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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 214 (1973), S. 367-373 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 214 (1973), S. 243-247 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 137 (1972), S. 200-220 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Guinea pig ; Antiandrogen cyproterone acetate ; Sexual differentiation external and internal ; Feminization ; Virilization/masculinization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pregnant guinea pigs were treated with cyproterone acetate from the 15th to the 40th day p.c. The dosage was 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg/day. On the 46th day p.c. the internal and external genitalia of untreated female and male foetuses and of male foetuses from treated mothers were prepared and histologically examined. Some fetuses, whose mothers had been treated from the 25th to the 45th day p.c. with a daily dose of 50 mg/kg cyproterone acetate, were allowed to grow up and an adult male animal was dissected. Neither the differentiation of the gonads, the descent of the testes nor the regression of the Müllerian ducts could be influenced by cyproterone acetate. The Wolffian ducts and the seminal vesicles regularly showed signs of a clear regression. In isolated cases their development was completely inhibited by the antiandrogen. The size of the prostate and the bulbo-urethral gland was much reduced in comparison to those of male control animals. However, it was not possible to induce complete regression of these gland complexes. The course of the urethra in the region of the pelvis and phallus and the anatomical form of the external genital organs of male guinea pig fetuses showed clear signs of feminization under the influence of cyproterone acetate. The formation of a vagina could not be induced. It was possible to evaluate the influence of endogenous androgens on critical phases of intrauterine sexual differentiation for the guinea pig. The possibility that cyproterone acetate also has an inherent androgenic effect and the probable existence of species-specific androgens and organ-specific androgen receptors were also discussed. Since the differentiation of the gonads, the descent of the testes and the regression of the Müllerian ducts cannot be influenced by cyproterone acetate administration even several days before the start of the histologically detectable differentiation of these tissues, the results again lead to the assumption that, apart from androgens, at least one other sexual inductor exists which is responsible for the complete sexual differentiation of the genital organs to the male or female type.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 26 (1970), S. 1148-1149 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Under the same hormonal conditions, mammary gland growth in adult female rats is more pronounced than in males. Since there are no differences in the glandular development of both sexes, either at birth or at 30 days of life, it is assumed that male rats react less sensitively than female rats in response to a hormonal stimulus with regard to mammary gland growth. It is presumed that androgen influence during the differentiation stage is responsible for the fixation of a decreased sensitivity of the positive feedback-mechanism between estrogens and prolactin secretion in males. Thus changes in sensitivity would be the reason for mammary gland growth in males being smaller than in females under the same hormonal conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 23 (1970), S. 51-58 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Wirkung der Antiandrogene Cyproteron und Cyproteronacetat auf einige Enzyme in den Leydigzellkomplexen (LZK) des Hodens infantiler und ausgewachsener Ratten untersucht. Neben einer Vergrößerung der LZK — Ausdruck einer vermehrten