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  • 1
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    Past, present, and future roles of long-term experiments in the LTER Network (2012)
    American Institute of Biological Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Institute of Biological Sciences, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Institute of Biological Sciences for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in BioScience 62 (2012): 377-389, doi:10.1525/bio.2012.62.4.9.
    Description: The US National Science Foundation—funded Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network supports a large (around 240) and diverse portfolio of long-term ecological experiments. Collectively, these long-term experiments have (a) provided unique insights into ecological patterns and processes, although such insight often became apparent only after many years of study; (b) influenced management and policy decisions; and (c) evolved into research platforms supporting studies and involving investigators who were not part of the original design. Furthermore, this suite of long-term experiments addresses, at the site level, all of the US National Research Council's Grand Challenges in Environmental Sciences. Despite these contributions, we argue that the scale and scope of global environmental change requires a more-coordinated multisite approach to long-term experiments. Ideally, such an approach would include a network of spatially extensive multifactor experiments, designed in collaboration with ecological modelers that would build on and extend the unique context provided by the LTER Network.
    Description: 2012-10-01
    Keywords: Climate change ; Global change ; Long-term research ; LTER Network ; Multifactor experiments
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 2
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    Net emissions of CH4 and CO2 in Alaska : implications for the region's greenhouse gas budget (2011)
    Ecological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Ecological Society of America, 2007. This article is posted here by permission of Ecological Society of America for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Ecological Applications 17 (2007): 203–212, doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2007)017[0203:NEOCAC]2.0.CO;2.
    Description: We used a biogeochemistry model, the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM), to study the net methane (CH4) fluxes between Alaskan ecosystems and the atmosphere. We estimated that the current net emissions of CH4 (emissions minus consumption) from Alaskan soils are 3 Tg CH4/yr. Wet tundra ecosystems are responsible for 75% of the region's net emissions, while dry tundra and upland boreal forests are responsible for 50% and 45% of total consumption over the region, respectively. In response to climate change over the 21st century, our simulations indicated that CH4 emissions from wet soils would be enhanced more than consumption by dry soils of tundra and boreal forests. As a consequence, we projected that net CH4 emissions will almost double by the end of the century in response to high-latitude warming and associated climate changes. When we placed these CH4 emissions in the context of the projected carbon budget (carbon dioxide [CO2] and CH4) for Alaska at the end of the 21st century, we estimated that Alaska will be a net source of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere of 69 Tg CO2 equivalents/yr, that is, a balance between net methane emissions of 131 Tg CO2 equivalents/yr and carbon sequestration of 17 Tg C/yr (62 Tg CO2 equivalents/yr).
    Description: This work was supported by an NSF biocomplexity grant (ATM-0120468), by NSF funding the International Arctic Research Center (OPP- 0327664), by the NASA Land Cover and Land Use Change Program (NAG5-6257), and by funding from the MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change.
    Keywords: Alaska (USA) ; Global warming potential ; Greenhouse gas budget ; Methane consumption and emissions ; Methanogenesis ; Methanotrophy
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 3
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    Historical carbon emissions and uptake from the agricultural frontier of the Brazilian Amazon (2011)
    Ecological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Ecological Society of America, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of Ecological Society of America for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Ecological Applications 21 (2011): 750–763, doi:10.1890/09-1957.1.
