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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    The Alaska Convergent Margin Backstop Splay Fault Zone, a Potential Large Tsunami Generator Between the Frontal Prism and Continental Framework
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2021
    In:  Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems Vol. 22, No. 1 ( 2021-01)
    Details
    In: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 22, No. 1 ( 2021-01)
    Abstract: Alaska convergent margin backstops are splay fault zones between the accreted prism and the continental margin framework These splay faults continue along the entire Alaska margin and occur at or near the updip end of the seismogenic zone The tsunami potential of backstop splay fault zones adds to considerations of tsunami hazards along the U.S. west coast
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1525-2027 , 1525-2027
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2019GC008901
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 2
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    A possible transoceanic tsunami directed toward the U . S . west coast from the S emidi segment, A laska convergent margin
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2016
    In:  Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems Vol. 17, No. 3 ( 2016-03), p. 645-659
    Details
    In: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 17, No. 3 ( 2016-03), p. 645-659
    Abstract: An embayed prism and midslope ridge characterize the Semidi Alaska earthquake segment A splay fault zone that divides geology and tectonic behavior surfaces at the ridge The splay fault zone appears underthrust by the Patton‐Murray hotspot ridge
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1525-2027 , 1525-2027
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ggge.v17.3
    DOI: 10.1002/2015GC006147
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2016
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  • 3
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    A cross section of the convergent Pacific margin of Nicaragua
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2000
    In:  Tectonics Vol. 19, No. 2 ( 2000-04), p. 335-357
    Details
    In: Tectonics, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 19, No. 2 ( 2000-04), p. 335-357
    Abstract: Prestack depth migration of multichannel seismic reflection lines across the Pacific margin of Nicaragua has yielded an accurate depth image to about a 9‐km depth from the deep ocean basin to the coast. The margin contains the Sandino forearc basin, probably underlain by oceanic igneous basement and fronted by a small prism accreted at the seaward end of the continental basement. Seismic stratigraphy and drill hole information indicate that sediment has been accumulating since Late Cretaceous. The margin configuration formed between late Cretaceous and Paleocene time and has endured since that time. Uplift of the outer high and slope was probably coeval with subsidence of a deep basin beneath the shelf. From middle‐late Eocene time to Oligocene time, the outer high was a barrier to sediment transport. A similar Late Cretaceous to Oligocene tectonic history has been described for the Guatemalan and Costa Rican segments of the Pacific margin. We speculate that the structure of the Pacific forearc basin formed by subduction initiation at the edge of the Caribbean igneous province. Since late Oligocene time, margin‐wide subsidence occurs in the Nicaraguan margin, perhaps related to subduction erosion of the upper plate. Coeval steep reverse and normal faulting along local structures in the forearc basin might occur by transpression along margin‐parallel strike‐slip faults. These faults have been active since the early development of the basin, but the greatest rate of vertical displacement along them was in early ‐ middle Miocene time, probably related to a plate kinematic reorganization involving the collision of Central and South America.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0278-7407 , 1944-9194
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/1999TC900045
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2000
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  • 4
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    The destructive 1946 Unimak near‐field tsunami: New evidence for a submarine slide source from reprocessed marine geophysical data
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2014
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 41, No. 19 ( 2014-10-16), p. 6811-6818
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 41, No. 19 ( 2014-10-16), p. 6811-6818
    Abstract: A 10 × 10 km landslide block on the Alaska trench midslope terrace was imaged This block is a most likely source for the 1946 42 m tsunami runup at Scotch Cap Reworking legacy data advanced an understanding of tectonic and slide history
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276 , 1944-8007
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/grl.v41.19
    DOI: 10.1002/2014GL061759
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2014
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  • 5
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    Accretion in the wake of terrane collision: The Neogene accretionary wedge off Kenai Peninsula, Alaska
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1999
    In:  Tectonics Vol. 18, No. 2 ( 1999-04), p. 263-277
    Details
    In: Tectonics, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 18, No. 2 ( 1999-04), p. 263-277
