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  • American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)  (4)
  • 1
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Plant Fiber Intake in the Pediatric Diet
    American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) ; 1981
    In:  Pediatrics Vol. 67, No. 4 ( 1981-04-01), p. 572-575
    Details
    In: Pediatrics, American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Vol. 67, No. 4 ( 1981-04-01), p. 572-575
    Kurzfassung: Dietary fiber has been defined as the part of material in foods impervious to the degradative enzymes of the human digestive tract. The dietary fiber of plants is comprised of carbohydrate compounds including cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, gums, mucilages, and a noncarbohydrate substance, lignin. These substances, which form the structure of plants, are present in the cell walls of all parts including the leaf, stern, root, and seed.1 Animal tissue also contains indigestible substances. Crude fiber and dietary fiber are not the same thing. Crude fiber refers to the residue left after strong acid and base hydrolysis of plant material. This process dissolves the pectin, gums, mucilages, and most of the hemicellulose and mainly is a measure of the cellulose and lignin content. Clearly, this method tends to underestimate the total amount of fiber in the food.1 Most food composition tables give only crude fiber values. Current interest in fiber was stimulated by the suggestion that it might help to prevent certain diseases common in the United States, namely diverticular disease, cancer of the colon, irritable bowel syndrome, obesity, and coronary heart disease.2-4 African blacks in rural areas where the fiber intake was high rarely had these diseases; however, during the past 20 years as this population moved to the cities and adopted Western habits (including a Western diet), they began to suffer from the same "Western-type" diseases. A high-fiber diet increases fecal bulk, produces softer, more frequent stools, and decreases transit time through the intestine.5 These factors may be responsible for the supposed beneficial effects of fiber.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0031-4005 , 1098-4275
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1542/peds.67.4.572
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
    Publikationsdatum: 1981
    ZDB Id: 1477004-0
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
  • 2
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Use of Intravenous Fat Emulsions in Pediatric Patients
    American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) ; 1981
    In:  Pediatrics Vol. 68, No. 5 ( 1981-11-01), p. 738-743
    Details
    In: Pediatrics, American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Vol. 68, No. 5 ( 1981-11-01), p. 738-743
    Kurzfassung: Intravenous fat preparations are used in the nutrition of those requiring parenteral alimentation. Although parenteral nutrition is recognized as a limited substitute for oral alimentation, and should be used for as short a time as possible, widespread use has resulted in some adverse effects. Fat has the highest caloric density of any nutrient. In addition, intravenously infused fat emulsions exert negligible osmotic effects. Thus, for a number of years, the possibility of providing calories by the intravenous administration of fat emulsions has been an attractive one. In fact, one of the first attempts at intravenous nutrition was infusion of various nonemulsified oils.1 Approximately 30 years ago, a fat emulsion suitable for intravenous use was developed and used extensively. Although it was efficacious as an intravenous calorie source, it was unstable and the serious, short-term effects of this instability resulted in its withdrawal from the market in the late 1960s. Subsequently, advances in manufacturing technology allowed preparation of stable fat emulsions, and several such preparations are available today. All currently available emulsions are efficacious calorie sources; moreover, they appear to be extremely stable and have been associated with relatively few adverse effects.2-5 All allow delivery of lipid to patients requiring parenteral nutrition. In fact, they may make it possible to deliver adequate nutrients solely by peripheral vein, thus avoiding in many patients the use of central vein catheters and their associated complications.6 This possibility, plus the possibility of providing linoleic acid and thereby preventing essential fatty acid deficiency, which occurs with fat-free total parenteral nutrition,7,8 has generated considerable enthusiasm for these products.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0031-4005 , 1098-4275
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1542/peds.68.5.738
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
    Publikationsdatum: 1981
    ZDB Id: 1477004-0
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
  • 3
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Nutritional Aspects of Obesity in Infancy and Childhood
    American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) ; 1981
    In:  Pediatrics Vol. 68, No. 6 ( 1981-12-01), p. 880-883
    Details
    In: Pediatrics, American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Vol. 68, No. 6 ( 1981-12-01), p. 880-883
    Kurzfassung: Obesity is characterized by an excess of adipose tissue relative to lean body mass. With rare exceptions, it simply reflects a long-term imbalance in energy intake vs expenditure. The excess energy is stored as fat. The known metabolic correlates of this state are, for the most part, secondary events.1 The day-to-day "error" in intake or expenditure necessary to derange long-term energy balance is smaller than the accuracy with which either factor currently can be measured over long periods; therefore, the question of etiologies remains unanswered. The systems regulating mammalian fuel homeostasis and food intake are complex, and many potential "lesions" could alter long-term energy balance. There are a number of experimental and genetic animal models in which regulatory or apparent metabolic disturbances result in obesity, but no similar abnormalities have been consistently demonstrated in individuals with simple obesity.2 However, the traditionally accepted causes of obesity, relative overeating and/or physical underactivity, may not be operating in all instances of simple obesity.3,4 ANTHROPOMETRY Criteria for the diagnosis of obesity are difficult to establish because "optimal fatness is a conditional state. A man preparing for an emergency trek, a population entering a period of famine, a child entering a febrile illness or a growth spurt or a woman becoming pregnant will have physiological advantages from abundant stored fat."5 Medical considerations suggest that excessive adiposity (or leanness) is unhealthful; but cosmetic and other social considerations are generally preeminent in determining the acceptable range of body composition within a culture. A variety of definitions of obesity have been devised for adults (weight-height indices that produce relative independence of weight from height).
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0031-4005 , 1098-4275
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1542/peds.68.6.880
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
    Publikationsdatum: 1981
    ZDB Id: 1477004-0
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
  • 4
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Sodium Intake of Infants in the United States
    American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) ; 1981
    In:  Pediatrics Vol. 68, No. 3 ( 1981-09-01), p. 444-445
    Details
    In: Pediatrics, American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Vol. 68, No. 3 ( 1981-09-01), p. 444-445
    Kurzfassung: Since 1963 there has been public concern that prepared infant foods might be providing more sodium than was needed for normal infants.1 The suggestion that salt intake is an etiologic factor in the development of hypertension in adults rests largely on epidemiologic evidence and animal studies. Additional factors of genetic and nutritional origin play a role in its pathogenesis.2 The hypothesis that the sodium content of infant foods contributes toward hypertension in later life has not been confirmed in two areas. (1) Infant foods, even with salt added, have not been shown to contribute as much sodium to the diet as whole milk or table foods. (2) Studies of infants fed diets that were either high or low in sodium (9.25 mEq/100 kcal vs 1.93 mEq/100 kcal) from ages 3 to 8 months showed no correlation between salt intake during infancy and blood pressure at 1 and 8 years of age.3 The Subcommittee on Safety and Suitability of Monosodium Glutamate and Other Substances in Baby Foods, Food Protection Committee, Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy of Sciences,4 observed in 1970 that, between the fourth and 12th months of life, the introduction of supplemented foods and cow's milk increased the intake of sodium to approximately 5 mEq/100 kcal/day. Some of this sodium came from prepared infant foods. It was recommended that the manufacturers of infant foods add no more than 0.25% salt to foods requiring this in their formulation. This recommendation was implemented. The Committee on Nutrition observed in 1974 that this reduction in added salt had decreased the sodium intake only of infants less than 8 months old.2
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0031-4005 , 1098-4275
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1542/peds.68.3.444
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
    Publikationsdatum: 1981
    ZDB Id: 1477004-0
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
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