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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of l-DOPA Biosynthesis by Site-Specific Phosphorylation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase in AtT-20 Cells Expressing Wild-Type and Serine 40-Substituted Enzyme (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 67 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: De novo l-DOPA biosynthesis was studied in stably transfected AtT-20 cells expressing wild-type- or [Leu40]-recombinant tyrosine hydroxylase (rTH). Basal rates of DOPA accumulation were much higher by cells expressing rTH in which Leu was substituted for Ser40 (S40L-rTH) than by those expressing wild-type rTH (WT-rTH). Treatment of WT-rTH cells with forskolin produced an increase in DOPA accumulation and a concomitant increase in WT-rTH phospho-Ser40 content, whereas DOPA production by cells expressing S40L-rTH was entirely unaffected by forskolin. After forskolin treatment of 32Pi-prelabeled cells, WT-rTH was phosphorylated at Ser8, Ser19, Ser31, and Ser40, whereas 32P incorporation into S40L-rTH was restricted to Ser8, Ser19, and Ser31. Relatively prolonged treatment of AtT-20 cells expressing WT-rTH with either a depolarizing agent (elevated potassium) or a phosphatase inhibitor (okadaic acid) increased DOPA production and increased the phosphorylation state of Ser40; but, unlike forskolin, these treatments also increased DOPA production by cells expressing S40L-rTH. Thus, the present studies demonstrate that Ser40 phosphorylation mediates forskolin-induced increases in DOPA biosynthesis directly but that mechanisms other than Ser40 phosphorylation can mediate the increases in DOPA biosynthesis produced either by depolarization or by protein phosphatase inhibition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67020629.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antibodies to a Segment of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Phosphorylated at Serine 40 (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 64 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: A synthetic peptide corresponding to residues 32–47 of rat tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was phosphorylated by protein kinase A at Ser40 and used to generate antibodies in rabbits. Reactivity of the anti-pTH32–47 antibodies with phospho- and dephospho-Ser40 forms of TH protein and peptide TH32–47 was compared with reactivity of antibodies to nonphosphorylated peptide and to native TH protein. In antibody-capture ELISAs, anti-pTH32–47 was more reactive with the phospho-TH than with the dephospho-TH forms. Conversely, antibodies against the nonphosphorylated peptide reacted preferentially with the dephospho-TH forms. In western blots, labeling of the ∼60-kDa TH band by anti-pTH32–47 was readily detectable in lanes containing protein kinase A-phosphorylated native TH at 10–100 ng/lane. In blots of supernatants prepared from striatal synaptosomes, addition of a phosphatase inhibitor was necessary to discern labeling of the TH band with anti-pTH32–47. Similarly, anti-pTH32–47 failed to immunoprecipitate TH activity from supernatants prepared from untreated tissues, whereas prior treatment with either 8-bromoadenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate or forskolin enabled removal of TH activity by anti-pTH32–47. Lastly, in immunohistochemical studies, anti-pTH32–47 selectively labeled catecholaminergic cells in tissue sections from perfusion-fixed rat brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.64052281.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High levels of interleukin-8, soluble CD4 and soluble CD8 in bullous pemphigoid blister fluid. The relationship between local cytokine production and lesional T-cell activities (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 143 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an inflammatory subepidermal blistering disease associated with autoantibodies that recognize hemidesmosomal proteins. In addition to autoantibodies, the cell-mediated immune reaction is considered to play an important part in blister formation. Objectives To investigate some T-cell activation markers and inflammatory cytokines in the blister fluid and sera of patients with BP. Methods We measured soluble CD4 (sCD4) and soluble CD8 (sCD8), which have been, respectively, associated with CD4 and CD8 T-cell activation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were also used to quantify the production of the leucocyte chemoattractant interleukin (IL) -8 and of the cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and tumour necrosis factor-α in the blister fluid and sera of 11 patients with BP. Results The mean ± SD level of sCD4 in patients’ blisters (42·4 ± 25·0 units mL−1) was significantly elevated (P 〈 0·005) compared with that in their sera (11·2 ± 8·9) and that in the suction blisters of 10 healthy people (11·4 ± 5·4; P 〈 0·005). Mean ± SD IL-8 concentrations in BP blisters (4683·6 ± 3878·1 pg mL−1) were much higher than those in their sera (17·1 ± 18·9; P 〈 0·001), and were very significantly elevated (P 〈 0·005) in comparison with those in suction blisters of healthy persons (512 ± 292). sCD4 levels in BP blisters were inversely related to IL-10 levels (P = 0·03, r2 = 0·85), IL-8 levels were positively related to sCD8 levels (P = 0·01, r2 = 0·54), and IL-1β levels were positively related to sCD8 concentrations (P 〈 0·005, r2 = 0·65). Conclusions The correlations suggest that there is a delicately orchestrated network of cytokines and cell-mediated immunity operating in BP blisters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03894.