Note: An Introduction to Environmental Chemistry, SECOND EDITION -- Contents -- Boxes -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the First Edition -- Acknowledgements -- Symbols and Abbreviations -- 1: Introduction -- 1.1 What is environmental chemistry? -- 1.2 In the beginning -- 1.3 Origin and evolution of the Earth -- 1.3.1 Formation of the crust and atmosphere -- 1.3.2 The hydrosphere -- 1.3.3 The origin of life and evolution of the atmosphere -- 1.4 Human effects on biogeochemical cycles? -- 1.5 The structure of this book -- 1.6 Internet keywords -- 1.7 Further reading -- 1.8 Internet search keywords -- 2: Environmental Chemist's Toolbox -- 2.1 About this chapter -- 2.2 Order in the elements? -- 2.3 Bonding -- 2.3.1 Covalent bonds -- 2.3.2 Ionic bonding, ions and ionic solids -- 2.4 Using chemical equations -- 2.5 Describing amounts of substances: the mole -- 2.6 Concentration and activity -- 2.7 Organic molecules - structure and chemistry -- 2.7.1 Functional groups -- 2.7.2 Representing organic matter in simple equations -- 2.8 Radioactivity of elements -- 2.9 Finding more chemical tools in this book -- 2.10 Further reading -- 2.11 Internet search keywords -- 3: The Atmosphere -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Composition of the atmosphere -- 3.3 Steady state or equilibrium? -- 3.4 Natural sources -- 3.4.1 Geochemical sources -- 3.4.2 Biological sources -- 3.5 Reactivity of trace substances in the atmosphere -- 3.6 The urban atmosphere -- 3.6.1 London smog - primary pollution -- 3.6.2 Los Angeles smog - secondary pollution -- 3.6.3 21st-century particulate pollution -- 3.7 Air pollution and health -- 3.8 Effects of air pollution -- 3.9 Removal processes -- 3.10 Chemistry of the stratosphere -- 3.10.1 Stratospheric ozone formation and destruction -- 3.10.2 Ozone destruction by halogenated species -- 3.10.3 Saving the ozone layer. , 3.11 Further reading -- 3.12 Internet search keywords -- 4: The Chemistry of Continental Solids -- 4.1 The terrestrial environment, crust and material cycling -- 4.2 The structure of silicate minerals -- 4.2.1 Coordination of ions and the radius ratio rule -- 4.2.2 The construction of silicate minerals -- 4.2.3 Structural organization in silicate minerals -- 4.3 Weathering processes -- 4.4 Mechanisms of chemical weathering -- 4.4.1 Dissolution -- 4.4.2 Oxidation -- 4.4.3 Acid hydrolysis -- 4.4.4 Weathering of complex silicate minerals -- 4.5 Clay minerals -- 4.5.1 One to one clay mineral structure -- 4.5.2 Two to one clay mineral structure -- 4.6 Formation of soils -- 4.6.1 Parent (bedrock) material (p) -- 4.6.2 Climate (cl) -- 4.6.3 Relief (r) -- 4.6.4 Vegetation (v) -- 4.6.5 Influence of organisms (o) -- 4.7 Wider controls on soil and clay mineral formation -- 4.8 Ion exchange and soil pH -- 4.9 Soil structure and classification -- 4.9.1 Soils with argillic horizons -- 4.9.2 Spodosols (podzols) -- 4.9.3 Soils with gley horizons -- 4.10 Contaminated land -- 4.10.1 Organic contaminants in soils -- 4.10.2 Degradation of organic contaminants in soils -- 4.10.3 Remediation of contaminated land -- 4.10.4 Phytoremediation -- 4.11 Further reading -- 4.12 Internet search keywords -- 5: The Chemistry of Continental Waters -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Element chemistry -- 5.3 Water chemistry and weathering regimes -- 5.3.1 Alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon and pH buffering -- 5.4 Aluminium solubility and acidity -- 5.4.1 Acidification from atmospheric inputs -- 5.4.2 Acid mine drainage -- 5.4.3 Recognizing acidification from sulphate data - ternary diagrams -- 5.5 Biological processes -- 5.5.1 Nutrients and eutrophication -- 5.6 Heavy metal contamination -- 5.6.1 Mercury contamination from gold mining -- 5.7 Contamination of groundwater. , 5.7.1 Anthropogenic contamination of groundwater -- 5.7.2 Natural arsenic contamination of groundwater -- 5.8 Further reading -- 5.9 Internet search keywords -- 6: The Oceans -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Estuarine processes -- 6.2.1 Aggregation of colloidal material in estuaries -- 6.2.2 Mixing processes in estuaries -- 6.2.3 Halmyrolysis and ion exchange in estuaries -- 6.2.4 Microbiological activity in estuaries -- 6.3 Major ion chemistry of seawater -- 6.4 Chemical cycling of major ions -- 6.4.1 Sea-to-air fluxes -- 6.4.2 Evaporites -- 6.4.3 Cation exchange -- 6.4.4 Calcium carbonate formation -- 6.4.5 Opaline silica -- 6.4.6 Sulphides -- 6.4.7 Hydrothermal processes -- 6.4.8 The potassium problem: balancing the seawater major ion budget -- 6.5 Minor chemical components in seawater -- 6.5.1 Dissolved gases -- 6.5.2 Dissolved ions -- 6.5.3 Conservative behaviour -- 6.5.4 Nutrient-like behaviour -- 6.5.5 Scavenged behaviour -- 6.6 The role of iron as a nutrient in the oceans -- 6.7 Ocean circulation and its effects on trace element distribution -- 6.8 Anthropogenic effects on ocean chemistry -- 6.8.1 Human effects on regional seas 1: the Baltic -- 6.8.2 Human effects on regional seas 2: the Gulf of Mexico -- 6.8.3 Human effects on total ocean minor element budgets -- 6.9 Further reading -- 6.10 Internet search keywords -- 7: Global Change -- 7.1 Why study global-scale environmental chemistry? -- 7.2 The carbon cycle -- 7.2.1 The atmospheric record -- 7.2.2 Natural and anthropogenic sources and sinks -- 7.2.3 The global budget of natural and anthropogenic carbon dioxide -- 7.2.4 The effects of elevated carbon dioxide levels on global temperature and other properties -- 7.3 The sulphur cycle -- 7.3.1 The global sulphur cycle and anthropogenic effects -- 7.3.2 The sulphur cycle and atmospheric acidity -- 7.3.3 The sulphur cycle and climate. , 7.4 Persistent organic pollutants -- 7.4.1 Persistent organic pollutant mobility in the atmosphere -- 7.4.2 Global persistent organic polllutant equilibrium -- 7.5 Further reading -- 7.6 Internet search keywords -- Index -- Color plates.