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  • American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)  (12)
  • 1
    In: Cancer Research, American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), Vol. 64, No. 9 ( 2004-05-01), p. 2998-3001
    Abstract: Although most colorectal cancers are chromosomally unstable, the basis for this instability has not been defined. To determine whether genes shown to cause chromosomal instability in model systems were mutated in colorectal cancers, we identified their human homologues and determined their sequence in a panel of colorectal cancers. We found 19 somatic mutations in five genes representing three distinct instability pathways. Seven mutations were found in MRE11, whose product is involved in double-strand break repair. Four mutations were found among hZw10, hZwilch/FLJ10036, and hRod/KNTC, whose products bind to one another in a complex that localizes to kinetochores and controls chromosome segregation. Eight mutations were found in Ding, a previously uncharacterized gene with sequence similarity to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pds1, whose product is essential for proper chromosome disjunction. This analysis buttresses the evidence that chromosomal instability has a genetic basis and provides clues to the mechanistic basis of instability in cancers.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-5472 , 1538-7445
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
    Publication Date: 2004
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  • 2
    In: Cancer Research, American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), Vol. 80, No. 3 ( 2020-02-01), p. 624-638
    Abstract: Pathogenic sequence variants (PSV) in BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) are associated with increased risk and severity of prostate cancer. We evaluated whether PSVs in BRCA1/2 were associated with risk of overall prostate cancer or high grade (Gleason 8+) prostate cancer using an international sample of 65 BRCA1 and 171 BRCA2 male PSV carriers with prostate cancer, and 3,388 BRCA1 and 2,880 BRCA2 male PSV carriers without prostate cancer. PSVs in the 3′ region of BRCA2 (c.7914+) were significantly associated with elevated risk of prostate cancer compared with reference bin c.1001-c.7913 [HR = 1.78; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.25–2.52; P = 0.001], as well as elevated risk of Gleason 8+ prostate cancer (HR = 3.11; 95% CI, 1.63–5.95; P = 0.001). c.756-c.1000 was also associated with elevated prostate cancer risk (HR = 2.83; 95% CI, 1.71–4.68; P = 0.00004) and elevated risk of Gleason 8+ prostate cancer (HR = 4.95; 95% CI, 2.12–11.54; P = 0.0002). No genotype–phenotype associations were detected for PSVs in BRCA1. These results demonstrate that specific BRCA2 PSVs may be associated with elevated risk of developing aggressive prostate cancer. Significance: Aggressive prostate cancer risk in BRCA2 mutation carriers may vary according to the specific BRCA2 mutation inherited by the at-risk individual.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-5472 , 1538-7445
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 3
    In: Cancer Research, American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), Vol. 78, No. 18 ( 2018-09-15), p. 5419-5430
    Abstract: Large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified approximately 35 loci associated with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) risk. The majority of GWAS-identified disease susceptibility variants are located in noncoding regions, and causal genes underlying these associations remain largely unknown. Here, we performed a transcriptome-wide association study to search for novel genetic loci and plausible causal genes at known GWAS loci. We used RNA sequencing data (68 normal ovarian tissue samples from 68 individuals and 6,124 cross-tissue samples from 369 individuals) and high-density genotyping data from European descendants of the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx V6) project to build ovarian and cross-tissue models of genetically regulated expression using elastic net methods. We evaluated 17,121 genes for their cis-predicted gene expression in relation to EOC risk using summary statistics data from GWAS of 97,898 women, including 29,396 EOC cases. With a Bonferroni-corrected significance level of P & lt; 2.2 × 10−6, we identified 35 genes, including FZD4 at 11q14.2 (Z = 5.08, P = 3.83 × 10−7, the cross-tissue model; 1 Mb away from any GWAS-identified EOC risk variant), a potential novel locus for EOC risk. All other 34 significantly associated genes were located within 1 Mb of known GWAS-identified loci, including 23 genes at 6 loci not previously linked to EOC risk. Upon conditioning on nearby known EOC GWAS-identified variants, the associations for 31 genes disappeared and three genes remained (P & lt; 1.47 × 10−3). These data identify one novel locus (FZD4) and 34 genes at 13 known EOC risk loci associated with EOC risk, providing new insights into EOC carcinogenesis. Significance: Transcriptomic analysis of a large cohort confirms earlier GWAS loci and reveals FZD4 as a novel locus associated with EOC risk. Cancer Res; 78(18); 5419–30. ©2018 AACR.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-5472 , 1538-7445
