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  • 1
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The paper presents a mathematical analysis of the criteria for gene therapy of T helper cells to have a clinical effect on HIV infection. The analysis indicates that for such a therapy to be successful, it must protect the transduced cells against HIV-induced death. The transduced cells will not survive as a population if the gene therapy only blocks the spread of virus from transduced cells that become infected. The analysis also suggests that the degree of protection against disease-related cell death provided by the gene therapy is more important than the fraction of cells that is initially transduced. If only a small fraction of the cells can be transduced, transduction of T helper cells and transduction of haematopoietic progenitor cells will result in the same steady-state level of transduced T helper cells. For gene therapy to be efficient against HIV infection, our analysis suggests that a 100% protection against viral escape must be obtained. The study also suggests that a gene therapy against HIV infection should be designed to give the transduced cells a partial but not necessarily total protection against HIV-induced cell death, and to avoid the production of viral mutants insensitive to the gene therapy.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Automatic area estimation ; image processing ; shrinkage correction ; insect plant relationships ; feeding assays ; flea beetle ; Phyllotreta armoraciae ; Phyllotreta nemorum ; horseradish ; radish ; Cruciferae ; glucosinolates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Blattscheiben-Tests haben viele Anwendungs-Möglichkeiten in Studien über Frass-Verhalten von pflanzenfressenden Insekten. Aufnahme von solche Versuche geschieht am Meisten durch visuelle Aufzählung von konsumierten Arealen in einer Präparations-Mikroskop. Diese Aufzählung ist langweilig und zeitraubend. Deshalb ist eine neue automatische Methode entwickelt, die diese aufzählungen ausführen. Mit der neuen Methode wird die Blattscheiben mit einer Videokamera fotografiert, die Bilder werden digitalisiert, und die Aufzählungen geschehen mittels einen Computer. Die neue Methode ausgleicht Veränderungen im Areal der Blattscheiben. Solche veränderungen geschehen oft im Laufe der Tests (24 Stunden Versuchsdauer) nach den Abschneiden der Blattscheiben. Die neue Methode zeigte sich als sehr zeitsparend und ausreichend präzis für viele Zwecke. Kalibrierung mit früheren Methoden, die auch visuelles Zählen beinhalteten wurde ausgeführt. Die neue und die frühere Methode wurden in einer Studie über die relative Akzeptanz von Meerrettich (Armoracia rusticana G., M. & Sch.), Radieschen (Raphanus sativus L.) und Erbsen (Pisum sativum L.) bei zwei kreuzblütlerfressenden Erdfloharten verglichen: Phyllotreta armoraciae (Koch) und P. nemorum L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae). Erbsenblattscheiben wurden mit Sinigrin behandelt, ein bekanntes Frass-Stimulanz für beide Arten. Sowohl Wahl als auch Nicht-Wahl-Tests ergaben das gleiche Resultat, unabhängig von der Methode, die für die Schätzung der konsumierten Fläche benutzt wurde. Beide Arten zogen es in Wahl-Tests vor, an ihren Wirtspflanzen zu fressen, P. armoraciae an Meerrettisch und P. nemorum an Radieschen. Die relativen Mengen, die an Nicht-Wirtspflanzen konsumiert wurden, waren in Nicht-Wahl-Tests grösser als in Wahl-Tests. Unerfahrene P. armoraciae konsumierten gleiche Mengen von Meerrettich und sinigrinbehandelten Erbsen in den Nicht-Wahl-Tests.