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of Arabidopsis CBF1 regulated by an ABA/stress inducible promoter in transgenic tomato confers stress tolerance without affecting yield (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 26 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Modern-day plants are subjected to various biotic and abiotic stresses thereby limiting plant productivity and quality. It has previously been reported that the use of a strong constitutive 35S cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) promoter to drive the expression of Arabidopsis CBF1 in tomato improved tolerance to cold, drought and salt loading, at the expense of growth and yield under normal growth conditions. Hence in the present study, the suitability of expressing the Arabidopsis CBF1 driven by three copies of an ABA-responsive complex (ABRC1) from the barley HAV22 gene in order to improve the agronomic performance of the transgenic tomato plants was investigated. Northern blot analysis indicated that CBF1 gene expression was induced by chilling, water-deficit and salt treatment in the transgenic tomato plants. Under these tested stress conditions, transgenic tomato plants exhibited enhanced tolerance to chilling, water-deficit, and salt stress in comparison with untransformed plants. Under normal growing conditions the ABRC1-CBF1 tomato plants maintained normal growth and yield similar to the untransformed plants. The results demonstrate the promise of using ABRC1-CBF1 tomato plants in highly stressed conditions which will in turn benefit agriculture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.01048.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modelling soil organic matter changes in ley–arable rotations in sandy soils of Northeast Thailand (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 49 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effects of a 3-year ley-arable rotation (2 years under grass, legume or a grass-legume mixture, followed by 1 year under cassava) on the organic C content of upland sandy soils in Northeast Thailand were evaluated using four field trials (Khon Kaen, Chaiyaphum, Mahasarakham and Udon Thani). At all sites under the existing management system of continuous cassava, soil organic C decreased by 9-20% during the 3-year experiment. The carbon model developed at Rothamsted (RCM-26) predicted that soil organic C would decrease consistently under continuous cassava until it reached very small amounts (0.2–0.3%). This was the case for all sites, except Chaiyaphum, where soil organic C had already declined to 0.1%. Evaluatin the rotations using RCM-26 showed that introducing a ley could increase soil organic C, except at Udon Thani where the organic C exceeded 0.47% before the start of the experiment. The data obtained with the rotations showed that RCM-26 could be used to predict the effects of changes in management on organic C content in the upland sandy soils of Norrtheast Thailand over the 3 years. To compensate for an underestimation of the effects of soil moisture deficit on the decomposition rates of organic matter, we propose that because of the prolonged dry season (from December to the following May) soil moisture deficit and the rate-modifying factor for moisture (Am) should be estimated independently of crop cover. Furthermore, to accommodate the very slow decomposition during this time, (Am) should be allowed to decrease to 0.1. Adopting this simple modification provides a more realistic estimate of the organic C inputs needed to simulate the content of soil organic C measured before trials began.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.1998.4930463.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An erythematous nodule on the sole of the foot (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical and experimental dermatology 30 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2230