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
    Publication Date: 2018
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  • 4
    In: Clinical Cancer Research, American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), Vol. 20, No. 12 ( 2014-06-15), p. 3348-3357
    Abstract: Purpose: We report the role of relative lymphocyte count (RLC) as a potential biomarker with prognostic impact for catumaxomab efficacy and overall survival (OS) based on a post hoc analysis of the pivotal phase II/III study of intraperitoneal catumaxomab treatment of malignant ascites. Experimental Design: The impact of treatment and RLC on OS was evaluated using multivariate Cox models. Kaplan–Meier and log-rank tests were used for group comparisons. Survival analyses were performed on the safety population [patients with paracentesis plus ≥1 dose of catumaxomab (n = 157) and paracentesis alone (n = 88)]. Determination of the optimal cutoff value for RLC was based on five optimality criteria. Results: OS was significantly longer with catumaxomab versus paracentesis alone (P = 0.0219). The 6-month OS rate with catumaxomab was 28.9% versus 6.7% with paracentesis alone. RLC had a positive impact on OS and was an independent prognostic factor (P & lt; 0.0001). In patients with RLC & gt; 13% (n = 159: catumaxomab, 100 and control, 59), catumaxomab was associated with a favorable effect on OS versus paracentesis alone (P = 0.0072), with a median/mean OS benefit of 41/131 days and an increased 6-month survival rate of 37.0% versus 5.2%, respectively. In patients with RLC ≤ 13% at screening (n = 74: catumaxomab, 50 and control, 24), the median (mean) OS difference between the catumaxomab and the control group was 3 (16) days, respectively (P = 0.2561). Conclusions: OS was significantly improved after catumaxomab treatment in patients with malignant ascites. An RLC & gt; 13% at baseline was a significant prognostic biomarker. Clin Cancer Res; 20(12); 3348–57. ©2014 AACR.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1078-0432 , 1557-3265
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
    Publication Date: 2014
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  • 5
    In: Cancer Prevention Research, American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), Vol. 6, No. 9 ( 2013-09-01), p. 971-978
    Abstract: Epidemiological data suggest robust associations of high vegetable intake with decreased risks of bladder cancer incidence and mortality, but translational prevention studies have yet to be conducted. We designed and tested a novel intervention to increase vegetable intake in patients with noninvasive bladder cancer. We randomized 48 patients aged 50 to 80 years with biopsy-proven noninvasive (Ta, T1, or carcinoma in situ) urothelial cell carcinoma to telephone- and Skype-based dietary counseling or a control condition that provided print materials only. The intervention behavioral goals promoted seven daily vegetable servings, with at least two of these as cruciferous vegetables. Outcome variables were self-reported diet and plasma carotenoid and 24-hour urinary isothiocyanate (ITC) concentrations. We used two-sample t tests to assess between-group differences at 6-month follow-up. After 6 months, intervention patients had higher daily intakes of vegetable juice (P = 0.02), total vegetables (P = 0.02), and cruciferous vegetables (P = 0.07); lower daily intakes of energy (P = 0.007), fat (P = 0.002) and energy from fat (P = 0.06); and higher plasma α-carotene concentrations (P = 0.03). Self-reported cruciferous vegetable intake correlated with urinary ITC concentrations at baseline (P & lt; 0.001) and at 6 months (P = 0.03). Although urinary ITC concentrations increased in the intervention group and decreased in the control group, these changes did not attain between-group significance (P = 0.32). In patients with noninvasive bladder cancer, our novel intervention induced diet changes associated with protective effects against bladder cancer. These data show the feasibility of implementing therapeutic dietary modifications to prevent recurrent and progressive bladder cancer. Cancer Prev Res; 6(9); 971–8. ©2013 AACR.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1940-6207 , 1940-6215
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
    Publication Date: 2013
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  • 6
    In: Clinical Cancer Research, American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), Vol. 22, No. 14 ( 2016-07-15), p. 3593-3605