    Notes: Abstract An automatic method is described which can measure areas consumed from leaf discs by insects. The method is based on digital image processing and is able to compensate for changes in areas which occur during the feeding experiments after the leaf discs have been cut. Calibration with previous methods involving visual counting has been made. The new method proved to be very time-saving and sufficiently accurate for many purposes. The new and the previous method were compared in a study of the relative acceptability of horseradish (Armoracia rusticana G., M. & Sch.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) to two crucifer feeding flea beetle species, Phyllotreta armoraciae (Koch) and P. nemorum L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae). Pea leaf discs were treated with sinigrin, a known feeding stimulant for both species. Choice as well as non-choice tests yielded the same results independant of the method used for estimation of consumed areas. Both species preferred to feed on their host plants in choice tests, P. armoraciae on horseradish and P. nemorum on radish. Relative amounts consumed from non-host plants were higher in non-choice than in choice tests. Inexperienced P. armoraciae consumed similar amounts of horseradish and pea treated with sinigrin in the non-choice tests.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 359-368 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata ; Cruciferae ; Phyllotreta nemorum ; Chrysomelidae ; Alticinae ; flea beetle ; plant defence ; host plant range ; near-isogenic ; Y-linkage ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A Y-linked gene (R-gene) in the flea beetle Phyllotreta nemorum L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) confer the ability of larvae to survive on types of the plant Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. (Brassicaceae) which are immune to attack by susceptible conspecifics. Two near-isogenic flea beetle lines were developed. The YE-line contained the Y-linked R-gene, and male larvae from this line survived on B. vulgaris. The ST-line did not contain the gene and did not survive on the plant. The YE-line had been developed through 8–9 generations of backcrosses (YE-males with ST-females) and the two lines were considered to be isogenic except for genes located on the Y-chromosome. A single copy of the Y-linked gene is sufficient to transfer a susceptible genotype (ST) into a resistant genotype (YE) which is able to utilize a plant that is immune to attack by specimens without R-genes. The Y-linked gene had no effects on survival on other plant species tested. The gene did not have any effect on developmental times and weights of adult beetles reared on other plants than B. vulgaris. Developmental times of larvae with the Y-linked gene were longer on B. vulgaris than on normal host plants, R. sativus and S. arvensis, but the adults obtained the same size on these plant species. No trade-offs of the Y-linked gene were discovered. The results suggest that the occurrence of the Y-linked gene is a derived trait which has enabled the flea beetle to expand its host plant range. The evolution of a host shift to B. vulgaris seems not to be favoured by the presence of this single gene.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 160-162 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Phyllotreta nemorum ; Barbarea vulgaris ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Cruciferae ; resistance ; genetics of insects ; inheritance ; Y-linkage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Ceutorhynchus constrictus ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Ceutorhynchinae ; Alliaria petiolata ; garlic mustard ; Brassicaceae ; Cruciferae ; glucosinolates ; sinigrin ; host plant selection ; monophagous ; feeding stimulants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ceutorhynchus constrictus Marsh. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Ceutorhynchinae) ist ein monophager Rüsselkäfer, der an Knoblauchhederich frisst. Das Wirtswahl-Verhalten dieses Käfers ist im Labor untersucht worden. Die meisten Crucifiren waren im Wahlversuche nicht akzeptiert, wenn Knoblauchhederich als Vergleichspflanze vorhanden war. Von Brassica nigra, Sinapis alba, und Thlaspi arvense wurden im Vergleich gleiche Mengen verzehrt wie von der Wirtspflanze. Blühende Descurainia sophia Pflanzen wurden, im Gegensatz zu Jungpflanzen der gleichen Art, angenommen. Die wichtichsten Phagostimulanten in Extrakten von Knoblauchhederich-Blättern waren ungeladene, wasserlösliche Substanzen. Das häufigste Glukosinolat im Knoblauchhederich, Sinigrin, war auch ein Phagostimulant. Doch war die phagostimulierende Wirkung von Sinigrin nur in Kombinationen mit noch nicht identifizierten, ungeladenen Substanzen aus Knoblauchhederich-Blätter nachweisbar. Wirtspfanzen-Beziehungen von monophagen Insekten werden diskutiert im Zusammenhang mit der Eigenart des Glukosinolat-Inhaltes ihrer Wirtspflanzen.
