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  • Springer  (105)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (19)
  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal responses in microbial biomass carbon, phosphorus and sulphur in soils under pasture (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 421-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Seasonal responses ; Microbial biomass C ; Microbial biomass P ; Microbial biomass S ; Nutrient cycling ; Pasture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response of the soil microbial biomass to seasonal changes was investigated in the field under pastures. These studies showed that over a 9-month period, microbial biomass carbon, phosphorus and sulphur (biomass C, P, S), and their ratios (C:P, C:S, and P:S) responded differently to changes in soil moisture and to the input of fresh organic materials. From October to December (1993), when plant residues were largely incorporated into the soils, biomass C and S increased by 150–210%. Biomass P did not increase over this time, having decreased by 22–64% over the dry summer (July to September). There was no obvious correlation between biomass C, P, and S and air temperature. The largest amounts of biomass C and P (2100–2300μg and 150–190μgg–1 soil, respectively) were found in those soils receiving farmyard manure (FYM or FYM+NPK) and P fertilizer, whereas the use of ammonium sulphate decreased biomass C and P. The C:P, C:S, and P:S ratios of the biomass varied considerably (9–276:1; 50–149:1; and 0.3–14:1, respectively) with season and fertilizer regime. This reflected the potential for the biomass to release (when ratios were narrow) or to immobilize (wide ratios) P and S at different times of the year. Thus, seasonal responses in biomass C, P, and S are important in controlling the cycling of C, P, and S in pasture and ultimately in regulating plant availability of P and S. The uptake of P in the pasture was well correlated with the sum of P in the biomass and soil available pools. Thus, the simultaneous measurement of microbial biomass P and available P provide useful information on the potential plant availability of P.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050267
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantifying microbial biomass phosphorus in acid soils (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 32 (2000), S. 500-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Keywords Fumigation-extraction techniques ; Microbial biomass P ; Acid soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  This study aimed to validate the fumigation-extraction method for measuring microbial biomass P in acid soils. Extractions with the Olsen (0.5 M NaHCO3, pH 8.5) and Bray-1 (0.03 M NH4F–0.025 M HCl) extractants at two soil:solution ratios (1 : 20 and 1 : 4, w/v) were compared using eight acid soils (pH 3.6–5.9). The data indicated that the flushes (increases following CHCl3-fumigation) of total P (Pt) and inorganic P (Pi) determined by Olsen extraction provided little useful information for estimating the amount of microbial biomass P in the soils. Using the Bray-1 extractant at a soil:solution ratio of 1 : 4, and analysing Pi instead of Pt, improves the reproducibility (statistical significance and CV) of the P flush in these soils. In all the approaches studied, the Pi flush determined using the Bray-1 extractant at 1 : 4 provided the best estimate of soil microbial biomass P. Furthermore, the recovery of cultured bacterial and fungal biomass P added to the soils and extracted using the Bray-1 extractant at 1 : 4 was relatively constant (24.1–36.7% and 15.7–25.7%, respectively) with only one exception, and showed no relationship with soil pH, indicating that it behaved differently from added Pi (recovery decreased from 86% at pH 4.6 to 13% at pH 3.6). Thus, correcting for the incomplete recovery of biomass P using added Pi is inappropriate for acid soils. Although microbial biomass P in soil is generally estimated using the Pi flush and a conversion factor (k P) of 0.4, more reliable estimates require that k P values are best determined independently for each soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000284
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glutamic acid production in an airlift reactor with net draft tube (1992)
    Springer
    Bioprocess and biosystems engineering 8 (1992), S. 183-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0797
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Cultivation of Brevibacterium divaricatum for glutamic acid production in an airlift reactor with net draft tube was developed. Cell concentration gave an index for adding penicillin G. On-line estimation of total sugar concentration yielded an identified model which was used for determination of the substrate addition. Fermentation for glutamic acid production requires high oxygen concentration in the broth. The proposed reactor has the capability to provide sufficient oxygen for the fermentation. Since the reactor is suitable for fed-batch culture, the cultivation of B. divaricatum for glutamic acid production in the proposed reactor is successfully carried out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01254235
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of Dimethoate in Chrysanthemums and Soil (1997)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 59 (1997), S. 564-569 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001289900516
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Engineering aspects of insect cell suspension culture: a review (1989)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 32 (1989), S. 249-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The development of insect cell suspension culture techniques for the production of insect pathogenic viruses and recombinant proteins has been reviewed, with an emphasis on process scale-up and reactor design considerations. The problems of culture media cost and insect cell shear sensitivity have also been addressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00184969
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distributions of p53 codon 72 polymorphism in bladder cancer – proline form is prominent in invasive tumor (2000)
    Springer
    Urological research 28 (2000), S. 293-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Key words p53 codon 72 polymorphism ; Bladder cancer ; Proline form ; Arginine form
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Abnormal function of p53 is commonly associated with various cancer formations. High-grade and late-stage bladder cancers have been reported to have mutated or become inactive p53 when using immunohistochemical stains. Recently, p53 codon 72 polymorphism was extensively studied to determine the risk factors responsible for cancer formation. There was a general population of codon 72 sequence polymorphism of the wild type p53. A single base change from G to C caused the alteration of amino acid residue 72 from arginine to proline. The arginine form is considered to be a significant risk factor in the development of cancer. However, various reports had indicated discrepancies with regard to this polymorphism; some showed no significant difference between the control and cancer groups, while other series were associated with high risks in the proline form homozygotes. To resolve the undefined distribution of this polymorphism in bladder cancers, 58 patients with bladder cancer were enrolled onto this study. When checked using the Chi-squared test (P=0.952) there were no differences between the control subjects and bladder cancer patients in the distribution of polymorphism. However, proline form homozygotes were more frequently found in the invasive group than the non-invasive group by Fisher's exact test (25% and 2.9%, respectively, P 〈 0.001). More than 70% of the non-invasive bladder cancers were the arginine form homozygotes. This result is consistent with those reported for hepatocellular carcinoma that showed a history of chronic liver disease and proline form homozygotes in a report by Yu et al. Our data suggest that proline form homozygotes are associated with invasive bladder cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002400000117
