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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    CHILDHOOD DIET AND CORONARY HEART DISEASE
    American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) ; 1972
    In:  Pediatrics Vol. 49, No. 2 ( 1972-02-01), p. 305-307
    Details
    In: Pediatrics, American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Vol. 49, No. 2 ( 1972-02-01), p. 305-307
    Abstract: A subcommittee of the Inter-Society Commission for Heart Disease Resources recently recommended an immediate, nationwide change in dietary habits to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease in later life.1 Specifically, the Commission urges that people eat less than 300 mg of cholesterol each day, that the total calories from fat be less than 35% of the diet, and that the fat calories essentially be divided equally among saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated sources. (A commentary on these recommendations appears in this issue of Pediatrics.2) The Committee on Nutrition, realizing that pediatricians will increasingly be asked about diets for children to reduce the risk of heart disease in later life, has evaluated the Commission's report for its application to pediatric practice. The Committee stresses that such dietary intervention is, at present, experimental and recommends against dietary changes for all children. Dietary intervention may be warranted in special circumstances, but not before 1 year of age. Reasons for these recommendations will be given in this report. The evidence relating dietary cholesterol to coronary heart disease is summarized as follows: 1. Some inborn or acquired diseases with hypercholesterolemia are associated with premature atherosclerosis. 2. Serum cholesterol levels are higher than usual in persons with coronary heart disease. 3. Persons with high cholesterol levels in prospective studies developed coronary heart disease more often than those with normal levels. 4. The mortality rate from coronary heart disease in different countries varies in relation to the average blood cholesterol values (or dietary fat intake). 5. Experimentally induced hypercholesterolemia in animals is associated with atherosclerotic deposits.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0031-4005 , 1098-4275
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1542/peds.49.2.305
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
    Publication Date: 1972
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    INTERNATIONAL FOOD AND NUTRITION PROGRAMS
    American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) ; 1970
    In:  Pediatrics Vol. 46, No. 1 ( 1970-07-01), p. 145-152
    Details
    In: Pediatrics, American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Vol. 46, No. 1 ( 1970-07-01), p. 145-152
    Abstract: Workers in the pediatric field have recognized that undernutrition is of major importance in developing countries around the world and have expressed interest in the extent to which efforts have been made in the United States to deal with this problem. This report attempts to bring together information from a wide variety of sources and to summarize the considerable efforts that have been made in dealing with these problems of undernutrition. It may provide a basis for future planning and involvement on the part of those concerned with solutions for the food problems abroad as well as the application of experience with them to situations in this country. The vital importance of nutrition was forcefully described by the President's Science Advisory Committee in its 1968 report on the "World Food Problem." The principal findings and conclusions reached were stated as follows: 1. the scale, severity, and duration of the world food problem are so great that a massive, long-range, innovative effort unprecedented in human history will be required to master it; 2. the solution of the problem that will exist after about 1985 demands that programs of family planning and population control be initiated now. The food supply is critical for the immediate future; 3. food supply is directly related to agricultural development and, in turn, agricultural development and overall economic development are critically interdependent in the hungry countries; and 4. a strategy for attacking the world food problem will, of necessity, encompass the entire foreign economic assistance effort of the United States in concert with other developed countries, voluntary institutions, and international organizations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0031-4005 , 1098-4275
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1542/peds.46.1.145
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
    Publication Date: 1970
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    IRON-FORTIFIED FORMULAS
    American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) ; 1971
    In:  Pediatrics Vol. 47, No. 4 ( 1971-04-01), p. 786-786
    Details
    In: Pediatrics, American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Vol. 47, No. 4 ( 1971-04-01), p. 786-786
    Abstract: In its recent statement on iron,1 the Committee on Nutrition emphasized the value of iron-fortified, proprietary milk formulas for the prevention of iron-deficiency anemia of infancy. Despite this recommendation, the most recent marketing information available to the Committee shows that more than 70% of the proprietary formulas currently prescribed by physicians do not contain added iron. The reasons for continuing routine use of formulas not fortified with iron are not entirely clear. One reason may be that some physicians still believe iron additives increase the incidence of feeding problems or gastrointestinal disturbances. There is no documented evidence that this is a significant problem. The Committee strongly recommends when proprietary formulas are prescribed that iron-supplemented formulas be used routinely as the standard–that is, that this be the rule rather than the exception. There seems to be little justification for continued general use of proprietary formulas not fortified with iron. The Committee is fully aware that only a small percentage of American infants are fed proprietary formulas after 6 months of age. Fluid whole milk (available in bottle or carton ) or evaporated milk, both of which contain only trace amounts of iron, are substituted at the time of greatest iron need and highest prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia. The infant's diet is usually deficient in iron, unless other foods are carefully selected to insure adequate iron intake. Since the major dietary component during infancy is milk, two courses of action should be taken: (1) Pediatricians and other health professionals should engage in a program of public education to convince American mothers to provide their infants with a source of dietary iron.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0031-4005 , 1098-4275
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1542/peds.47.4.786
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
    Publication Date: 1971
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    VITAMIN K SUPPLEMENTATION FOR INFANTS RECEIVING MILK SUBSTITUTE INFANT FORMULAS AND FOR THOSE WITH FAT MALABSORPTION
    American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) ; 1971
    In:  Pediatrics Vol. 48, No. 3 ( 1971-09-01), p. 483-487