    Abstract: Purpose: MYC is a critical driver oncogene in many cancers, and its deregulation in the forms of translocation and overexpression has been implicated in lymphomagenesis and progression of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The MYC mutational profile and its roles in DLBCL are unknown. This study aims to determine the spectrum of MYC mutations in a large group of patients with DLBCL, and to evaluate the clinical significance of MYC mutations in patients with DLBCL treated with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) immunochemotherapy. Experimental Design: We identified MYC mutations in 750 patients with DLBCL using Sanger sequencing and evaluated the prognostic significance in 602 R-CHOP–treated patients. Results: The frequency of MYC mutations was 33.3% at the DNA level (mutations in either the coding sequence or the untranslated regions) and 16.1% at the protein level (nonsynonymous mutations). Most of the nonsynonymous mutations correlated with better survival outcomes; in contrast, T58 and F138 mutations (which were associated with MYC rearrangements), as well as several mutations occurred at the 3′ untranslated region, correlated with significantly worse survival outcomes. However, these mutations occurred infrequently (only in approximately 2% of DLBCL). A germline SNP encoding the Myc-N11S variant (observed in 6.5% of the study cohort) was associated with significantly better patient survival, and resulted in reduced tumorigenecity in mouse xenografts. Conclusions: Various types of MYC gene mutations are present in DLBCL and show different impact on Myc function and clinical outcomes. Unlike MYC gene translocations and overexpression, most MYC gene mutations may not have a role in driving lymphomagenesis. Clin Cancer Res; 22(14); 3593–605. ©2016 AACR.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1078-0432 , 1557-3265
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
    Publication Date: 2016
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  • 7
    In: Cancer Discovery, American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), Vol. 8, No. 8 ( 2018-08-01), p. 988-1005
    Abstract: ADP-ribosylation is an important posttranslational protein modification that regulates diverse biological processes, controlled by dedicated transferases and hydrolases. Here, we show that frequent deletions (∼30%) of the MACROD2 mono-ADP-ribosylhydrolase locus in human colorectal cancer cause impaired PARP1 transferase activity in a gene dosage–dependent manner. MACROD2 haploinsufficiency alters DNA repair and sensitivity to DNA damage and results in chromosome instability. Heterozygous and homozygous depletion of Macrod2 enhances intestinal tumorigenesis in ApcMin/+ mice and the growth of human colorectal cancer xenografts. MACROD2 deletion in sporadic colorectal cancer is associated with the extent of chromosome instability, independent of clinical parameters and other known genetic drivers. We conclude that MACROD2 acts as a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor, with loss of function promoting chromosome instability, thereby driving cancer evolution. Significance: Chromosome instability (CIN) is a hallmark of cancer. We identify MACROD2 deletion as a cause of CIN in human colorectal cancer. MACROD2 loss causes repression of PARP1 activity, impairing DNA repair. MACROD2 haploinsufficiency promotes CIN and intestinal tumor growth. Our results reveal MACROD2 as a major caretaker tumor suppressor gene. Cancer Discov; 8(8); 988–1005. ©2018 AACR. See related commentary by Jin and Burkard, p. 921. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 899
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2159-8274 , 2159-8290
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
    Publication Date: 2018
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  • 8
    In: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), Vol. 29, No. 9 ( 2020-09-01), p. 1731-1738
    Abstract: A polygenic hazard score (PHS), the weighted sum of 54 SNP genotypes, was previously validated for association with clinically significant prostate cancer and for improved prostate cancer screening accuracy. Here, we assess the potential impact of PHS-informed screening. Methods: United Kingdom population incidence data (Cancer Research United Kingdom) and data from the Cluster Randomized Trial of PSA Testing for Prostate Cancer were combined to estimate age-specific clinically significant prostate cancer incidence (Gleason score ≥7, stage T3–T4, PSA ≥10, or nodal/distant metastases). Using HRs estimated from the ProtecT prostate cancer trial, age-specific incidence rates were calculated for various PHS risk percentiles. Risk-equivalent age, when someone with a given PHS percentile has prostate cancer risk equivalent to an average 50-year-old man (50-year-standard risk), was derived from PHS and incidence data. Positive predictive value (PPV) of PSA testing for clinically significant prostate cancer was calculated using PHS-adjusted age groups. Results: The expected age at diagnosis of clinically significant prostate cancer differs by 19 years between the 1st and 99th PHS percentiles: men with PHS in the 1st and 99th percentiles reach the 50-year-standard risk level at ages 60 and 41, respectively. PPV of PSA was higher for men with higher PHS-adjusted age. Conclusions: PHS provides individualized estimates of risk-equivalent age for clinically significant prostate cancer. Screening initiation could be adjusted by a man's PHS. Impact: Personalized genetic risk assessments could inform prostate cancer screening decisions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1055-9965 , 1538-7755
