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  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)  (522)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (93)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observation of growth modes during metal-organic chemical vapor deposition of GaN (1999)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 74 (1999), S. 3326-3328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We present real-time surface x-ray scattering measurements during homoepitaxial growth of GaN by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. We observed intensity oscillations corresponding to the completion of each monolayer during layer-by-layer growth. The growth rate was found to be temperature independent and Ga-transport limited. Transitions between step-flow, layer-by-layer, and three-dimensional growth modes were determined as a function of temperature and growth rate. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.123333
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  • 2
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    An extensive reef system at the Amazon River mouth (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Description: Large rivers create major gaps in reef distribution along tropical shelves. The Amazon River represents 20% of the global riverine discharge to the ocean, generating up to a 1.3 x 10 6 –km 2 plume, and extensive muddy bottoms in the equatorial margin of South America. As a result, a wide area of the tropical North Atlantic is heavily affected in terms of salinity, pH, light penetration, and sedimentation. Such unfavorable conditions were thought to imprint a major gap in Western Atlantic reefs. We present an extensive carbonate system off the Amazon mouth, underneath the river plume. Significant carbonate sedimentation occurred during lowstand sea level, and still occurs in the outer shelf, resulting in complex hard-bottom topography. A permanent near-bottom wedge of ocean water, together with the seasonal nature of the plume’s eastward retroflection, conditions the existence of this extensive (~9500 km 2 ) hard-bottom mosaic. The Amazon reefs transition from accretive to erosional structures and encompass extensive rhodolith beds. Carbonate structures function as a connectivity corridor for wide depth–ranging reef-associated species, being heavily colonized by large sponges and other structure-forming filter feeders that dwell under low light and high levels of particulates. The oxycline between the plume and subplume is associated with chemoautotrophic and anaerobic microbial metabolisms. The system described here provides several insights about the responses of tropical reefs to suboptimal and marginal reef-building conditions, which are accelerating worldwide due to global changes.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Astronomy. ASASSN-15lh: A highly super-luminous supernova (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-28
    Description: We report the discovery of ASASSN-15lh (SN 2015L), which we interpret as the most luminous supernova yet found. At redshift z = 0.2326, ASASSN-15lh reached an absolute magnitude of Mu ,AB = -23.5 +/- 0.1 and bolometric luminosity Lbol = (2.2 +/- 0.2) x 10(45) ergs s(-1), which is more than twice as luminous as any previously known supernova. It has several major features characteristic of the hydrogen-poor super-luminous supernovae (SLSNe-I), whose energy sources and progenitors are currently poorly understood. In contrast to most previously known SLSNe-I that reside in star-forming dwarf galaxies, ASASSN-15lh appears to be hosted by a luminous galaxy (MK approximately -25.5) with little star formation. In the 4 months since first detection, ASASSN-15lh radiated (1.1 +/- 0.2) x 10(52) ergs, challenging the magnetar model for its engine.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dong, Subo -- Shappee, B J -- Prieto, J L -- Jha, S W -- Stanek, K Z -- Holoien, T W-S -- Kochanek, C S -- Thompson, T A -- Morrell, N -- Thompson, I B -- Basu, U -- Beacom, J F -- Bersier, D -- Brimacombe, J -- Brown, J S -- Bufano, F -- Chen, Ping -- Conseil, E -- Danilet, A B -- Falco, E -- Grupe, D -- Kiyota, S -- Masi, G -- Nicholls, B -- Olivares E, F -- Pignata, G -- Pojmanski, G -- Simonian, G V -- Szczygiel, D M -- Wozniak, P R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Jan 15;351(6270):257-60. doi: 10.1126/science.aac9613.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Yi He Yuan Road 5, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100871, China. dongsubo@pku.edu.cn. ; Carnegie Observatories, 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA. ; Nucleo de Astronomia de la Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Diego Portales, Av. Ejercito 441, Santiago, Chile. Millennium Institute of Astrophysics, Santiago, Chile. ; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. ; Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, 140 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics (CCAPP), The Ohio State University, 191 W. Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. ; Las Campanas Observatory, Carnegie Observatories, Casilla 601, La Serena, Chile. ; Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, 140 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. ; Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, 140 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics (CCAPP), The Ohio State University, 191 W. Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, 191 W. Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. ; Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK. ; Coral Towers Observatory, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia. ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via S.Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy. ; Department of Astronomy, Peking University, Yi He Yuan Road 5, Hai Dian District, 100871, P. R. China. ; Association Francaise des Observateurs d'Etoiles Variables (AFOEV), Observatoire de Strasbourg 11, rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France. ; Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. ; Department of Earth and Space Science, Morehead State University, 235 Martindale Drive, Morehead, KY 40351, USA. ; Variable Star Observers League in Japan (VSOLJ), 7-1 Kitahatsutomi, Kamagaya, Chiba 273-0126, Japan. ; The Virtual Telescope Project, Via Madonna de Loco 47, 03023 Ceccano, Italy. ; Mt Vernon Observatory, 6 Mt Vernon pl, Nelson, New Zealand. ; Millennium Institute of Astrophysics, Santiago, Chile. Departamento Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. Republica 252, Santiago, Chile. ; Warsaw University Astronomical Observatory, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland. ; Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop B244, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26816375" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Annually resolved ice core records of tropical climate variability over the past ~1800 years (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-06
    Description: Ice cores from low latitudes can provide a wealth of unique information about past climate in the tropics, but they are difficult to recover and few exist. Here, we report annually resolved ice core records from the Quelccaya ice cap (5670 meters above sea level) in Peru that extend back ~1800 years and provide a high-resolution record of climate variability there. Oxygen isotopic ratios (delta(18)O) are linked to sea surface temperatures in the tropical eastern Pacific, whereas concentrations of ammonium and nitrate document the dominant role played by the migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone in the region of the tropical Andes. Quelccaya continues to retreat and thin. Radiocarbon dates on wetland plants exposed along its retreating margins indicate that it has not been smaller for at least six millennia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thompson, L G -- Mosley-Thompson, E -- Davis, M E -- Zagorodnov, V S -- Howat, I M -- Mikhalenko, V N -- Lin, P-N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 24;340(6135):945-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1234210. Epub 2013 Apr 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. thompson.3@osu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23558172" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Climate Change ; *Ice Cover ; Nitrates/analysis ; Oxygen Isotopes/analysis ; Peru ; Plants ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/analysis ; *Tropical Climate ; Wetlands
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time-resolved temperature measurements during rapid solidification of Si-As alloys induced by pulsed-laser melting (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 3725-3733 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The solidification of Si-As alloys induced by pulsed-laser melting was studied at regrowth velocities where the partition coefficient is close to unity. The congruent melting temperatures T0 of Si-As alloys were determined using a temperature measurement technique developed for this work, and was confirmed with T0 measurements using three other methods. The time-resolved temperature measurement uses a thin-film platinum thermistor, below and electrically isolated from the Si-As alloy layer, to directly measure the temperature during solidification. The other techniques compared the results of heat flow simulations with the fluence dependence of the peak melt depth obtained by transient conductance, the fluence dependence of the melt duration determined from time-resolved reflectivity and transient conductance, and the fluence threshold for the initiation of melting. This combination of measurements in conjunction with Rutherford backscattering spectrometry permitted the determination of the solid-liquid interface temperature, velocity and partition coefficient, the latent heat of fusion and T0 for Si-4.5 at. % As and Si-9 at. % As alloys. The values of T0 determined by all four independent methods were consistent, indicating overall agreement between the direct experimental measurements and the analyses based on heat flow simulations. T0 was determined to be 1565±25 K for 4.5 at. % As and 1425±25 K for 9 at. % As. In addition, the enthalpy of fusion was determined to be independent of composition for the range studied. The values obtained in this work are compared with previous measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.352903
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of effects of ripple on the permeability of thin film head materials (abstract) : 37th Annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 6014-6014 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A new low-field resonance technique for determining the initial hard-axis permeability (μ') of materials used in thin film and magnetoresistive heads has been developed. The initial μ' is found to be less than 4πM/Hk due to the internal effective magnetostatic field caused by magnetization ripple, in agreement with the theory and transverse biased initial susceptibility measurements of Hoffmann and others.1 A proper consideration of the in-plane susceptibility for real films includes the Stoner–Wohlfarth anisotropy field (Hk)−1 dependence, modified by the factors due to ripple (B) and skew (E) as defined by Hoffmann. The latter produce internal fields that shift the Kittel resonance versus field plots (fr2 vs H) leftward from their ideal symmetric positions for angles of 0° and 90° between bias field and preferred axis. When resonance data from both orientations are computer-fit simultaneously, we determine the parameters B and E as well as Hk and Ms. The coefficients are believed to have more consistency than those obtained using Hk found from hard-axis magnetization curves. The reduction of the hard-axis μ' is by the factor (1+B+E)−1. The high frequency properties (300 kHz–3 GHz) were measured using a test jig consisting of a shorted-shield strip-line section with a one-turn inductively coupled loop containing the sample and located at the shorted end. Bias fields from zero to 100 Oe were employed. We measure fR reproducibly with an uncertainty of less than 1%. This analysis determines the parameters of interest from measurements under dynamic conditions. Results include Permalloy and amorphous TM-metalloid films. When annealed to reduce Hk, their B parameters increase in accord with theory, assuming invariant structure constants, S. Beyond head applications, the method relates to thin film microwave devices operating near fr in zero field.2