Gonadotropin-Ausschüttung als Folge eines Kastrations-effektes — ergab sich eine Aktivitätssteigerung der Enzyme des Steroidstoffwechsels (β-Hydroxybuttersäuredehydrogenase, Steroid-3β-ol-Dehydrogenase), des Energiestoffwech-sels (Laktatdehydrogenase, Succinodehydrogenase) und der Atmungskette (NADH-Cyto-chrom-c-Reduktase). Die Glukose-6-Phosphatdehydrogenase wies dagegen keine Aktivitätsveränderung auf. Unbeeinflußt blieben auch die unspezifischen Esterasen und die sauren Phosphatasen. Der erwartete Unterschied zwischen Cyproteron und Cyproteronacetat blieb aus. Die Gründe hierfür werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Under both steroids, the interstitial cell complex enlarged which is considered evidence of increased gonadotropin secretion mediated by an antiandrogen blockade of hypothalamic androgen receptors. There was also an increase in the activity of enzymes involved in steroid metabolism (β-hydroxy-butyrate and 3β-hydroxy-steroid-dehydrogenase) and energy metabolism (lactic and succinic dehydrogenases) as well as an increase in NADH-cytochrome-c-reductase activity. On the other hand, no changes in the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, non-specific esterases and acid phosphatases were found. Unexpectedly, there was no difference between the effects of cyproterone and cyproterone acetate. The reasons for this are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 49 (1971), S. 790-806 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Behavior ; hormones ; Verhalten ; Hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Am besten erforscht ist das Sexualverhalten. Man unterscheidet zwischen dem Sexualverhalten im engeren Sinne (Paarungsverhalten) und Verhaltensweisen, die mehrindirekt mit dem Fortpflanzungsgeschehen zusammenhängen. Dazu gehören der Mutterinstinkt, verschiedene Formen des Aggressionsverhaltens, die Gebietsmarkierung, Herdenverhalten (Rangordnung). Das Paarungsverhalten von Tieren ist fast ausschließlich von Sexualhormonen abhängig. Im allgemeinen induzierem männliche Sexualhormone (Androgene) männliches und weibliche Sexualhormone (Gestagene und Oestrogene) weibliches Paarungsverhalten. Die zentrale Schaltstelle für die Induktion von Paarungsverhalten sind Kerngebiete im Zwischenhirn. Fehlen Sexualhormone (etwa nach chirurgischer oder chemischer Kastration), so erlischt der Sexualtrieb, ausgenommen die Frau. Sexualhormone sind auch für die Prägung jener Gehirnzentren verantwortlich, die später männliches oder weibliches Sexualverhalten auslösen. In z.T. enger Beziehung zum Sexualverhalten stehen auch verschiedene Arten des Aggressionsverhaltens. Sie sind oft mit dem jeweiligen Androgenblutspiegel direkt korreliert und treten folglich nur bei männlichen Tieren in Erscheinung. Auch bei Fischen und Vögeln sind verschiedene Arten des Aggressionsverhaltens androgenabhängig. Zumindest bei Ratten wird auch die Intensität bestimmter Arten des Aggressionsverhaltens im Erwachsenenalter kurz nach der Geburt hormonell geprägt. Nicht direkt im Zusammenhang mit dem Sexualverhalten, jedoch abhängig vom Hormonstatus, sind einige andere Verhaltensweisen, wie z. B. der Mutterinstinkt, der Nestbautrieb und die Spontanaktivität. Die hierarchische Stellung eines Individuums innerhalb einer Herde hängt ebenfalls weitestgehend vom hormonalen Status ab. Ähnlich hormonabhängig ist die Reviermarkierung männlicher Tiere (Hirsch, Moorhühner). Das Kraulverhalten bei Primaten ist ein Ausdruck der individuellen Stellung eines Tieres innerhalb der hochorganisierten Gesellschaft dieser Species und steht in enger Beziehung mit dem Hormonstatus. Das Lernverhalten scheint sowohl durch Sexualhormone (Steroide), nichtsteroide Hormone wie Noradrenalin als auch Proteohormone (ACTH und ACTH-Bruchstücke) beeinflußbar zu sein. Bei hypophysektomierten Ratten konnte durch Zufuhr von ACTH-Bruchstücken das Lernverhalten erheblich verbessert werden.
