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  • 1
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    The Mediterranean water tongue and its chlorofluoromethane signal in the Iberian Basin in early summer 1989 (1993)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 98 (C5). p. 8405.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Hydrographic observations from the Iberian Basin demonstrate the variability of water masses in upper and intermediate layers. The surveyed area embraces the internal front between water masses from higher latitudes and the Mediterranean outflow, exhibits several isolated Mediterranean eddy (meddy) structures at middepth, and displays the virtual source region for the Mediterranean Water (MW) tongue off the Portuguese continental slope. The description is enhanced by additional chlorofluoromethane measurements, which show anomalously high concentrations at middepth, due to mixing of MW with the overlying Atlantic waters in the Gulf of Cadiz. The geostrophic stream function shows several meddylike features that not only are remarkably extended in the depth range of the MW, but are also correlated with surface height anomalies.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1029/93JC00040
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 2
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    Internal wave kinematics in the upper tropical Atlantic (1980)
    Pergamon Press
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part A: Oceanographic Research Papers, 26 (Suppl. 1). pp. 161-189.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: Horizontal velocity and temperature measurements observed from a two-dimensional array of moored instruments, mooring Fl, are analysed to describe the near-surface internal wave field in the GATE (GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment) C-scale area. Spectral properties indicate strong deviations from the Garrett and Munk (1972, 1975) deep ocean internal wave models. The frequency spectrum in the upper pycnocline is dominated by three energetic bands centered at 0.0127 (inertial frequency), 0.08 (M2-tidal frequency) and 3 cph. The latter frequency band does not correspond to the local Brunt Väisälä frequency (〈 10 cph) and contains about one half of the total internal wave energy of fluctuations with periods less than 10 hours. Cross-spectral analysis of the high frequency internal waves yields corresponding wavelengths of order 1 km consistent with westward propagating first mode wave groups, if the effect of Doppler shift due to a strong mean current is taken into account
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4832-8366-1.50014-5
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 3
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    Wind-driven inertial waves observed during Phase III of GATE (1980)
    Pergamon Press
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part A: Oceanographic Research Papers, 26A (Suppl. 1). pp. 217-224.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: Current and wind stress time series obtained from the F1-mooring are analysed with the aim of examining linear correspondences and testing the adequacy of linear coupling models at near-inertial frequencies. Significant linear correlations are found in the data set which are consistent with a linear winddriven model of the current system. The current in the mixed layer can be described by inertial oscillations directly forced by the local wind stress. A wind-driven simulation model of the mixed layer currents yields an energy input of 3.10-3 W/m2. The current in the thermocline can be described by a linear internal wave field of downward propagating wave groups driven via Ekman suction by the wind stress field. Internal waves are generated at a rate of 10-3 W/m2, consistently estimated from both kinematic and dynamic considerations.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4832-8366-1.50015-7
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  • 4
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    A quasi-synoptic survey of the thermocline circulation and water mass distribution within the Canary Basin (1986)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 91 (C8). pp. 9739-9748.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-04-04
    Description: Shipboard hydrographic measurements and moored current meters are used to infer both the large-scale and mesoscale water mass distribution and features of the general circulation in the Canary Basin. We found a convoluted current system dominated by the time-dependent meandering of the eastward flowing Azores Current and the formation of mesoscale eddies. At middepths, several distinctly different water masses are identified: Subpolar Mode and Labrador Sea Water are centered in the northwest, Subantarctic Intermediate Water is centered in the southeast, and the saltier, warmer Mediterranean tongue lies between them. Mesoscale structures of these water masses suggest the presence of middepth meanders and detached eddies which may be caused by fluctuations of the Azores Current.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1029/JC091iC08p09739
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  • 5
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    A note on near-surface VACM measurements made from three different kinds of surface moorings (1980)
    Pergamon Press
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part A: Oceanographic Research Papers, 26A (Suppl. 1). pp. 217-224.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: During a multi-institutional air-sea interaction experiment (GATE) in the central Atlantic North Equatorial Countercurrent in September 1974, vector-averaging current meter (VACM) measurements were made within the 30-m thick mixed layer from three different types of surface moorings. The moorings consisted of a single-point taut-line flexible mooring (E3), a spar-buoy (El), and a 2-legged mooring (Fl). Although the kinetic energy density spectral estimates of the E3, El, and Fl records in the low frequency range were equivalent with 95% confidence, the mean progressive vector diagrams differed by 6 % in length and 4 in direction. At frequencies above 1 cph the variances of the 7.2 m Fl current vectors were about 1.5 times larger than the 7.6 m E3 data and the spectral levels of the 20 m El and 21.4 m E3 record were equivalent, suggesting that VACM current vectors recorded near the surface beneath a surface-following buoy do not contain detectable amounts of aliased high-frequency mooring motion.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 6
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    Present-day manifestation of the Nordic Seas Overflows (2007)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  In: Ocean Circulation: Mechanisms and Impacts—Past and Future Changes of Meridional Overturning. Geophysical Monograph Series, 173 . AGU (American Geophysical Union), USA, pp. 75-89. ISBN 9780875904382
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-04-29
    Description: Dense Nordic waters enter the North Atlantic through passages in the Greenland-Scotland Ridge at a mean rate of 6 Sv. Subsequent entrainment of ambient water into the sinking plumes downstream of the sills approximately double this flux. Decade-long observations show these fluxes to be stable with no discernible trends. Hydraulic control of the overflows and the buffering effect of the Nordic basins effectively filter out short-term variability of dense water production associated with white noise North Atlantic Oscillation forcing. Simulations with directly forced and coupled atmosphere-ocean models show, under present climate conditions, overflow variability on multi-decadal time scales but no longterm trends.
