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  • 1985-1989  (2)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die permischen Vulkanoklastite und Klastite des Stockheimer Perm-Troges wurden mineralogisch und geochemisch untersucht. Besonderes Augenmerk wurde auf die in der gesamten Schichtfolge auftretende Karbonatmineralisation gerichtet. Mit Hilfe der Mineralogie ist eine Untergliederung in zwei Lithofaziestypen möglich (Typ I: schichtgebunden/stratiform, Typ II: faziesgebunden). Außerdem ermöglicht sie eine Eingrenzung des Bildungstemperaturbereichs (100 °C bis 135 °C). Vier Prozesse zeichnen für die Karbonatmineralisation verantwortlich: Verdunstung, Bodenbildung, hydrothermale Verdrängung und Zementation. Mittels chemischer Parameter wie dem CaO/MgO-Verhältnis, Sr-, Mn-Gehalten und den C- und O-Isotopenmustern kann eine verfeinerte Definition der Faziesbereiche durchgeführt werden. Im Verlauf der frühen Beckenbildung drangen Vulkanite auf, die lokal eine intensive Fe-Karbonatisierung erfuhren. Nachfolgend wurden bimodale vulkanoklastische Sedimente im Stockheimer Becken abgelagert. Ihre hohe Permeabilität und ihr großer Anteil instabiler vulkanischer Komponenten erwiesen sich als günstig für die hydrothermale Karbonatisierung, deren Hauptelemente auf die Zerstörung organischer Substanzen (C), Feldspatverdrängung (Ca) und meteorische Wässer (O) zurückführbar sind. Grundwasseraustritte in distalen Schwemmfächerabsätzen und das Aufdringen hydrothermaler Lösungen begünstigten die Entstehung evaporitischer Süßwasserkalke. In einer Playa wurde Dolomit in Form von „caliches” angereichert. Nach einer erosiven Phase an der Grenze Ober-/Mittelrotliegendes wichen die kontinentalen Faziesverhältnisse marin-brackischen Bedingungen, wie aus der sprunghaften änderung im C- und O-Isotopenverteilungsmuster deutlich wird.
    Notes: Summary In the Permian of the Stockheim Trough, a volcaniclastic to elastic sedimentary series was mineralogically and geochemically studied for its types of carbonate mineralization. Mineralogy permits a division into two lithofacies types (Type I: stratabound/stratiform, Type II: faciesbound) and helps constraining the T interval of postdepositional alteration (100 °C to 135 °C). Four processes have been responsible for carbonate precipitation (evapotranspiration, pedogenesis, hydrothermal replacement, and cementation). This classification is refined by use of chemical parameters like the CaO/MgO ratio, Sr, Mn contents and O- and C-isotopes, in specific. During early basin subsidence, volcanites, locally suffering intensive Fe-carbonatization, were extruded. After that, bimodal volcaniclastic sediments were spread out in the Stockheim Basin. Their good permeability and the preponderance of labile volcanic components were favourable for hydrothermal carbonization. The major elements for carbonates were delivered by decomposition of organic matter (C), replacement of plagioclase (Ca) and originated from circulating meteoric waters (O). Overlying evaporitic lacustrine limestones were built-up by ground-water discharge in distal fan positions and outpouring of hot brines. In a playa environment dolomite was concentrated in calcretes. Subsequent to erosion, increased evapotranspiration and brackish-marine conditions substituted for these continental conditions. This change is well documented by a shift in the C- and O-isotope patterns of carbonates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-0581
    Keywords: volcanology ; hotspot ; Pacific ; Macdonald ; petrology ; Austral Islands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The southeastern extension of the Austral Islands volcanic chain terminates near 29°S, 140°W at the active Macdonald Seamount. The ‘hotspot’ region near Macdonald consists of at least five other volcanic edifices each more than 500 m high, included in an area about 50–100 km in diameter. On the basis of the sea-floor topography, the southeastern limit of the hotspot area is located about 20 km east of the base of Macdonald, where it is defined by the 3950 m isobath. At the edge of the hotspot area, there is a marked deepening of the seafloor from c.3900 m down to 4000–4300 m. The deeper sea-floor is faulted and heavily sedimented. The Macdonald volcano itself stands 3760 m above the surrounding seafloor, and has a basal diameter of 45 km. Its summit in January 1987 was 39 m below sea level, and it seems likely that Macdonald will emerge at the surface in the near future. Recent (March and November 1986) phreatic explosions on Macdonald Seamount erupted fragments of ultramafic and mafic plutonic blocks together with basic lapilli (volcaniclastic sand). The plutonic blocks have been variably altered and metamorphosed, and in some cases show signs of mineralisation (disseminated sulphides). The blocks presumably come from deeper levels in the volcanic system. The volcanics so far dredged from Macdonald consist of olivine and clinopyroxene cumulus-enriched basalts, evolved basalts, and mugearite. On the basis of incompatible element variations, simple crystal fractionation seems to be controlling the chemical evolution of Macdonald magmas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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