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  • American Diabetes Association  (20)
  • 1
    In: Diabetes Care, American Diabetes Association, ( 2023-09-06)
    Abstract: To assess anxiety and risk perception among parents whose children screened positive for islet autoantibodies, indicating elevated risk for type 1 diabetes (T1D). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The Autoimmunity Screening for Kids (ASK) study identified 319 children age 1 to 17 years at risk for T1D via screening for islet autoantibodies; 280 children with confirmed islet autoantibodies and their caregivers enrolled in a follow-up education and monitoring program to prevent diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis. Parents completed questionnaires at each monitoring visit, including a six-item version of the State Anxiety Inventory (SAI), to assess anxiety about their child developing T1D, and a single question to assess risk perception. RESULTS At the first ASK follow-up monitoring visit, mean parental anxiety was elevated above the clinical cutoff of 40 (SAI 46.1 ± 11.2). At the second follow-up monitoring visit (i.e., visit 2), mean anxiety remained elevated but started to trend down. Approximately half (48.9%) of parents reported their child was at increased risk for T1D at the initial follow-up monitoring visit (visit 1). Parents of children with more than 1 islet autoantibody (IA) and a first-degree relative with T1D were more likely to report their child was at increased risk. CONCLUSIONS Most parents of autoantibody-positive children have high anxiety about their child developing T1D. Information about the risk of developing T1D is difficult to convey, as evidenced by the wide range of risk perception reported in this sample.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0149-5992 , 1935-5548
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Diabetes Association
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1490520-6
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Diabetes Association ; 2014
    In:  Diabetes Care Vol. 37, No. 7 ( 2014-07-01), p. 2031-2033
    In: Diabetes Care, American Diabetes Association, Vol. 37, No. 7 ( 2014-07-01), p. 2031-2033
    Abstract: We explore continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) as a new approach to defining early hyperglycemia and diagnosing type 1 diabetes in children with positive islet autoantibodies (Ab+). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Fourteen Ab+ children, free of signs or symptoms of diabetes, and nine antibody-negative (Ab−) subjects, followed by the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young, were asked to wear a Dexcom SEVEN CGM. RESULTS The Ab+ subjects showed more hyperglycemia, with 18% time spent above 140 mg/dL, compared with 9% in Ab− subjects (P = 0.04). Their average maximum daytime glucose value was higher, and they had increased glycemic variability. The mean HbA1c in the Ab+ subjects was 5.5% (37 mmol/mol). Among Ab+ subjects, ≥18–20% CGM time spent above 140 mg/dL seems to predict progression to diabetes. CONCLUSIONS CGM can detect early hyperglycemia in Ab+ children who are at high risk for progression to diabetes. Proposed CGM predictors of progression to diabetes require further validation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0149-5992 , 1935-5548
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Diabetes Association
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1490520-6
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  • 3
    In: Diabetes, American Diabetes Association, Vol. 62, No. 12 ( 2013-12-01), p. 4174-4178
    Abstract: The identification of diabetes-relevant islet autoantibodies is essential for predicting and preventing type 1 diabetes (T1D). The aim of the current study was to evaluate a newly developed electrochemiluminescence (ECL)-GAD antibody (GADA) assay and compare its sensitivity and disease relevance with standard radioassay. The assay was validated with serum samples from 227 newly diagnosed diabetic children; 68 prediabetic children who were prospectively followed to T1D; 130 nondiabetic children with confirmed islet autoantibodies to insulin, GAD65, IA-2, and/or ZnT8 longitudinally followed for 12 ± 3.7 years; and 181 age-matched, healthy, antibody-negative children. The ECL-GADA assay had a sensitivity similar to that of the standard GADA radioassay in children newly diagnosed with T1D, prediabetic children, and high-risk children with multiple positive islet autoantibodies. On the other hand, only 9 of 39 nondiabetic children with only a single islet autoantibody (GADA only) by radioassay were positive for ECL-GADA. GADA not detectable by ECL assay is shown to be of low affinity and likely not predictive of future diabetes. In conclusion, the new ECL assay identifies disease-relevant GADA by radioassay. It may help to improve the prediction and correct diagnosis of T1D among subjects positive only for GADA and no other islet autoantibodies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0012-1797 , 1939-327X
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Diabetes Association
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1501252-9
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Diabetes Association ; 2023
    In:  Diabetes Vol. 72, No. Supplement_1 ( 2023-06-20)
