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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Marijuana
    American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) ; 1980
    In:  Pediatrics Vol. 65, No. 3 ( 1980-03-01), p. 652-656
    Details
    In: Pediatrics, American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Vol. 65, No. 3 ( 1980-03-01), p. 652-656
    Abstract: In 1971 and 1975, the Committee on Drugs provided information about marijuana for the Academy membership.1,2 Since that time, marijuana use by children and adolescents has continued to increase. Investigations of the biologic effects of the agent have expanded, and there is justification for concern about frequent, chronic use by youth. In addition, marijuana use and experimentation with other drugs are now being promoted to children in subtle and insidious ways which need to be identified (Figs 1 to 5). Pediatricians should be aware of the changing pattern of marijuana use in this country. Whereas occasional use by an adult may have little health consequence for the individual, frequent use by large numbers of children and adolescents raises different concerns. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) conducts annual surveys of marijuana use in this country and reported in a recent publication3 that 10% of all high school seniors smoke marijuana daily. In the 12- to 17-year old group, 16% of those surveyed in 1977 used marijuana in the month preceding the survey. Even if the incidence figures are not entirely accurate, an increase in use by these two groups from 1976 to 1977, as determined by similar annual sampling techniques, is clear. Nationwide data since 1977 are not yet available, but in two states surveyed in 1978, 16% of high school seniors smoked marijuana daily (R. C. Peterson, PhD, personal communication, 1979). This information supports the conclusion that use in youth had increased each year since 1975. Extrapolation of additional data collected by NIDA revealed that in 1977 about 16 million Americans were current users of marijuana (ie, used the drug during the month preceding the survey).3
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0031-4005 , 1098-4275
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1542/peds.65.3.652
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
    Publication Date: 1980
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Breast-feeding and Contraception
    American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) ; 1981
    In:  Pediatrics Vol. 68, No. 1 ( 1981-07-01), p. 138-140
    Details
    In: Pediatrics, American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Vol. 68, No. 1 ( 1981-07-01), p. 138-140
    Abstract: Emphasis on the advantages of breast-feeding to the infant and to the nursing mother has been accompanied by resurgent interest in this practice. Although breast-feeding has many desirable features, the needs of the lactating mother and her nursing infant may not always be complementary. Possible competition between the mother's requirement for adequate contraception and the infant's nutrition or maturation is an important example. For this reason, the relationship between breast-feeding and various forms of contraception has been reviewed. LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA Nursing mothers experience lactational amenorrhea of longer duration than postpartum amenorrhea of women who do not breast-feed their infants.1-3 In addition to a decline in maternal estrogen levels following delivery, hyperprolactinemia— enhanced by suckling—facilitiates the onset of breast milk production.4,5 Depending to some extent on the frequency of breast-feeding, modestly raised prolactin levels may be maintained for several or many months post partum.4,6-8 Many studies suggest that prolactin exerts antagonistic effects on the secretion and actions of gonadotropins, and lactational amenorrhea seems to parallel the presence of hyperprolactinemia.7,8 As breast-feeding continues, the prolactin levels usually return to normal, with some episodic increases occurring in response to suckling. The contraceptive action provided by breast-feeding alone is well established. When breast-feeding is used exclusively and amenorrhea exists, ovulation usually does not occur before the end of the tenth postpartum week.3 However, this contraceptive effect is not universal; 5% to 10% of women with lactational amenorrhea become pregnant, and an even greater proportion of nursing mothers who have reinitiated menstruation become pregnant.2,9 These data indicate that women who want to breast-feed and also avoid pregnancy need to use contraception for complete protection, beginning about four to five weeks post partum when breast-feeding is firmly established.9
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0031-4005 , 1098-4275
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1542/peds.68.1.138
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
    Publication Date: 1981
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Psychotropic Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation
    American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) ; 1982
    In:  Pediatrics Vol. 69, No. 2 ( 1982-02-01), p. 241-244
    Details
    In: Pediatrics, American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Vol. 69, No. 2 ( 1982-02-01), p. 241-244
    Abstract: Accurate prediction of fetal/neonatal risks following maternal psychotropic drug consumption by the human will require much additional study. Based upon our present understanding of fetal exposure to psychotropic drugs, there would appear to be an increased risk for spontaneous malformations in the case of lithium. There have been inconsistent reports of structural abnormalities following exposure to phenothiazines and benzodiazepines. In animal models that demonstrate structural changes due to neuroleptic exposure, in general, extremely large dosages of medication had been given. Thus, their correlative value is limited. Behavioral alterations in animals following drug exposure during pregnancy tend to support increased concerns about the safety of psychotropic drugs for the fetus but cannot be used alone in making a final decision. Behavioral studies evaluating drugs in breast milk have been restricted to experimental animals; hence, the associated risks from this form of drug dosing in man remain unknown. At present, neither gross anatomic nor motor side effects have been apparent in the infant. The question of the development of subtle behavioral changes as a long-term consequence will remain undetermined until careful assessments have been completed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0031-4005 , 1098-4275
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1542/peds.69.2.241
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
    Publication Date: 1982
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Acetaminophen Assay
    American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) ; 1981
    In:  Pediatrics Vol. 67, No. 2 ( 1981-02-01), p. 303-303
    Details
    In: Pediatrics, American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Vol. 67, No. 2 ( 1981-02-01), p. 303-303
    Abstract: In its 1978 "Commentary on Acetaminophen,"1 the Committee on Drugs made reference to a colorimetric assay method in kit form (Kendal et al)2 which purportedly provided a reliable, quick, and practical method for identifying patients with potentially toxic concentrations of serum acetaminophen. Since publication of the commentary, the Committee has become aware of several reports of problems with the accuracy and specificity of this assay which limit its reliability and usefulness.3-7 Although the Kendal assay was mentioned in the commentary for informational purposes only, it has become apparent from subsequent comments in the literature that at least some individuals construed this mention as a tacit endorsement by the Academy of this specific assay method. It is not now and has never been the business or intent of the Committee or the Academy to recommend a specific analytic method for measuring acetaminophen. Numerous methods to measure acetaminophen in serum have been described during the past five years. The comparative advantages and disadvantages of the various methods were recently reviewed by Wiener,7 and this study should be used for specific information. Drugs other than acetaminophen—including salicylate, phenobarbital, and phenylbutazone—interfere with some of the colorimetric and spectrophotometric methods described in the literature. In addition, some methods measure inactive conjugates of acetaminophen as well as the active drug, thereby providing erroneously high results. The method used by a specific laboratory wifi depend, to a great extent, on the available analytic equipment and expertise. Therefore, it is important that the physician be aware of the method being used and the potential shortcomings and error inherent in that method when he/she interprets the results.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0031-4005 , 1098-4275
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1542/peds.67.2.303
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
    Publication Date: 1981
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1477004-0
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