    Notes: Summary The sexual behavior is most exhaustively investigated. One distinguishes between the sexual behavior in the stricter sense (mating behavior) and behavioral patterns which are more indirectly linked with reproduction. The latter comprise the maternal instinct, several types of aggressive behavior, territorial behavior, and herding (hierarchic) behavior. The mating behavior of animals is almost exclusively dependent on hormones. Normally, male sex hormones (androgens) stimulate masculine behavior and female sex hormones (estrogens and gestagens) evoke feminine mating behavior. The central integrator for the induction of mating behavior is located in diencephalic nuclei. If sex hormones are lacking (e.g. after surgical or chemical castration), the sex drive is fading off, except in women. Sex hormones are also responsible for the determination of those neural centers controlling male or female sex behavior later in life. Several types of aggressive behavior are also closely linked to sexual behavior. There is frequently a direct correlation with the level of androgens in blood. Consequently, these types of aggression are only apparent in male animals. A number of aggressive traits is also androgen-dependent in fishes and birds. At least in rats, the intensity of certain types of the adult aggressive behavior is imprinted by hormones shortly after birth. There are other behavioral patterns, e.g. maternal in stinct, nest building activity, and spontaneous activity, that are not directly connected with sexual behavior but also dependent on the hormonal state. The hierarchic rank of an individual in a herd depends also considerably on the hormonal state. The territorial behavior of male animals (stag, red grouse) is also androgen-dependent. The well-known grooming behavior of primates marks the social rank of an individual within the highly organized society of this species. It is closely related to the hormonal state. The learning ability seems to be susceptible to the influence of sex hormones (steroids) as well as nonsteroidal hormones like norepinephrine and proteohormones (ACTH). The learning capacity of hypophysectomized rats was considerably improved by the administration of ACTH fragments.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of sexual behavior 2 (1972), S. 147-162 
    ISSN: 1573-2800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of hormones on the differentiation of various neural functions is reviewed. Whether a cyclic feminine or an acyclic masculine pattern of gonadotropin secretion throughout reproductive life is established depends on the presence or absence of androgenic hormones during the appropriate period of fetal development. Androgen influence, either natural in the male sex or experimental in females, leads invariably to permanent destruction of cyclicity. The absence of androgen during a well-defined phase of fetal development allows the cyclic feminine pattern of gonadotropin secretion to continue throughout life, regardless of the genetic sex. This has been revealed through a variety of experimental approaches including castration and gonad transplantation, and androgen and antiandrogen treatment during the phase of brain differentiation. This critical period occurs before birth in most species but after birth in some others, e.g., rats and mice. Similar experiments have revealed that the pattern of prolactin secretion is also determined by early hormonal influence on neural structures. In males or experimentally androgenized females, there is less estrogenic inhibition of a hypothalamic prolactin inhibiting factor (PIF) which exerts a chronic inhibition of prolactin secretion from the pituitary. These animals respond with less prolactin release than normal females to estrogen treatment. Behavioral traits of the adult animal are also predetermined by hormonal influence during neural differentiation. If the developing brain is deprived of androgens during a critical period, the adult animal's sexual behavior will be feminine. Pertinent experiments on genetic males who were castrated or treated with an antiandrogen are described. Experimental evidence exists indicating that the higher aggressiveness of males is also predisposed by early androgen influence on the brain. The conclusion is drawn that the feminine differentiation of the brain does not require any hormonal impulses but that androgens are essential for the impression of masculinity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 394 (1972), S. 67-73 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: By reaction of metallic gallium with Mn2(CO)10 in a sealed tube we obtained red crystals of Ga2[Mn(CO)5]4. IR and Raman spectra of this compound indicate the presence of Ga-Ga bonds and Ga-Mn bonds with a previously unknown metal atom skeleton of Mn-Ga-Ga(Mn)3.In[Mn(CO)5]3 with a planar InMn3 skeleton of D3h symmetry was prepared by the same new preparation method.
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung von metallischem Gallium mit Mn2(CO)10 im Bombenrohr wurden rote Kristalle der formalen Zusammensetzung Ga2[Mn(CO)5]4 erhalten. IR- und Raman-Spektrum dieser Verbindung lassen auf das Vorhandensein sowohl von Ga-Mn-Bindungen als auch Ga-Ga-Bindungen und auf das Vorliegen eines für Metalle der III. Hauptgruppe bisher unbekannten Metallgerüstes Mn-Ga-Ga(Mn)3 schließen. Nach der gleichen neuartigen Darstellungsmethode, jedoch unter Zusatz von Xylol, wurde In[Mn(CO)5]3, welches eine InMn3-Verknüpfung von D3h-Symmetrie hat, gewonnen.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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