    In: Diabetes, American Diabetes Association, Vol. 72, No. Supplement_1 ( 2023-06-20)
    Abstract: Objective: Over half of cases of type 1 diabetes are diagnosed in adults, yet the prevalence of islet autoantibodies (IA) in general population adults is unknown. Methods: The Autoimmunity Screening for Kids (ASK) Study screened 1,087 adults (age 41±7 years, 78% female, 63% non-Hispanic white, 10% first-degree relatives) and 29,441 youth (age 1-17 years, 52%, 36%, and 5%, respectively) for IA to GAD, IA-2, insulin, and ZnT8 using electrochemiluminescence (ECL) or radiobinding assays (RBA). Results: In adults, 3.9% screened positive; 0.6% were positive for multiple IA, 1.7% were positive for a single high-affinity IA, and 1.6% were positive for a single low-affinity IA. GADA was most prevalent, found in 2.7%. Unexpectedly, the prevalence of IA in adults and youth screened by ASK was not statistically different (Figure). Conclusion: IA positivity is similar in youth and adults in the general population. Expanded access to type 1 diabetes screening and monitoring will aid in determining if early detection is similarly beneficial in adults as seen in youth, such as reducing rates of diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of clinical type 1 diabetes. Disclosure M.Pauley: None. C.Geno rasmussen: None. F.Dong: None. K.M.Simmons: Advisory Panel; Provention Bio, Inc., Consultant; Dexcom, Inc., Provention Bio, Inc., Research Support; Novartis. M.Rewers: Research Support; Provention Bio, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF), Hemsley Charitable Trust, Dexcom, Inc., Janssen Research & Development, LLC. Funding National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (T325T32DK063687); JDRF (2-SRA-2022-1270-S-B)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0012-1797
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Diabetes Association
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 5
    In: Diabetes, American Diabetes Association, Vol. 61, No. 10 ( 2012-10-01), p. 2525-2533
    Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that altered Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling may be involved in early stages of type 1 diabetes (T1D). To do so, we analyzed TLR-induced interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 responses in freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) from seropositive compared with seronegative subjects. Similar frequencies of myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs), plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), and monocytes were observed in seropositive and seronegative subjects. Subjects with autoantibodies had increased proportions of monocytes expressing IL-1β ex vivo. Activating PBMNCs with TLR3, TLR4, or TLR7/8 agonists in vitro led to increased percentages of IL-1β–expressing monocytes and mDCs from seropositive versus seronegative subjects. TLR ligation also resulted in a diminished IL-6 response in seropositive individuals as lower frequencies of IL-6–expressing monocytes and mDCs were induced. The dysregulated TLR-induced IL-1β and IL-6 pathways were more readily detectable in children aged & lt;11 years and from 11 to & lt;21 years, respectively, and did not involve altered HbA1c or the presence of one or more autoantibodies. Finally, subjects with autoantibodies had lower amounts of serum chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 compared with autoantibody-negative subjects. Our data may imply that alterations in innate immune pathways are detectable in genetically susceptible individuals and could be linked with the early course of T1D.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0012-1797 , 1939-327X
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Diabetes Association
    Publication Date: 2012
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  • 6
    In: Diabetes, American Diabetes Association, Vol. 67, No. Supplement_1 ( 2018-07-01)
    Abstract: Background: Few studies have examined gluten intake as a risk factor for islet autoimmunity (IA) and type 1 diabetes (T1D). Our aim was to study the association of gluten intake with development of IA and progression to T1D, accounting for HLA genotype. Methods: The Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY) follows children with an increased risk of T1D based on presence of a first-degree relative with T1D, or HLA genotype. HLA genotypes were categorized in three groups as DR3/4 (DR3/4-DQ2/8), DR3 (DR3/3 or 3/X), and DR4 (DR4/4, 4/X or X/X, where X was neither 3 nor 4). Blood samples were collected at age 9, 15 and 24 months, and annually thereafter. IA was defined by the appearance of at least one autoantibody against insulin, IA-2, GAD or ZnT8 in at least two consecutive blood samples; T1D was defined using ADA criteria. Using FFQs we estimated the gluten intake (g/d) annually from 1 year of age. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios adjusted for potential confounders. Results: This report includes 1,916 subjects followed from birth to the median age 13.5 y; 178 developed IA and 56 of these progressed to T1D. At the first assessment (median age 1.4 y) the average daily gluten intake was 11.4 g (SD: 5.6). The amount of gluten intake did not predict risk of IA (HR per 4 g 0.93; 95% CI 0.78-1.11) or progression from IA to T1D (HR 1.30; 95% CI 0.94-1.78). Four grams of gluten equal to a slice of bread. However, we found a significant interaction with HLA (p=0.02), where the association between gluten and IA were significantly different between all groups. Moreover, we found a significant interaction for progression to T1D (p=0.04) where in children with IA, gluten intake was associated with T1D among children with DR3/4 (HR 1.66 95% CI 1.10-2.51), but not in children with the other HLA groups. Conclusion: Gluten intake may have different effects on development of IA and progression from IA to T1D depending on HLA genotype. Disclosure N.A. Lund-Blix: None. F. Dong: None. K. Marild: None. A.E. Baron: None. J.A. Seifert: None. K. Waugh: None. G. Joner: None. K. Stordal: None. G. Tapia: None. L.C. Stene: None. R.K. Johnson: None. M. Rewers: None. J. Norris: None.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0012-1797 , 1939-327X
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Diabetes Association
    Publication Date: 2018
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  • 7
    In: Diabetes Care, American Diabetes Association, Vol. 42, No. 5 ( 2019-05-01), p. 789-796
    Abstract: To study the association of gluten intake with development of islet autoimmunity and progression to type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY) follows children with an increased risk of type 1 diabetes. Blood samples were collected at 9, 15, and 24 months of age, and annually thereafter. Islet autoimmunity was defined by the appearance of at least one autoantibody against insulin, IA2, GAD, or ZnT8 (zinc transporter 8) in at least two consecutive blood samples. Using food frequency questionnaires, we estimated the gluten intake (in grams per day) annually from 1 year of age. Cox regression modeling early gluten intake, and joint modeling of the cumulative gluten intake during follow-up, were used to estimate hazard ratios adjusted for confounders (aHR). RESULTS By August 2017, 1,916 subjects were included (median age at end of follow-up 13.5 years), islet autoimmunity had developed in 178 participants, and 56 of these progressed to type 1 diabetes. We found no association between islet autoimmunity and gluten intake at 1–2 years of age or during follow-up (aHR per 4 g/day increase in gluten intake 1.00, 95% CI 0.85–1.17 and 1.01, 0.99–1.02, respectively). We found similar null results for progression from islet autoimmunity to type 1 diabetes. Introduction of gluten at & lt;4 months of age was associated with an increased risk of progressing from islet autoimmunity to type 1 diabetes compared with introduction at 4–5.9 months (aHR 8.69, 95% CI 1.69–44.8). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate no strong rationale to reduce the amount of gluten in high-risk children to prevent development of type 1 diabetes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0149-5992 , 1935-5548
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Diabetes Association
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1490520-6
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Diabetes Association ; 2021
    In:  Diabetes Vol. 70, No. Supplement_1 ( 2021-06-01)
    In: Diabetes, American Diabetes Association, Vol. 70, No. Supplement_1 ( 2021-06-01)
    Abstract: Development of islet autoimmunity (IA) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) are associated with high-risk HLA class II loci as well as non-HLA genes. Monozygotic (MZ) twins have a high rate of concordance to T1D progression after the first twin develops T1D, especially for those diagnosed at a young age. We analyzed 52 T1D-associated non-HLA SNPs from ImmunoChip data in 159 MZ twins from the Twin Family Study: 79 twin probands with T1D and their 80 unaffected cotwins/triplets (including one set of triplets). Subjects are enrolled into the Twin Study when the proband is diagnosed with T1D and cotwins are followed longitudinally for the development of IA and/or T1D. In the cotwins, we analyzed the association between each of the non-HLA SNPs and IA after adjusting for HLA DR3/4*0302. In the twin probands with T1D, we used a linear regression model to evaluate the association of non-HLA SNPs with diabetes age at onset after adjusting for HLA DR3/4*0302. Median (IQR) age of diagnosis of the twin probands was 9.9 (5.4-13.9) years and age of last visit for the cotwins was 17.5 (11.2-26.7) years. Of the 80 cotwins, 41 (51.3%) developed IA and 15 (18.8%) were diagnosed with T1D. After adjusting for HLA DR3/4*0302, SNPs in CTLA4 (rs3087243), IL2 (rs4505848), IKZF1 (rs62447205), and INS (rs7111341) were found to be associated with the development of IA in cotwin subjects (all p & lt;0.04). After adjusting for HLA DR3/4*0302, SNPs in CTSH (rs3825932) and TYK2 (rs34536443) were found to be associated with younger age of diabetes onset in the twin probands (p & lt;0.05). In this cohort of MZ twins, non-HLA SNPs in CTSH and TYK2, which function both in the immune system and in beta cells, were associated with younger age of onset in the twin probands. Further studies are needed to evaluate the specific role of these genes for immunity and T1D onset. Disclosure T. M. Triolo: None. F. Dong: None. H. C. Broncucia: None. S. Onengut-gumuscu: None. A. Steck: None. S. S. Rich: None. Funding National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K12DK094712)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0012-1797 , 1939-327X
