Description: Here we present the data records (raw data) from 19 fragmentation experiments. In these runs silicic HVR254 dome rock (retrieved from the submarine Havre volcano) was crushed, remelted and fragmented using two different experimental settings: 1. dry runs (records labelled "D"): melt was fragmented by injection of pressurized Ar gas. 2. induced fuel-coolant interaction runs (records labelled "IFCI"): a water layer was established on top of the melt, before gas was injected from below. This caused fragmentation of the melt plug under IFCI conditions. Note that the runs D07, D08, D09, IFCI08 and IFCI09 used a reduced melt mass (100g instead of 250g). Files contain (separated by column) records of: time, trigger signal, force, pressure, microphone, electric field, seismic data. The units and amplification settings used are provided in the file headers. In addition, the results of morphometry analysis (t-tests) are provided in a pdf file. The morphometric analyses of natural ash focused exclusively on the curvi-planar grains dominant in Havre ash samples, labelled "Nat1" - "Nat6". Four types of experimental grains were compared with them: • “DG”: particles from dry runs, from the lab floor • “IG”: grains from open IFCI runs, from the lab floor • “IW”: very small particles from open IFCI runs deposited in water droplets on the walls and ceiling around the experimental area • “IU”: particles from IFCI runs with U-tube, from the water bowl

Description: Major element and trace element geochemical data from tholeiitic basaltic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks from the Riverton Peninsula and Colac Bay, Southland, New Zealand. These rocks form part of the Permian Brook Street Terrane.

Description: Total major element geochemical data from tholeiitic basaltic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks from the Riverton Peninsula and Colac Bay, Southland, New Zealand. These rocks form part of the Permian Brook Street Terrane.

Description: Major element geochemical data from tholeiitic basaltic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks from the Riverton Peninsula and Colac Bay, Southland, New Zealand. These rocks form part of the Permian Brook Street Terrane.

Description: Trace element geochemical data from tholeiitic basaltic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks from the Riverton Peninsula and Colac Bay, Southland, New Zealand. These rocks form part of the Permian Brook Street Terrane. This dataset contains trace element compositions of clinopyroxenes acquired by LA-ICP-MS. Suffixes c and r in the column sample code/label denote measurements taken from the cores and rims of clinopyroxenes, respectively. The data value #0.000 equals "below detection limit".

Description: Recent efforts to link the isotopic composition of snow in Greenland with meteorological and climatic parameters have indicated that relatively local information such as observed annual temperatures from coastal Greenland sites, as well as more synoptic scale features such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the temperature seesaw between Jakobshaven, Greenland, and Oslo, Norway, are significantly correlated with d18O and dD values from the past few hundred years measured in ice cores. In this study we review those efforts and then use a new record of isotope values from the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 and Greenland Ice Core Project sites at Summit, Greenland, to compare with meteorological and climatic parameters. This new record consists of six individual annually resolved isotopic records which have been average to produce a Summit stacked isotope record. The stacked record is significantly correlated with local Greenland temperatures over the past century (r=0.471), as well as a number of other records including temperatures and pressures from specific locations as well as temperature and pressure patterns such as the temperature seesaw and the North Atlantic Oscillation. A multiple linear regression of the stacked isotope record with a number of meteorological and climatic parameters in the North Atlantic region reveals that five variables contribute significantly to the variance in the isotope record: winter NAO, solar irradiance (as recorded by sunspot numbers), average Greenland coastal temperature, sea surface temperature in the moisture source region for Summit (30°-20°N), and the annual temperature seesaw between Jakobshaven and Oslo. Combined, these variables yield a correlation coefficient of r=0.71, explaining half of the variance in the stacked isotope record.

Description: A high resolution (0.05 m) water isotopic record (d18O) is available from the NorthGRIP ice core. In this study we look into the water isotope diffusion history as estimated by the spectral characteristics of the d18O time series covering the last 16,000 years. The diffusion of water vapor in the porous medium of the firn pack attenuates the initial isotopic signal, predominantly having an impact on the high frequency components of the power spectrum. Higher temperatures induce higher rates of smoothing and thus the signal can be used as a firn paleothermometer. We use a water isotope diffusion model coupled to a steady-state densification model in order to infer the temperature signal from the site, assuming the accumulation and strain rate history as estimated using the GICC05 layer counted chronology and a Dansgaard-Johnsen ice flow model. The temperature reconstruction accurately captures the timing and magnitude of the Bølling-Allerød and Younger Dryas transitions. A Holocene climatic optimum is seen between 7 and 9 ky b2k with an apparent cooling trend thereafter. Our temperature estimate for the Holocene climatic optimum, points to a necessary adjustment of the ice thinning function indicating that the ice flow model overestimates past accumulation rates by about 10% at 8 ky b2k. This result, is supported by recent gas isotopic fractionation studies proposing a similar reduction for glacial conditions. Finally, the record presents a climatic variability over the Holocene spanning millennial and centennial scales with a profound cooling occurring at approximately 4000 years b2k. The new reconstruction technique is able to provide past temperature estimates by overcoming the issues apparent in the use of the classical d18O slope method. It can at the same time resolve temperature signals at low and high frequencies.