for the limiting behavior of the turbulent intensity near the wall and its variation with the Reynolds number. The present LDA measurements confirm the trend in the data of direct numerical simulations. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 30 (1938), S. 404-416 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 30 (1939), S. 92-117 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 31 (1939), S. S129 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 32 (1939), S. 266-270 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 27 (1937), S. 323-331 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 96 (1986), S. 183-197 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Gunshot ; Path of a bullet, fiber infiltration and distribution of textile fibers ; Schuß ; Schußkanal ; Einschleppung und Verteilung von Textilfasern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 21 Blöcke aus 20%iger Gelatine, an deren Stirnfläche eine mit Technetium-99m markierte Textilvorlage angebracht war, wurden mit Faustfeuerwaffen der Kaliber .22 long rifle und .357 Magnum beschossen. Es wurden jeweils 2 Schußserien mit verschiedener Munition auf Sommer-, Übergangs- und Winterbekleidung abgegeben. Die Radioaktivität der beschossenen Blöcke wurde mit einem Photonenemissions-Computertomographen gemessen. Die Ergebnisse der jeweiligen Schußserien wurden graphisch dargestellt und miteinander verglichen. Initial (bei 2 cm Tiefe) findet sich immer eine hohe Radioaktivität, die u.a. durch die zwangsläufige Verunreinigung der Geschoßoberfläche beim Schuß durch die technetiummarkierte Textilvorlage bedingt ist (Abstreifvorgang). Höhere Radioaktivität in den mittleren und tiefen Blockbereichen ist allein auf Fasereinschleppung zurückzuführen. Demnach finden sich größere Faseransammlungen in den mittleren und tieferen Bereichen des Schußkanals hauptsächlich bei dünner Bekleidung (Sommer). Dicke Bekleidung (Herbst und Winter) stellt auch für Geschosse größerer Auftreffenergie ein erhebliches Hindernis dar. Hierbei schleppen lediglich Projektile mit geringer Deformationsneigung und hoher Auftreffenergie einen wesentlichen Anteil textiler Fasern bis in tiefere Abschnitte des Blocks ein.
    Notes: Summary Twenty-one blocks consisting of 20% gelatin were fired at using firearms of the long rifle caliber .22 and .357 Magnum. The frontal area of these blocks was prepared with textile coverings marked with technetium 99m. Two gunshot series of each type were fired at summer, interseasonal, and winter clothing, using different ammunition. The radioactivity of the bombarded blocks was measured by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The results of these gun shot series were presented graphically and compared. Initially (at 2 cm depth), high radioactivity is always detected, which among other things is caused by the defilement of the bullet's surface when shot through the textile covering marked by technetium. The higher radioactivity in the middle and deeper block areas is the result of fiber infiltration. Accordingly, there are greater fiber accumulations in the middle and deeper areas of the path of the bullet. This is the case mainly in thinner clothing (summer). Heavier clothing (autumn, winter) presents a greater obstacle for bullets with greater impact as well. Here, only projectiles having a lesser tendency to deform, as well as a high impact, transport a considerable proportion of textile fibers into the deeper parts of the blocks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheumatology international 13 (1993), S. 163-167 
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Keywords: Ankylosing spondylitis ; HLA-B27 ; Flow cytometry ; Antigen masking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In patients suffering from ankylosing spondylitis (AS) HLA-B27 determination by means of the microlymphocytotoxicity test (MLCT) sometimes gives equivocal or false-negative results even though it has been performed with meticulous care. These failures of the test did not arise when the isolated mononuclear cells (MNC) were incubated in lymphocyte culture medium at 37°C under sterile conditions for 24h. To objectify these observations two methods of HLA class I typing were implemented before and after incubation of the test MNC in culture medium: a bioluminescence method based on the loss of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in lysed cells in a modification of the usual MLCT and a flow cytometric (FC) test using direct immunofluorescence with an anti-HLA-B27 monoclonal antibody (MAB). In this study 50 patients with AS and 12 healthy volunteers were typed by the usual MLCT according to the NIH standard method and with both of the quantitative methods. In most of the AS patients the discrimination between positive and negative typing results became more distinct after 24 h incubation in culture medium. In the entire group of AS patients tested three false-negative typing results were prevented by this method. Although the MAB against HLA-B27 is cross-reactive with HLA-B7 and HLA-B22, errors in the FC analysis could be avoided by calibration of the flow cytometer with standard calibration beads. Possible explanations for masking of the HLA-B27 in AS patients are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 264 (1986), S. 387-398 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Crosslink density ; extensibility ; dynamic fatigue ; shear strength ; transverse tensile strength
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of matrix extensibility on the properties of a composite was studied using two glassy polymers of almost identical chemical structure but differing crosslink densities. The lower crosslink density gave a 73 % increase in tensile elongation at break and a 56% increase in specific fracture energy. Unidirectional laminates of glass, carbon, and Kevlar® fibres were prepared with these two polymers and tested for shear strength, transverse tension, and dynamic fatigue. The shear strengths of the polymers were found to be almost independent of crosslink densities (about 100 MPa). The interlaminar shear strengths of the carbon fibre laminates corresponded to those of the matrix polymers (Kevlar® fibre laminates failed at 60 %). In accordance with Griffith's equation the more extensible polymer and its laminates performed better in tensile tests transverse to the fibres due to improved fracture energy. Failure criteria based on strain magnification were useful in the case of glass fibre laminates, but proved inadequate for laminates based on anisotropic fibres such as carbon and Kevlar®. The dynamic fatigue strengths of the two matrix polymers were unaffected by the difference in crosslink densities. Almost the same fatigue strengths were obtained for the matrix polymers as for the laminates (carbon, glass) transverse to the fibres. A lack of processability of the polymer with high functionality was identified as a source of deteriorating effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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