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Diabetes Association
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1501252-9
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  • 9
    In: Diabetes, American Diabetes Association, Vol. 71, No. Supplement_1 ( 2022-06-01)
    Abstract: Lower blood 25 (OH) D concentration is associated with increased risk of islet autoimmunity (IA) in some cohorts; it is not known if 25 (OH) D metabolites are important after the onset of IA. We investigated novel vitamin D metabolites in development of IA and progression from IA to T1D in the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY) . IA was defined as two or more consecutive visits positive for ≥ 1 autoantibody (IAA, IA-2A, GAD, ZnT8) . In a nested case-control study, we examined plasma vitamin D metabolites at a pre-seroconversion visit in 114 IA cases and 116 controls. We then followed 144 IA-positive children, of whom 46 developed T1D during a mean follow-up of 8.4 years. Plasma was quantified for 25 (OH) D3, 3-epi-25 (OH) D3, 25 (OH) D2, 24,25 (OH) 2D3, and 1,25 (OH) 2D3, using targeted LC-MS/MS. Logistic regression was used to examine pre-seroconversion metabolites and IA, and Cox regression was used to examine metabolites at seroconversion and progression to T1D. Both models adjusted for age, ethnicity, T1D family history and HLA-DR3/4. Higher pre-seroconversion level of 24,25 (OH) 2D3, an inactive catabolite of 25 (OH) D3, was associated with increased odds of IA (OR: 1.35; 95%CI: 1.03,1.78 per SD of 24,25 (OH) 2D3; p=0.031) . The association between 3-epi-25 (OH) D3 at seroconversion and progression from IA to T1D was modified by age at seroconversion. Higher 3-epi-25 (OH) D3 level was more protective against progression to T1D among children who seroconverted at an older age (HR: 0.47; 95%CI: 0.26, 0.85 for children at the 75th percentile of age at seroconversion (ie years)) compared to children who seroconverted at a younger age (HR: 0.88; 95%CI: 0.63, 1.24 for children at the 25th percentile (ie 3 years)) . Neither IA nor progression to T1D was associated with 25 (OH) D3, 25 (OH) D2 or 1,25 (OH) 2D3.Increased 24,25 (OH) 2D3 may play a role in IA development. The age-related heterogeneity of the relationship between 3-epi-25 (OH) D3 and T1D progression requires further investigation. Disclosure S.Kim: None. K.Kechris: None. O.Fiehn: None. M.Rewers: Consultant; Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Medscape, Provention Bio, Inc., Research Support; Dexcom, Inc., JDRF, Roche Diagnostics USA. J.M.Norris: None. N.L.Zwick: None. P.M.Carry: None. B.C.Defelice: None. R.K.Johnson: None. F.Dong: None. T.Buckner: None. L.A.Vanderlinden: None. B.I.Frohnert: Advisory Panel; Provention Bio, Inc. Funding National Institutes of Health (R01-DK104351, R01-DK32493, RI142483)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0012-1797
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Diabetes Association
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 10
    In: Diabetes Care, American Diabetes Association, Vol. 45, No. 2 ( 2022-02-01), p. 365-371
    Abstract: Children identified with stage 1 type 1 diabetes are at high risk for progressing to stage 3 (clinical) diabetes and require accurate monitoring. Our aim was to establish continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics that could predict imminent progression to diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In the Autoimmunity Screening for Kids study, 91 children who were persistently islet autoantibody positive (median age 11.5 years; 48% non-Hispanic White; 57% female) with a baseline CGM were followed for development of diabetes for a median of 6 (range 0.2–34) months. Of these, 16 (18%) progressed to clinical diabetes in a median of 4.5 (range 0.4–29) months. RESULTS Compared with children who did not progress to clinical diabetes (nonprogressors), those who did (progressors) had significantly higher average sensor glucose levels (119 vs. 105 mg/dL, P & lt; 0.001) and increased glycemic variability (SD 27 vs. 16, coefficient of variation, 21 vs. 15, mean of daily differences 24 vs. 16, and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions 43 vs. 26, all P & lt; 0.001). For progressors, 21% of the time was spent with glucose levels & gt;140 mg/dL (TA140) and 8% of time & gt;160 mg/dL, compared with 3% and 1%, respectively, for nonprogressors. In survival analyses, the risk of progression to diabetes in 1 year was 80% in those with TA140 & gt;10%; in contrast, it was only 5% in the other participants. Performance of prediction by receiver operating curve analyses showed area under the curve of ≥0.89 for both individual and combined CGM metric models. CONCLUSIONS TA140 & gt;10% is associated with a high risk of progression to clinical diabetes within the next year in autoantibody-positive children. CGM should be included in the ongoing monitoring of high-risk children and could be used as potential entry criterion for prevention trials.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0149-5992
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Diabetes Association
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1490520-6
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