    Notes: Abstract Host plant relations of the monophagous weevil Ceutorhynchus constrictus Marsh. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Ceutorhynchinae) feeding on garlic mustard, Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande (Cruciferae) were studied in the laboratory. Most other crucifers were rejected in choice tests using garlic mustard as a reference plant, but Brassica nigra, Sinapis alba and Thlaspi arvense were as acceptable as the host plant. Flowering plants of Descurainia sophia were acceptable while young plants of this species were not. The most important feeding stimulants in extracts of garlic mustard were uncharged, water soluble compounds. The most abundant glucosinolate in garlic mustard, sinigrin, was a feeding stimulant, too. However, the feeding stimulatory activity of sinigrin was only expressed in the presence of still unidentified uncharged compounds from garlic mustard leaves. Host plant relations in monophagous crucifer-feeding insects is discussed in relation to the distinctness of glucosinolate patterns found in their host plants.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 82 (1997), S. 37-44 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Barbarea vulgaris ; Cruciferae ; Phyllotreta nemorum ; Chrysomelidae ; Alticinae ; flea beetle ; plant defence ; genetics ; sex-linkage ; X- and Y-chromosome ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A polymorphism in host plant exploitation has been discovered in the flea beetle, Phyllotreta nemorum L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) where one resistant population is able to use Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. ssp. arcuata (Opiz.) Simkovics (Brassicaceae) as a host plant while a susceptible population is not. Crosses (F1, F2, and backcrosses) between the two flea beetle populations were made, and survival of the progeny on B. v. ssp. arcuata was measured. The ability of P. nemorum larvae to survive in this plant species depended on the presence of major, dominant genes (R-genes). The two most abundant R-genes in the resistant flea beetle population were X- and Y-linked, respectively. The use of B. v. ssp. arcuata as a natural host plant by the resistant population of P. nemorum seems to be an extension of the host plant range of the species. The role of sex-linked genes in the evolution of host range is discussed.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 82 (1997), S. 25-35 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Barbarea vulgaris ; Cruciferae ; Phyllotreta nemorum ; Chrysomelidae ; Alticinae ; flea beetle ; plant defence ; resistance ; host plant ; variation ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several sorts of variation in the interaction between the insect, Phyllotreta nemorum L. (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae:Alticinae), and the plant, Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. (Brassicaceae), have been discovered: 1) genetic differences in the levels of defences in the plant, 2) genetic differences in the ability of insects to cope with the plant defences, 3) seasonal variation in levels of defences in the plant, and 4) differences between leaf types in levels of defences. Two plant accessions were suitable for larval development throughout the season while the remaining nine accessions were more or less unsuitable for larvae from the ‘susceptible’ T-population at least at certain times of the year. All accessions were suitable for the ‘resistant’ E-population throughout the year. There was a seasonal variation in levels of defences in some accessions which were unsuitable for the T-population during the summer period when beetles were present, but not during autumn and spring when the beetle were hibernating. Upper (younger) cauline leaves of these accessions had higher levels of defences than lower (older) cauline leaves. The resistant E-population used B. vulgaris as a natural host plant while the susceptible T-population did not. The use of B. vulgaris as a natural host plant by the E-population of P. nemorum seems to be an extension of the host plant range of the species. Variation in plant defences may have facilitated the switch in host plant use by the resistant flea beetle population.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Wirtswahlverhalten des monophagen Erdflohs, Phyllotreta armoraciae, der auf Meerrettich, Armoracia rusticana, lebt, wurde mittels Blattscheiben-Tests untersucht. Glukosinolate stimulieren die Futteraufnahme von vielen Insekten, die auf Cruciferen leben. Wahrscheinlich erkennt ein monophages Insekt seine Wirtspflanze durch Reaktionen auf Stoffe die dieser Pflanze eigen sind. Eine Untersuchung der Affinität zwischen P. armoraciae und den Glukosinolaten des Meerrettichs wurde deshalb unternommen. Glukosinolate aus zwölf Cruciferae wurden isoliert, und eine semiquantitative Bestimmung durchgeführt. Gleichzeitig wurden die isolierten Glukosinolat-Mischungen auf Erbsenblattscheiben überführt und die frassstimulierende Wirkung gemessen. Der Glukosinolatinhalt des Meerrettichs besteht aus 99% Allylglukosinolat und Spurmengen von 2-butyl-und Benzylglukosinolat. Fast derselbe Gehalt wurde in Brassica nigra, Alliaria petiolata, Iberis umbellata und Thlaspi arvense gefunden, aber nur die ersterwähnte Art wurde in Labor-Tests akzeptiert. Obwohl Allylglukosinolat keine Hauptkomponente in Nasturtium microphyllum, Sinapis alba und Sisymbrium officinale ist, werden diese Arten doch von P. armoraciae im Labor akzeptiert. Vier anderen Cruciferen werden nicht akzeptiert. Die aus N. microphyllum, S. officinale, Alyssum saxatile und Cardamine amara isolierten Glukosinolat-Mischungen stimulieren die Futteraufnahme mehr als die Glukosinolat-Mischung aus Meerrettich. Nur die Glukosinolat-Mischung aus Iberis amara wirkt weniger stimulierend als die Mischung aus Meerrettich. Pflanzenarten, die von P. armoraciae akzeptiert werden, enthalten Glukosinolat-Mischungen mit hoher frassstimulierende Wirkung. Diese Wirkung ist nicht an einzelne Glukosinolate oder Glukosinolat-Mischungen geknüpft, und P. armoraciae erkennt den Meerrettich unter anderen Cruciferen nicht am Gehalt an Glukosinolaten. Einige Pflanzenarten werden nicht akzeptiert, obwohl sie frassstimulierende Glukosinolate enthalten. Vielleicht fehlen bei diesen Arten andere notwendige frassstimulierende Stoffe, oder (und) sie enthalten vielleicht frasshemmende Stoffe.