    Type: Book chapter , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1029/173GM07
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    OceanRep: Book chapter
  • 7
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    Calculations of the energy transfer by the wind to near-inertial waves (1979)
    Pergamon Press
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part A: Oceanographic Research Papers, 26 (2). pp. 227-232.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: The energy transfer by the wind to near-inertial internal waves is discussed using a theoretical model developed by Käse and TangJournal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 33, 2323–2328, (1976). The model transfer at the inertial frequency is View the MathML source, where F is the wind stress spectrum and Lj is an integral length scale defined by equation (6). It is shown that significant transfer rates of order 1 erg cm−2s−1 as observed for example by LeamanJournal of Physical Oceanography, 6, 894–908 (1976) could be generated by moderate winds in case of small vertical scales Lj, which are the consequence of a mixed layer above a sharp thermocline.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1016/0198-0149(79)90078-5
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 8
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    Denmark Strait overflow for Last Glacial maximum to Holocene conditions (2004)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Paleoceanography, 19 (PA2019).
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-23
    Description: The Denmark Strait plays an important role as a dense water gateway between the Arctic and the subpolar North Atlantic. Previous studies have shown that the volume transport over the sill is limited by hydraulic constraints. A regional ocean-circulation model (ROMS) with a horizontal resolution of ≈1/20° degree and 30 sigma layers in the vertical is applied to study the through flow characteristics for Last Glacial Maximum to Holocene conditions. The bathymetry of the gateway region is obtained from a geodynamic model that takes into account the differential ice loading of the adjacent continents. First, the upstream reservoir conditions are systematically changed to test hydraulic limitations for altered bathymetry. Generally, the through flow is less than the predicted maximal value from hydraulic theory by almost 50%. The results indicate that the reduction in gateway depth and aperture owing to glacial-isostatic processes alone lead to a considerable further reduction of the overflow, by approximately 33%, compared to the present day. Second, the through flow is modeled using average density profiles and wind stress from global model data. The reduction in the density-driven part of the overflow is partly compensated by an enhanced wind stress but is still reduced by a factor of 5. Owing to the narrowing of the strait during the glacial and the increased northerly wind, the North Icelandic Irminger Current was strongly reduced but still existent.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1029/2003PA000972
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  • 9
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    Synoptic sections of the Denmark Strait Overflow (2001)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 28 (8). pp. 1619-1622.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-14
    Description: We report on a rapid high-resolution survey of the Denmark Strait overflow (DSO) as it crosses the sill, the first such program to incorporate full-water-column velocity profiles in addition to conventional hydrographic measurements. Seven transects with expendable profilers over the course of one week are used to estimate volume transport as a function of density. Our observations reveal the presence of a strongly barotropic flow associated with the nearly-vertical front dividing the Arctic and Atlantic waters. The seven-section mean transport of water denser than σθ=27.8 is 2.7±0.6Sv, while the mean transport of water colder than 2.0°C is 3.8±0.8 Sv. Although this is larger than the 2.9 Sv of θ 〈 2°C water measured by a 1973 current meter array, we find that a sampling of our sections equivalent to the extent of that array also measures 2.9Sv of cold water. Both the structure and magnitude of the measured flow are reproduced well by a high-resolution numerical model of buoyancy-driven exchange with realistic topography.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1029/2000GL011970
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  • 10
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    Flow through Denmark Strait (2000)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 105 (C12). 28,527-28,546.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: On the basis of hydrographic observations taken in the vicinity of Denmark Strait, a primitive equation model is used to investigate physical mechanisms that control the exchange through the strait. The dense water transport is topographically controlled and predictions by Whitehead [1998] and Killworth and McDonald [1993] are consistent with numerical model results. The distribution of temperature and thickness of the modeled plume is in good agreement with the high-resolution hydrographic data.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1029/2000JC900111
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
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