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354066
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strain compensation by Ge in B-doped silicon epitaxial films (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 72 (1992), S. 4477-4479 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A compensation of stress induced in silicon epitaxial films heavily doped with boron was investigated. Addition of a controlled amount of germanium during the film growth allows one to attain a desired compressive or tensile stress in the film, or its complete elimination. The data shows very good correlation with a theoretical model adapted from Herzog et al. [J. Electrochem. Soc. 131, 2969 (1984)]. A 6.45 : 1 ratio of atomic concentrations of Ge and B completely eliminates stress in these films. We determined a critical amount of strain in the films, (approximately-equal-to)2–4 μm thick, beyond which misfit dislocations are generated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.352181
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atomic force microscopy of (100), (110), and (111) homoepitaxial diamond films (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 71 (1992), S. 5930-5940 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We present atomic force microscopy images of diamond films grown by chemical vapor deposition epitaxially on diamond (100), (110), and (111) substrates. The films were grown from 0.2%–1.6% mixtures of CH4 and C2H2 in H2 in a hot-filament reactor at a total pressure of 25 Torr. The substrate and filament temperatures were held at 810–1000 and 2000–2150 °C, respectively. A (100)-oriented diamond film grown with 0.3% CH4 at a substrate temperature of 810 °C was rough on the μm scale, exhibiting pyramidal features, terraces, and penetration twins, while films grown at higher substrate temperatures and hydrocarbon flow rates were smooth on the nm scale and showed evidence of a (2×1) reconstruction. A (110)-oriented film was very rough on the μm scale but nearly atomically smooth on the 0.5–5 nm scale and exhibited local slopes higher than 40° with no evidence of faceting. A film grown on a diamond (111) substrate underwent spontaneous fracture due to tensile stress and exhibited a roughness of ≈10–50 nm on the ≈100 nm lateral scale in regions far away from any cracks. The implications of the morphological features for diamond growth mechanisms are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.350443
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrical activation of group-IV elements implanted at MeV energies in InP (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 71 (1992), S. 1708-1712 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The electrical activation and carrier mobility of InP implanted with the group-IV elements at MeV energies has been studied as a function of implanted atom (C, Si, Ge, and Sn) and rapid thermal annealing temperature (500–800 °C). In addition, electrical results have been correlated with photoluminescence (PL) measurements. In general, for a dose of 5×1014/cm2 and a projected range of ∼1.0 μm, the electrical activation and carrier mobility increase then saturate with increasing annealing temperature. Similarily, PL emission intensity increases with increasing annealing temperature. At a temperature of 750 °C, the electrically active fraction increases from C, Ge, Si, to Sn, respectively, while carrier mobility and PL emission intensity decreases with increasing atomic mass. Thus, Sn exhibits the highest electrical activation yet lowest carrier mobility with little optically observable, postanneal lattice recovery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.351201
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of the ion-solid interaction in ion-beam-induced deposition of gold (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 70 (1991), S. 665-673 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Gold films were deposited on quartz-crystal microbalances by decomposing C7H7F6O2Au (dimethyl gold hexafluoroacetylacetonate) with 2–10-keV Xe+, Kr+, Ar+, Ne+, or He+ ion beams. The number of molecules decomposed per incident ion (i.e., the total decomposition yield) was determined as a function of ion mass and energy. The total decomposition yield increases with increasing ion mass and ion energy, and is approximately proportional to the nuclear stopping power. A binary collision model and a thermal spike model are developed that relate the energy deposited by the ion, at the substrate surface, to the total number of molecules decomposed. Both models predict total decomposition yields that are in reasonable agreement with the experimental measurements; however, the variation of total yield with changes in ion mass and energy are best described by the binary collision model. The success of both models demonstrates that the energy deposited into the substrate surface through the ion-solid interaction is responsible for the decomposition of adsorbed molecules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.349671
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