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 9
    In: Clinical Cancer Research, American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), Vol. 15, No. 14 ( 2009-07-15), p. 4674-4679
    Abstract: Purpose: Recently, the majority of protein coding genes were sequenced in a collection of pancreatic cancers, providing an unprecedented opportunity to identify genetic markers of prognosis for patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Experimental Design: We previously sequenced more than 750 million base pairs of DNA from 23,219 transcripts in a series of 24 adenocarcinomas of the pancreas. In addition, 39 genes that were mutated in more than one of these 24 cancers were sequenced in a separate panel of 90 well-characterized adenocarcinomas of the pancreas. Of these 114 patients, 89 underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy, and the somatic mutations in these cancers were correlated with patient outcome. Results: When adjusted for age, lymph node status, margin status, and tumor size, SMAD4 gene inactivation was significantly associated with shorter overall survival (hazard ratio, 1.92; 95% confidence interval, 1.20-3.05; P = 0.006). Patients with SMAD4 gene inactivation survived a median of 11.5 months, compared with 14.2 months for patients without SMAD4 inactivation. By contrast, mutations in CDKN2A or TP53 or the presence of multiple (≥4) mutations or homozygous deletions among the 39 most frequently mutated genes were not associated with survival. Conclusions: SMAD4 gene inactivation is associated with poorer prognosis in patients with surgically resected adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1078-0432 , 1557-3265
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
    Publication Date: 2009
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) ; 2015
    In:  Cancer Research Vol. 75, No. 9_Supplement ( 2015-05-01), p. P1-07-24-P1-07-24
    In: Cancer Research, American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), Vol. 75, No. 9_Supplement ( 2015-05-01), p. P1-07-24-P1-07-24
    Abstract: Objectives: Advances in the detection of circulating tumor cells (CTC) in the blood of metastatic breast cancer patients have indicated that patients with greater than 5 CTC/7.5mL of blood have poorer prognosis; however, little is known about the biology of these cells and what characteristics are critical for breast tumor cell dissemination. We are developing and evaluating several mouse models of breast cancer to characterize important markers that distinguish CTCs from other cell types in the blood as well as to assess whether silencing of various metastasis supporting genes leads to reductions in CTC counts and formation of metastatic tumors. Methods: This study involves two separate approaches to characterize CTCs. The first involves xenograft models using human breast cancer cells injected into the fat pad of immunocompromised mice. These cells are tagged with both mCherry, for detection in blood, and luciferase, to track metastatic spread of the primary tumor cells to other sites via intravital imaging. Blood was collected from tumor bearing mice at end point, processed and stained for characterized CTC markers. The second approach involves endogenous mouse models to characterize CTC counts and relevant markers in a variety of metastatic and non-metastatic murine breast cancer models using negative depletion to remove contaminating normal and hematopoietic cells. In both approaches CTCs have been assessed using the Imagestream by Amnis. Results: Initial xenograft experiments with MDA-MB-231 cells injected into the mouse mammary gland fat pad revealed a low concentration of mCherry+/cytokeratin+/Hoechst+/CD45- cells in the blood of mice without confirmed metastatic dissemination. Pilot studies on endogenous tumor models have demonstrated the utility of our negative depletion approach to remove contaminating hematopoietic cells as well as the detection of a population of EpCAM+/Hoechst+/CD45- cells. Conclusions: Initial experiments have provided feasibility for detailed characterization of mouse CTCs, which will be presented. This work complements our study being carried out on characterizing CTCs in metastatic breast cancer patients. Increasing understanding of the biology of circulating tumor cells and relating their characteristics to those of both the primary and metastatic tumors may reveal mediators common and functionally important to all 3 tumor cell populations and may therefore serve as better targets for treatments that are effective against both the primary and metastatic tumors. Citation Format: Jennifer L Gorman, Michael Parsons, Eldad Zacksenhaus, Sean Egan, Martin Chang, Jim R Woodgett. Modeling breast cancer metastasis in the mouse via measurement of circulating tumor cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-07-24.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-5472 , 1538-7445
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
    Publication Date: 2015
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