    Notes: Abstract Feeding responses of Phyllotreta armoraciae, a monophagous flea beetle feeding on horseradish, Armoracia rusticana, were evaluated by means of leaf disc tests. Semiquantitative determinations of the glucosinolate contents found in leaves of twelve species of Cruciferae, including horseradish, were performed. The responses of P. armoraciae to the twelve plant species were evaluated, as were the responses to pure glucosinolates and to glucosinolate mixtures occurring in the plants. The glucosinolate content of horseradish consisted of more than 99% allylglucosinolate together with traces of 2-butyl-and benzylglucosinolate. Nearly the same pattern occurred in Brassica nigra, Alliaria petiolata, Iberis umbellata, and Thlaspi arvense, but only the first-mentioned species was acceptable in laboratory bioassays. Nasturtium microphyllum, Sinapis alba, and Sisymbrium officinale did not contain allylglucosinolate as a major component, but nevertheless, these species were acceptable to P. armoraciae in the laboratory. The glucosinolate mixtures isolated from Nasturtium microphyllum, Sisymbrium officinale, Alyssum saxatile, and Cardamine amara were even more stimulating than glucosinolates from horseradish. The two latter species together with Iberis amara and Raphanus sativus were not eaten by P. armoraciae. All acceptable plants contained highly stimulatory mixtures of glucosinolates but several glucosinolates contributed to these mixtures and P. armoraciae did not prefer the glucosinolates of horseradish above those of most other investigated crucifers. Therefore, horseradish cannot be recognized by the beetles solely by its content of glucosinolates. Other feeding stimulants and(or) absence of feeding inhibitors seem to play a major role.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluss einiger sekundärer Pflanzenstoffe aus Cruciferen auf die Futteraufnahme von vier Chrysomeliden, die auf dieser Pflanzenfamilie vorkommen, wurde mittels Blattscheiben-Tests untersucht. Cucurbitacine sind starke Frasshemmstoffe für Phyllotreta nemorum, weniger starke Hemmstoffe für P. undulata und schwache Hemmstoffe für P. tetrastigma und Phaedon cochleariae. Iberis-Arten, die Cucurbitacine enthalten, werden von P. nemorum und P. undulata abgelehnt, von den beiden anderen Arten aber akzeptiert. Cardenolid-Glykoside vom Strophanthidin-Typ sind starke Frasshemmstoffe für P. undulata, P. tetrastigma und Phaedon cochleariae. Diese Arten lehnen Cheiranthus-und Erysimum-Arten, die solche Stoffe enthalten, ab. Die Futteraufnahme von P. nemorum wird von diesen Stoffen nicht beeinflusst; P. nemorum akzeptiert Cheiranthus- und Erysimum-Arten. Futteraufnahme fand bei Abwesenheit von Senfölglukosiden nicht statt. Sechs verschiedene Senfölglukoside waren alle imstande, das Aufnehmen von Erbsen-Blattscheiben zu stimulieren. Gewisse Unterschiede in der stimulierenden Wirkung der einzelnen Glukoside wurden gefunden. Das Vorkommen bestimmter Glukoside und die Akzeptabilität der Pflanzen zeigten aber keine Korrelation. Anwesenheit oder Abwesenheit von Frasshemmstoffen beeinflusst die Akzeptabilität der Pflanzenarten mehr als die Anwesenheit bestimmter Senfölglukoside. Wenn Senfölglukoside als eine erste Generation von Abwehrstoffen in Cruciferen aufgefasst werden, können Cucurbitacine in Iberis und Cardenolid-Glykoside in Cheiranthus und Erysimum als eine zweite betrachtet werden.