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from soil–plant systems (1997)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 49 (1997), S. 41-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: agricultural ecosystem ; N2O and CH4 emission ; plant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The closed chamber method was used to measure the N2O and CH4 emissions from rice, maize, soybean and spring wheat fields in Northeast China. Rice field almost did not emit or deposit N2O in total during flooding period, whereas N2O was substantially emitted during non-flooding period. The annual emission amount of N2O was 1.70 kg N2O ha-1, but that in flooding period was only 0.04 kg N2O ha-1. Daily average and seasonal total CH4 emission in rice field were 0.07 and 7.40 g CH4m-2, respectively. A trade-off between N2O and CH4 emissions from rice field was found. The growth of Azolla in rice field greatly stimulated both N2O and CH4 emissions. Total N2O emissions (270 days) from maize and soybean fields were 7.10 and 3.12 kg N2O ha-1, respectively. The sink function of the uplands monitored as the atmospheric CH4 was not significant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009758900629
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gamma-aminobutyric acid pathways in the cerebellum studied by retrograde and anterograde transport of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody after in vivo injections (1979)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 157 (1979), S. 1-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Purkinje cell ; Dentate nucleus ; Cerebellar cortex ; GAD ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Injections of characterized antibody against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), were made into the cerebellum. Small cortical injections of anti-GAD antibody produced labeled stellate, basket, Purkinje, and Golgi cells and their processes at the injection site. Anterograde transport of GAD antigen-antibody complexes in Purkinje cell axons caused intense labeling of terminals in deep cerebellar and several vestibular nuclei. Small groups of mossy fiber rosettes labeled and produced retrograde labeling and GAD immunoreactivity in a small number of pleomorphic neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei. Injections into the dentate nucleus produced retrograde labeling in Purkinje cell bodies and anterograde label in a small number of mossy fiber rosettes. All projections conformed to previously reported topographic distributions of corticonuclear and nucleocortical cerebellar pathways. These findings confirm the GABA content of most Purkinje cell-deep nuclei connections and provide new evidence for a GABA component in part of the nucleocortical pathway in the cerebellum. Immunocytochemical controls for specificity were conducted by injections of preimmune rabbit serum as a substitute for GAD antibody. Only nonspecific labeling was obtained in these cases. Colchicine caused a cumulative enhancement of GAD immunoreactivity in all cases. The present studies indicate that the method of in vivo antibody injections can be utilized to study chemically specific connections in nervous tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315638
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The compensatory ‘rebound’ of reactive astrogliosis: glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemical analysis of reactive astrogliosis after a puncture wound to the brain of rats with portocaval anastomosis (1991)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 82 (1991), S. 72-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Reactive astrogliosis ; Portocaval anastomotic encephalopathy ; Puncture wound ; Compensatory and decompensatory phases of Alzheimer II gliosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study was designed to compare the degree of reactive astrogliosis occurring around a puncture wound in the brain of normal rats and at different intervals after a similar puncture wound in rats with a portocaval anastomosis. The gliosis was evaluated by the number of astrocytes, the thickness of their processes and the intensity of the glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity. After the puncture wound in the brain of rats with a portocaval anastomosis, the gliosis varied at different intervals being: (1) decreased at 10 days, (2) markedly increased at 5 weeks and (3) significantly decreased at 8, 12, and 16 weeks. These findings suggest that 5 weeks after portocaval anastomosis, an active proliferation of the metabolically altered astrocytes occurs with heightened synthesis of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the period of adaptive compensation, the so-called compensatory ‘rebound’. At 8 weeks or more after portocaval anastomosis, these altered astrocytes were considered to be in the phase of decompensation and incapable of maintaining the reactive response which occurred in normal rats. The compensatory rebound and decompensatory ‘decline’ illustrate the dynamic plasticity of the reactive astrogliosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310926
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determining Toxicity Trends in the Ozonation of Synthetic Dye Wastewaters Using the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (1998)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 34 (1998), S. 259-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was used in 72-h toxicity tests to evaluate the influence of ozonation on the toxicity of three synthetic azo dye wastewaters (two reactive dyes and one acid-based dye). The two reactive dye wastewaters contained high concentrations of NaCl (89–112 g/L) in addition to potentially toxic dye components. To determine the contribution of NaCl to toxicity, simulated dye wastewater samples with and without NaCl were tested. Samples were collected at various times during ozonation (t = 0, 8, 32, 64 min); nematodes were exposed to the samples for 72 h. The influence of ozonation on toxicity varied between dye wastewater types. For the acid-based dye wastewater, toxicity increased as duration of ozonation increased. For the reactive dyes without NaCl, toxicity did not appear to be influenced by ozonation. For the reactive dyes with NaCl, mortality was 100% with or without ozonation. Range-finding experiments with NaCl in water and NaCl in dye wastewaters suggested an additive toxic interaction between NaCl and the dyes in wastewater to the nematodes. The duration of ozonation for acid-based dyes and the relatively high NaCl concentrations for the reactive dyes appear to influence effluent toxicity in the ozonated dye wastewaters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900315
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