    Description: Tropical ecosystems play a large and complex role in the global carbon cycle. Clearing of natural ecosystems for agriculture leads to large pulses of CO2 to the atmosphere from terrestrial biomass. Concurrently, the remaining intact ecosystems, especially tropical forests, may be sequestering a large amount of carbon from the atmosphere in response to global environmental changes including climate changes and an increase in atmospheric CO2. Here we use an approach that integrates census-based historical land use reconstructions, remote-sensing-based contemporary land use change analyses, and simulation modeling of terrestrial biogeochemistry to estimate the net carbon balance over the period 1901–2006 for the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, which is one of the most rapidly changing agricultural frontiers in the world. By the end of this period, we estimate that of the state's 925 225 km2, 221 092 km2 have been converted to pastures and 89 533 km2 have been converted to croplands, with forest-to-pasture conversions being the dominant land use trajectory but with recent transitions to croplands increasing rapidly in the last decade. These conversions have led to a cumulative release of 4.8 Pg C to the atmosphere, with 80% from forest clearing and 20% from the clearing of cerrado. Over the same period, we estimate that the residual undisturbed ecosystems accumulated 0.3 Pg C in response to CO2 fertilization. Therefore, the net emissions of carbon from Mato Grosso over this period were 4.5 Pg C. Net carbon emissions from Mato Grosso since 2000 averaged 146 Tg C/yr, on the order of Brazil's fossil fuel emissions during this period. These emissions were associated with the expansion of croplands to grow soybeans. While alternative management regimes in croplands, including tillage, fertilization, and cropping patterns promote carbon storage in ecosystems, they remain a small portion of the net carbon balance for the region. This detailed accounting of a region's carbon balance is the type of foundation analysis needed by the new United Nations Collaborative Programmme for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD).
    Description: This work was supported by NASA’s Earth and Space Science Fellowship (G. L. Galford) and NASA’s Large-Scale Biosphere–Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (grant number NNG06GE20A).
    Keywords: Amazon ; CO2 fertilization ; Carbon emissions ; Cerrado ; Crops ; Global warming ; Land cover and land use change ; Mato Grosso, Brazil ; Pasture ; Soils ; Terrestrial ecosystems model ; United Nations Collaborative Programmme for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD)
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 4
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    Aggregate measures of ecosystem services : can we take the pulse of nature? (2011)
    Ecological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Ecological Society of America, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of Ecological Society of America for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3 (2005): 56–59, doi:10.1890/1540-9295(2005)003[0056:AMOESC]2.0.CO;2.
    Description: National scale aggregate indicators of ecosystem services are useful for stimulating and supporting a broad public discussion about trends in the provision of these services. There are important considerations involved in producing an aggregate indicator, including whether the scientific and technological capacity exists, how to address varying perceptions of the societal importance of different services, and how to communicate information about these services to both decision makers and the general public. Although the challenges are formidable, they are not insurmountable. Quantification of ecosystem services and dissemination of information to decision makers and the public is critical for the responsible and sustainable management of natural resources.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 5
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    Fungal community response to long-term soil warming with potential implications for soil carbon dynamics (2021)
    Ecological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Pec, G. J., van Diepen, L. T. A., Knorr, M., Grandy, A. S., Melillo, J. M., DeAngelis, K. M., Blanchard, J. L., & Frey, S. D. Fungal community response to long-term soil warming with potential implications for soil carbon dynamics. Ecosphere, 12(5), (2021): e03460, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3460.
    Description: The direction and magnitude of climate warming effects on ecosystem processes such as carbon cycling remain uncertain. Soil fungi are central to these processes due to their roles as decomposers of soil organic matter, as mycorrhizal symbionts, and as determinants of plant diversity. Yet despite their importance to ecosystem functioning, we lack a clear understanding of the long-term response of soil fungal communities to warming. Toward this goal, we characterized soil fungal communities in two replicated soil warming experiments at the Harvard Forest (Petersham, Massachusetts, USA) which had experienced 5°C above ambient soil temperatures for 5 and 20 yr at the time of sampling. We assessed fungal diversity and community composition by sequencing the ITS2 region of rDNA using Illumina technology, along with soil C concentrations and chemistry. Three main findings emerged: (1) long-, but not short-term warming resulted in compositional shifts in the soil fungal community, particularly in the saprotrophic and unknown components of the community; (2) soil C concentrations and the total C stored in the organic horizon declined in response to both short- (5 yr) and long-term (20 yr) warming; and (3) following long-term warming, shifts in fungal guild relative abundances were associated with substantial changes in soil organic matter chemistry, particularly the relative abundance of lignin. Taken together, our results suggest that shifts with warming in the relative abundance of fungal functional groups and dominant fungal taxa are related to observed losses in total soil C.