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.2004.01688.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Involvement of serine proteinase in infectious pancreatic necrosis virus capsid protein maturation and NS proteinase cleavage in CHSE-214 cells (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 21 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An investigation of virus-specific protein maturation in infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) infected Chinook salmon embryo cells (CHSE-214) was undertaken. The precursor protein (pVP2–1) of the major mature capsid protein (VP2) was processed sequentially from pVP2–1 to pVP2–2 and VP2. Experiments using serine proteinase inhibitors showed that the maturation of the VP2 was blocked in the pVP2–1 post-translational cleavage steps. A protinin, a potent proteinase inhibitor, at 800 μg ml–1 blocked pVP2–2 to VP2 and the cleavage of VP4 (28 kDa) to VP4–1 (25 kDa). Therefore, our data showed that the maturation of the capsid protein (VP2) and cleavage of VP4 (NS proteinase) can be blocked by serine proteinase inhibitors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.1998.00097.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aquatic birnavirus induces apoptosis through activated caspase-8 and -3 in a zebrafish cell line (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 28 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In this study, the possible influence of temperature on infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV)-induced apoptosis in a zebrafish liver epithelium (ZLE) cell line was investigated. At a lower temperature (18 °C), there was expression of viral proteins VP2 and VP3 at 4 h post-infection (p.i.). At this time no expression was found in the high temperature group at 28 °C. The cell survival ratio was 52 and 18% at 24 and 48 h p.i., respectively, during IPNV infection at 18 °C. In addition, we assayed for apoptosis in IPNV-infected cells with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated end labelling (TUNEL) of DNA at different dosages of virus. We found a ratio of apoptotic cells of 8 and 25% at 12 and 18 h p.i., respectively, in the multiplicity of infection (MOI) 1 group. The MOI 10 group had 20 and 45% apoptotic cells at 12 and 18 h, respectively. Furthermore, at 18 °C IPNV activated the caspase-8 and 3 from 1.5 to 2 times at 12 and 18 h p.i., respectively. Taken together, these findings suggest that successful virus replication occurs at the low temperature (18 °C) compared with the non-permissive temperature of 28 °C. Thus, IPNV replication is capable of activating caspase-8 and -3 and inducing host apoptosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00604.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Apoptosis does not play an important role in the resistance of ‘immune’Penaeus japonicus against white spot syndrome virus (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 27 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We previously demonstrated that kuruma shrimp, Penaeus japonicus, exposed to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) became resistant (‘immune’ shrimp) to subsequent challenge with the virus. The present study investigated the role of apoptosis in the ‘immune’ shrimp during a secondary challenge with WSSV. When naive kuruma shrimp were intramuscularly injected with WSSV at a high or low dose, apoptosis was often detected by TUNEL assay in the lymphoid organ (LO), mainly in the early stage of the infection. A significantly higher incidence of apoptosis was observed in the LO of the shrimp injected with the high dose of WSSV (cumulative mortality: 100%) than in the shrimp injected with the low dose (cumulative mortality: 0%). When ‘immune’ and naive shrimp were injected with an equal dose of WSSV, the incidence of apoptosis was significantly lower in the ‘immune’ shrimp than in the naive shrimp. This difference is assumed to result from a substantial reduction of the virus by humoral neutralizing factor in the ‘immune’ shrimp. These results suggest that apoptosis is not a principal protective factor in ‘immune’ shrimp.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00491.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variability associated with the official USDA sampling plan used to inspect export wheat shipments for Tilletia controversa spores (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 50 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The variability associated with estimating the true concentration of teliospores of dwarf bunt (Tilletia controversa) per 50 g of wheat (TC concentration) in an export wheat shipment was studied by measuring the TC concentration in 16 test samples (50 g) taken from each of 137 export shipments. The variability among the 16 TC test sample results, as measured by the standard deviation, was found to increase with TC concentration. The functional relationship was approximately linear in a full-log plot and regression analysis was used to determine the coefficients of the regression equation. Using statistical theory, the regression equation was modified to predict the standard deviation among test sample sizes other than the 50 g size used in this study. The standard deviation and coefficient of variation associated with using a 50 g test sample to estimate the true TC concentration of a wheat shipment with 2000 spores per 50 g were estimated to be 1062·8 and 53·1%, respectively. Increasing test sample size to 1600 g reduced the standard deviation and coefficient of variation to 187·9 and 9·4%, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00640.x
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