    Abstract: Subduction accretion and repeated terrane collision shaped the Alaskan convergent margin. The Yakutat Terrane is currently colliding with the continental margin below the central Gulf of Alaska. During the Neogene the terrane's western part was subducted after which a sediment wedge accreted along the northeast Aleutian Trench. This wedge incorporates sediment eroded from the continental margin and marine sediments carried into the subduction zone on the Pacific plate. Prestack depth migration was performed on six seismic reflection lines to resolve the structure within this accretionary wedge and its backstop. The lateral extent of the structures is constrained by high‐resolution swath bathymetry and seismic lines collected along strike. Accretionary structure consists of variably sized thrust slices that were deformed against a backstop during frontal accretion and underplating. Toward the northeast the lower slope steepens, the wedge narrows, and the accreted volume decreases notwithstanding a doubling of sediment thickness in the trench. In the northeasternmost transect, near the area where the terrane's trailing edge subducts, no frontal accretion is observed and the slope is eroded. The structures imaged along the seismic lines discussed here most likely result from progressive evolution from erosion to accretion, as the trailing edge of the Yakutat Terrane is subducting.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0278-7407 , 1944-9194
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/1998TC900021
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1999
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  • 6
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    Small‐scale deformation structures and physical properties related to convergence in Japan Trench slope sediments
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1982
    In:  Tectonics Vol. 1, No. 3 ( 1982-06), p. 277-302
    Details
    In: Tectonics, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 1, No. 3 ( 1982-06), p. 277-302
    Abstract: Diatomaceous mudstones, cored on DSDP legs 56/57 off Japan, contain numerous postdepositional veins, healed fractures, and microfaults. Beneath the forearc basin, these secondary structures occur only at depths greater than 620 m (Miocene) in a zone of normal faulting. Beneath the landward slope of the trench, however, they occur at depths as shallow as 250 m (Pliocene) in hemipelagic sediments which are inferred to blanket tectonically accreted deposits. The intensity of deformation in the trench slope deposits increases in a seaward direction. Bulk densities indicate that the trench slope deposits have not dewatered normally but are, above 400 m, more consolidated than sediment deposited on the deep sea terrace. A decline in sediment bulk density with increasing depth suggests that open fractures may exist in situ, perhaps induced and/or maintained by excess pore pressure. Below about 550 m, a normal pattern of increasing density with increasing depth may reflect fracture closure and consolidation under lithostatic load. We suggest that tectonic stress related to plate convergence has been communicated to the sediment on the landward Japan Trench slope, causing tectonic dewatering within the subduction complex and inducing pervasive but small‐scale veining, fracturing, and faulting in near‐surface (≤700 m) hemipelagic deposits. This deformation occurs in sediment which has not been subject to large tectonic movement and does not eradicate larger (50–100 m thick) structural/depositional units, which are apparent on seismic reflection records. The brecciation induced by deformation may reflect natural hydrofracturing under abnormally high pore pressures or opening of fractures formed earlier (at shallower depths) during the dewatering process. The overpressures may, in turn, locally reduce the sediment shear strength at shallow levels in the sediment column and induce downslope mass sediment movement.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0278-7407 , 1944-9194
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/TC001i003p00277
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1982
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  • 7
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    Structure of the Kuril Trench from seismic reflection records
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1994
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth Vol. 99, No. B12 ( 1994-12-10), p. 24173-24188
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 99, No. B12 ( 1994-12-10), p. 24173-24188
    Abstract: Three multichannel seismic reflection records across the Kuril convergent margin provide the first deep data in this area. The records are located across the southern tip of Kamchatka, the central Kuril arc, and the northern extension of Hokkaido Island platform which show three distinct tectonic regimes. The lower slope contains a wedge‐shaped buttress surrounded by low velocity sediments. Underplating sediment uplifts the buttress, as indicated by faults that displace its upper surface. The middle slope is a block of acoustic basement, which has a rough surface with significant arcward dipping faults. The middle slope is separated from the upper slope along a steep arcward dipping reflection, the “middle‐slope boundary.” The upper slope structure off Kamchatka is different from that off Hokkaido. Off Kamchatka a regular stratified sediment section has been uplifted, tilted, and dips seaward. Off Hokkaido, stronger uplift has tilted regional blocks seaward and arcward. Along the southern line north of Hokkaido, well‐studied nonthrust earthquakes with lateral motions occur beneath the middle slope boundary and on the boundary of the subducting plate. Thrust earthquakes occur under the middle and upper slope, whereas tsunami earthquakes occur under the lower slope. High‐amplitude reflections along the lower boundary of the wedge‐shaped buttress and along the active decollement, indicate high fluid concentrations which reduce the friction along the tectonic units so that through the weak coupling, slow rupture may extend up to the seafloor from a tsunami earthquake.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/94JB01186
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1994
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  • 8
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    Geophysical investigation of a Suture Zone: The Border Ranges Fault of southern Alaska
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1984
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth Vol. 89, No. B13 ( 1984-12-10), p. 11333-11351