    Description: NSF Long-term Research in Environmental Biology. Grant Number: DEB 1456528 NSF Long-term Ecological Research. Grant Number: DEB 1237491 Joint Genome Institute as part of a Community Sequencing Program Award. Grant Number: DE-AC02-05CH11231 CSP-1058
    Keywords: Ectomycorrhizal fungi ; Illumina ; Organic matter chemistry ; Saprotrophic fungi ; Soil carbon
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    Insights and issues with simulating terrestrial DOC loading of Arctic river networks (2014)
    Ecological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © Ecological Society of America, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of Ecological Society of America for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Ecological Applications 23 (2013): 1817-1836, doi:10.1890/11-1050.1.
    Description: Terrestrial carbon dynamics influence the contribution of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to river networks in addition to hydrology. In this study, we use a biogeochemical process model to simulate the lateral transfer of DOC from land to the Arctic Ocean via riverine transport. We estimate that, over the 20th century, the pan-Arctic watershed has contributed, on average, 32 Tg C/yr of DOC to river networks emptying into the Arctic Ocean with most of the DOC coming from the extensive area of boreal deciduous needle-leaved forests and forested wetlands in Eurasian watersheds. We also estimate that the rate of terrestrial DOC loading has been increasing by 0.037 Tg C/yr2 over the 20th century primarily as a result of climate-induced increases in water yield. These increases have been offset by decreases in terrestrial DOC loading caused by wildfires. Other environmental factors (CO2 fertilization, ozone pollution, atmospheric nitrogen deposition, timber harvest, agriculture) are estimated to have relatively small effects on terrestrial DOC loading to Arctic rivers. The effects of the various environmental factors on terrestrial carbon dynamics have both offset and enhanced concurrent effects on hydrology to influence terrestrial DOC loading and may be changing the relative importance of terrestrial carbon dynamics on this carbon flux. Improvements in simulating terrestrial DOC loading to pan-Arctic rivers in the future will require better information on the production and consumption of DOC within the soil profile, the transfer of DOC from land to headwater streams, the spatial distribution of precipitation and its temporal trends, carbon dynamics of larch-dominated ecosystems in eastern Siberia, and the role of industrial organic effluents on carbon budgets of rivers in western Russia.
    Description: This study was supported, in part, by the U.S. National Science Foundation under grants ARC-0531047, ARC-0531082, ARC-0531119, ARC-0554811, and ARC- 0652838; the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under grant R833261; the U.S. Department of Energy under grant DE-FG02-08ER64597; and the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration under grant NNX09A126G.
    Keywords: Climate change ; Permafrost degradation ; River discharge ; Riverine DOC export ; Terrestrial DOC loading ; Trajectory of the Arctic ; Water yield ; Wildfire
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 7
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    Interaction between pollution and climate change augments ecological risk to a coastal ecosystem (2019)
    Taylor & Francis
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Lu, Y., Wang, R., Shi, Y., Su, C., Yuan, J., Johnson, A. C., Jenkins, A., Ferrier, R. C., Chen, D., Tian, H., Melillo, J., Song, S., & Ellison, A. M. Interaction between pollution and climate change augments ecological risk to a coastal ecosystem. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability, 4(7), (2018): 161-168, doi:10.1080/20964129.2018.1500428.
    Description: Pollution and climate change are among the most challenging issues for countries with developing economies, but we know little about the ecological risks that result when these pressures occur together. We explored direct effects of, and interactions between, environmental pollution and climate change on ecosystem health in the Bohai Sea region of Northern China. We developed an integrated approach to assess ecological risks to this region under four scenarios of climate change. Although ecological risks to the system from pollution alone have been declining, interactions between pollution and climate change have enhanced ecological risks to this coastal/marine ecosystem. Our results suggest that current policies focused strictly on pollution control alone should be changed to take into account the interactive effects of climate change so as to better forecast and manage potential ecological risks.
    Description: This study was supported by the National Key R & D Program of China (2017YFC0505704), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41420104004 and No. 71761147001), the Key Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KFZD-SW-322), and the Key Technology R&D Program of Tianjin (16YFXTSF00380).
    Keywords: Climate change ; environmental pollution ; environmental risk stressors ; integrated ecological risk ; coastal ecosystem
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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