    Details
    In: Pediatrics, American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Vol. 48, No. 3 ( 1971-09-01), p. 483-487
    Abstract: Certain milk substitute infant formulas, particularly meat-based and casein hydrolysate based formulas, may be low in vitamin K content in relation to the needs of the infants receiving them. Studies are reviewed of a few infants in which inadequate dietary supply of vitamin K from such sources may have been one factor in the development of hypoprothrombinemia, though this could not be established with certainty. On theoretical grounds it seems reasonable to increase the level of vitamin K1 in milk substitute formulas to 100 µg/l, particularly because these products are often used in treatment of clinical conditions which are associated with diminished absorption of this vitamin. Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) would seem the most appropriate form to be used for supplementation of formulas. In clinical situations associated with malabsorption of fat, e.g., cystic fibrosis of the pancreas or biliary atresia, and prolonged diarrhea or starvation, vitamin K supplementation of feedings or periodic parenteral administration of vitamin K is recommended. When parenteral vitamin K is necessary, intravenous administration is rarely indicated. Subcutaneous or intramuscular injection is preferred.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0031-4005 , 1098-4275
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1542/peds.48.3.483
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
    Publication Date: 1971
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    FLUORIDE AS A NUTRIEN
    American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) ; 1972
    In:  Pediatrics Vol. 49, No. 3 ( 1972-03-01), p. 456-460
    Details
    In: Pediatrics, American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Vol. 49, No. 3 ( 1972-03-01), p. 456-460
    Abstract: The association of mottled enamel and dental fluorosis with community drinking water was detected before 1920 and was specifically related to the fluoride content of the water when Churchill, in 1931,1 was able to measure trace amounts of fluoride in drinking water. Also, in areas with communal water supplies naturally contaming increased amounts of fluoride, the occurrence of dental caries was lower than that seen in the general population.2 These observations and subsequent studies3 led to the practice of adding fluoride to communal waters, with a consequent significant reduclion in the incidence of dental caries. Nearly 90 million persons in 7,500 communities4 use water supplies containing an amount of fluoride effective in reducing the dental caries rate. Fluoride is present in the customary diet and in most potable water sources in amounts that vary from 0.1 to 0.5 parts per million (ppm).5 The average dietary intake of fluoride is approximately 0.5 mg daily from these two sources. In the temperate zone, fluoridated community water supplies are increased in fluoride content to a level of 1.0 ppm, thus providing, on the average, a total fluoride ingestion of 1.5 mg per day. A lesser level of fluoridation may be sufficient in warmer climates conducive to a higher water consumption. Fluoride is regarded as an essential nutrient6 and it is now well known to be effective in the maintenance of a tooth enamel that is more resistant to decay. Fluoride is a normal component of tooth enamel and bone. Studies in vivo and in vitro demonstrate that the calcified tissues of both enamel and bone are made up of a combination of hydroxy- and fluor-apatites of varying composition, depending on the abundance of fluoride at the site of formation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0031-4005 , 1098-4275
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1542/peds.49.3.456
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
    Publication Date: 1972
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    SALT INTAKE AND EATING PATTERNS OF INFANTS AND CHILDREN IN RELATION TO BLOOD PRESSURE
    American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) ; 1974
    In:  Pediatrics Vol. 53, No. 1 ( 1974-01-01), p. 115-121
    Details
    In: Pediatrics, American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Vol. 53, No. 1 ( 1974-01-01), p. 115-121
    Abstract: Approximately 20% of children in this country are at risk of developing hypertension as adults. The factors that will induce hypertension are genetic, which cannot be modified, and environmental, which can be modified. Genetic factors assist in identifying the population at risk, i.e., family history of hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke, or renal disease. The population with a negative family history is less at risk. The role of salt intake as an environmental factor in the induction of hypertension has still to be defined. For 80% of the population in this country, present salt intake has not been demonstrated to be harmful, i.e., hypertension has not developed. Salt intake is likely to be only one of the contributing factors for those whose genetic makeup predisposes them to hypertension. Salt appetite for some is an important expression of personal preference in relation to diet; for others, salt-containing foods have important cultural values. Present evidence does not provide a firm basis for advising a change in the dietary salt intake for the general population. There is a reasonable possibility that a low salt intake begun early in life may protect, to some extent, persons at risk from developing hypertension. Salt consumption today is being determined to an increasing degree by food manufacturers and processors and quick-service food suppliers. To the extent that salt is added to a food prior to its being served, the individual has an obligatory rather than a selected intake of salt. The consumption of presalted foods may be producing significant changes in salt intake which are not perceived at this time.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0031-4005 , 1098-4275
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1542/peds.53.1.115
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
    Publication Date: 1974
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    INFANT METHEMOGLOBINEMIA
    American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) ; 1970
    In:  Pediatrics Vol. 46, No. 3 ( 1970-09-01), p. 475-478
    Details
    In: Pediatrics, American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Vol. 46, No. 3 ( 1970-09-01), p. 475-478
    Abstract: In the United States and Canada, processed infant foods have not been implicated in methemoglobinemia associated with food or water intake in infants. Although raw spinach and beets have a higher nitrate content than do other infant foods, one or more protective factors may prevent the extrinsic or intrinsic formation of toxic levels of nitrite from these foods as commercially processed for feeding of infants. Nitrate contamination of drinking water which may occur from run-off from fields fertilized with nitrates, represents a potential hazard.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0031-4005 , 1098-4275
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1542/peds.46.3.475
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
    Publication Date: 1970
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