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 89, No. B13 ( 1984-12-10), p. 11333-11351
    Abstract: The Border Ranges fault separates structurally complex accreted Cretaceous rocks from less deformed middle or late Paleozoic and younger rocks in the Cook‐Shelikof basin. Of the five types of geophysical data used to investigate this fault, gravity data give the clearest indication of its presence and crustal structure. For at least 400 km along the fault, gravity anomalies include a +20 to +30 mGal peak along the fault's upper plate and a −40 mGal trough along the lower plate. The paired anomaly can be modeled satisfactorily by a simple step, in a deep dense layer, that lies within 3 km of the projected offshore location of the fault. Relatively low‐density rocks lie along the fault's lower plate to a depth of about 10 km, and the upper part of the fault dips within 20° of vertical. Satellite altimetry data show that two circular geoid lows lie along the Border Ranges fault and coincide with lows in free air gravity data. Seismic refraction and seismic reflection data suggest that the large‐scale density anomalies that cause both types of lows must lie at depths greater than about 1 km within the margin. Three regional magnetic anomalies (Knik Arm, Seldovia, and Shelikof) terminate at the Border Ranges fault, suggesting that the fault truncates obliquely rocks that lie along its northwest side. Six seismic reflection lines cross the Border Ranges fault, but none of them shows reflections from it. The absence of such reflections probably results from the fault's steep dip and from the presence of strong water bottom multiples in the data. From the Late Jurassic until the early Late Cretaceous, the magmatic arc near the Cook‐Shelikof basin was inactive, and we infer that the predominant motion along the Border Ranges fault was strike slip. Resurgent Late Cretaceous magmatism was contemporaneous with uplift of rocks along the northwest side of the Border Ranges fault and with deformation of turbidite sequences in the fault's lower plate. We propose that during the Late Cretaceous, motion along the Border Ranges changed from strike slip to reverse. Cenozoic rocks near the fault show no evidence for post‐Cretaceous fault movement.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/JB089iB13p11333
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1984
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  • 9
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    Tsunami hazards to U.S. coasts from giant earthquakes in Alaska
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2012
    In:  Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union Vol. 93, No. 19 ( 2012-05-08), p. 185-186
    Details
    In: Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 93, No. 19 ( 2012-05-08), p. 185-186
    Abstract: In the aftermath of Japan's devastating 11 March 2011 M w 9.0 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami, scientists are considering whether and how a similar tsunami could be generated along the Alaskan‐Aleutian subduction zone (AASZ). A tsunami triggered by an earthquake along the AASZ would cross the Pacific Ocean and cause extensive damage along highly populated U.S. coasts, with ports being particularly vulnerable. For example, a tsunami in 1946 generated by a M w 8.6 earthquake near Unimak Pass, Alaska (Figure 1a), caused signifcant damage along the U.S. West Coast, took 150 lives in Hawaii, and inundated shorelines of South Pacific islands and Antarctica [ Fryer et al. , 2004; Lopez and Okal , 2006]. The 1946 tsunami occurred before modern broadband seismometers were in place, and the mechanisms that created it remain poorly understood.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0096-3941 , 2324-9250
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2012EO190001
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2012
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  • 10
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    Fluid venting in the eastern Aleutian Subduction Zone
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1998
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth Vol. 103, No. B2 ( 1998-02-10), p. 2597-2614
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 103, No. B2 ( 1998-02-10), p. 2597-2614
    Abstract: Fluid venting has been observed along 800 km of the Alaska convergent margin. The fluid venting sites are located near the deformation front, are controlled by subsurface structures, and exhibit the characteristics of cold seeps seen in other convergent margins. The more important characteristics include (1) methane plumes in the lower water column with maxima above the seafloor which are traceable to the initial deformation ridges; (2) prolific colonies of vent biota aligned and distributed in patches controlled by fault scarps, over‐steepened folds or outcrops of bedding planes; (3) calcium carbonate and barite precipitates at the surface and subsurface of vents; and (4) carbon isotope evidence from tissue and skeletal hard parts of biota, as well as from carbonate precipitates, that vents expel either methane‐ or sulfide‐dominated fluids. A biogeochemical approach toward estimating fluid flow rates from individual vents based on oxygen flux measurements and vent fluid analysis indicates a mean value of 5.5±0.7 L m −2 d −1 for tectonics‐induced water flow [ Wallmann et al ., 1997b]. A geophysical estimate of dewatering from the same area [ von Huene et al ., 1997] based on sediment porosity reduction shows a fluid loss of 0.02 L m −2 d −1 for a 5.5 km wide converged segment near the deformation front. Our video‐guided surveys have documented vent biota across a minimum of 0.1% of the area of the convergent segment off Kodiak Island; hence an average rate of 0.006 L m −2 d −1 is estimated from the biogeochemical approach. The two estimates for tectonics‐induced water flow from the accretionary prism are in surprisingly good agreement.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/97JB02131
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1998
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