    Notes: Abstract Feeding responses of four Chrysomelidae to six less acceptable plants and to compounds from them were investigated by means of leaf disc tests. Significant differences were found between responses of different species, and plants containing potent feeding inhibitors were always rejected. Cucurbitacins are potent feeding inhibitors to Phyllotreta nemorum, and this species does not eat Iberis species containing these compounds. Cardenolides are potent feeding inhibitors to P. undulata, P. tetrastigma and Phaedon cochleariae, and these three species do not eat the cardenolide containing Cheiranthus and Erysimum. Six different glucosinolates all proved to be stimulatory when applied to pea leaf discs. Although the glucosinolates differed somewhat in their ability to stimulate feeding, no correlation is found between content of glucosinolates and acceptability of the investigated plants. Application of sinigrin to Iberis and Cheiranthus did not improve their acceptability. The presence of glucosinolates is necessary for feeding to occur, but it is less important which glucosinolates are present. Cardenolides and cucurbitacins are suggested to be a second generation of protective compounds in Cruciferae, glucosinolates being the first.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 51 (1989), S. 249-259 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Host plant selection ; crucifer specialist ; leaf miner ; Chrysomelidae ; Alticinae ; flea beetle ; Brassicaceae ; Cruciferae ; Capparales ; sinigrin ; allelochemicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Phyllotreta nemorum L. ist ein oligophager Erdfloh, der an Cruciferen und anderen Glukosinolat-haltigen Pflanzenarten gebunden ist. Die Imagines fressen Löcher in die Blätter und die Weibchen legen ihre Eier in den Boden. Die Larven sind Blattminierer. Nach dem Schlüpfen im Boden klettern sie an die Pflanzen hoch, und die Einbohrung und der Anfang der Minierung erfolgt in eines der unteren Blätter der Wirtspflanze. Die Wirkung von Glukosinolaten auf die Einbohrung von Junglarven in Pflanzenarten, die keine natürliche Inhalt von Glukosinolaten haben, ist in Laborexperimenten untersucht worden. 56 Pflanzenarten aus 28 Familien wurden präsentiert teils als unbehandelte Blätter und teils als Glukosinolatbehandelte Blattscheiben. Unbehandelte Blätter von nicht-Glukosinolathaltigen Arten waren immer unbefriedigend für die Larven. Nur in eine Art, Malva silvestris L. war die Frequenz der Einbohrung ein bisschen höher als 10%. Eine signifikante Erhöherung der Anzahl eingebohrten Larven nach der Sinigrin-behandlung erfolgte in 7 Pflanzenarten: Papaver dubium L., P. rhoeas L., Fumaria officinalis L., Malva silvestris L., Pisum sativum L., Campanula latifolia L. und Lactuca sativa L. Doch blieben die meisten Pflanzenarten (84%) auch nach der Sinigrin-Behandlung unbesiedelt. Pflanzenarten, die nach der Sinigrin-Behandlung nicht besiedelt werden enthalten vielleicht frasshemmende Stoffe, oder ihnen fehlen noch weitere Frass-stimulierende Stoffe. Diese Möglichkeiten werden diskutiert in Zusammenhang mit den Inhalt von Allelochemikalien in besiedelten Pflanzenarten und mit ihrer taxonomischer Position.
    Notes: Abstract All recorded host plants of Phyllotreta nemorum L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) contain glucosinolates and belong to the plant families Brassicaceae (Cruciferae), Resedaceae and Capparaceae. The acceptability of 56 plant species from 28 other plant families (non-hosts) for young larvae has been studied in the laboratory. None of these species were fully acceptable for initiations of leaf mines when intact untreated leaves were presented, and only one species, Malva silvestris L. (Malvaceae), was partially acceptable. The acceptability of some species increased when leaf discs were presented instead of intact leaves; but the highest percentages of mine initiations occurred in leaf discs treated with the glucosinolate, sinigrin. A stimulatory effect of sinigrin could be demonstrated in experiments with 7 plant species: Papaver dubium L., Papaver rhoeas L., Fumaria officinalis L., Malva silvestris L., Pisum sativum L., Campanula latifolia L. and Lactuca sativa L. The majority of species remained unacceptable even after treatment with glucosinolates. The main causes for these differences between plant species are supposed to be differences in contents of deterrents and/or other stimulants for mine initiation. These possibilities are discussed in relation to the content of allelochemicals in acceptable plants and the position of these plants in botanical classifications.
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