Note: Intro -- FUSED PYRIMIDINES: Miscellaneous Fused Pyrimidines -- Contents -- CHAPTER I. PYRIDOPYRIMIDINES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods of Synthesis of the Ring System -- A. Synthesis of Pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- (2) From Pyridines -- B. Synthesis of Pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- (2) From Pyridines -- C. Synthesis of Pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- (2) From Pyridines -- D. Synthesis of Pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- (a) Formation of Bond 4a-5 -- (b) Formation of Bond 5-6 -- (c) Formation of Bond 7-8 -- (d) Formation of Bond 8-8a -- (2) From Pyridines -- (a) Formation of Bond 8a-l -- (b) Formation of Bond 1-2 -- (c) Formation of Bond 2-3 -- (d) Formation of Bond 3-4 -- (e) Formation of Bond 4-4a -- 3. Reactions -- A. Of Pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidines -- B. Of Pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidines -- C. Of Pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidines -- D. Of Pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- (1) With Nucleophiles -- (2) With Electrophiles -- (3) Reductions -- (4) Oxidations -- 4. Patent Literature -- 5. Tables -- Table 1. Derivatives of Pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine -- Table 2. Derivatives of Pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidines -- Table 3. Derivatives of Pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidines -- Table 4. Derivatives of 2,4-Diaminopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- Table 5. Derivatives of 2-Amino-4-hydroxypyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- Table 6. Derivatives of 2-Aminopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- Table 7. Derivatives of 4-Aminopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- Table 8. Derivatives of 2,4-Dihydroxypyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- Table 9. Derivatives of 2-Hydroxypyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- Table 10. Derivatives of 4-Hydroxypyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- Table 11. Derivatives of 4-Amino-2-mercaptopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- Table 12. Derivatives of 4-Hydroxy-2-mercaptopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines. , Table 13. Derivatives of 2-Mercapto- and 4-Mercaptopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- Table 14. Derivatives of Pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- 6. References -- CHAPTER II. PYRANO- AND THIOPYRANOPYRIMIDINES -- 1. Nomenclature -- 2. Methods of Synthesis of the Ring System -- A. Synthesis of Pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- (2) From Pyrans -- (3) From Nonheteroaromatic Precursors -- B. Synthesis of Pyrano[4,3-d]pyrimidines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- (2) From Pyrans -- C. Synthesis of Pyrano[3,2-d]pyrimidines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- (2) From Pyrans -- D. Synthesis of Thiopyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- (2) From Thiopyrans -- E. Synthesis of Thiopyrano[3,4-d]pyrimidines -- F. Synthesis of Thiopyrano[4,3-d]pyrimidines -- 3. Reactions -- A. With Nucleophilic Reagents -- B. Other Reactions -- 4. Patent Literature -- 5. Tables -- Table 1. The Pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- Table 2. The Pyrano[4,3-d]pyrimidines -- Table 3. Miscellaneous Pyranopyrimidines -- Table 4. The Thiopyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- Table 5. The Thiopyrano[3,4-d]pyrimidines -- 6. References -- CHAPTER III. PYRIMIDOPYRIMIDINES -- 1. Nomenclature -- 2. Methods of Synthesis of the Ring System -- A. Synthesis of Pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidines -- (1) From Pyrimidines with Amino Groups Adjacent to Hydrogen -- (2) From Pyrimidines with Amino Groups Adjacent to Nitriles -- (3) From Pyrimidines with Amino Groups Adjacent to Amides -- (4) From Pyrimidines with Amino Groups Adjacent to Esters -- (5) From Pyrimidines with Amino Groups Adjacent to Aldehyde or Ketone Groups (or Their Derivatives) -- (6) From Pyrimidines with Amino Groups Adjacent to Substituted Methyl Groups -- (7) From Pyrimidines with Miscellaneous Groups Adjacent to Each Other -- (8) From Pyrimidines Fused to Other Rings -- (9) From Nonheteroaromatic Precursors -- B. Synthesis of Pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidines. , (1) From Pyrimidines with Amino Groups Adjacent to Carboxylic Acids -- (2) From Pyrimidines with Amino Groups Adjacent to Carboxylic Acid Derivatives -- (3) From Pyrimidines with Miscellaneous Groups Adjacent to Each Other -- (4) By Rearrangement of Other Heterocyclic Systems -- (5) From Nonheteroaromatic Precursors -- 3. Reactions -- A. Of Pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidines with Nucleophiles -- B. Other Reactions of Pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidines -- C. Of Pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidines with Nucleophiles -- D. Other Reactions of Pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidines -- 4. Patent Literature -- 5. Tables -- Table 1. The Pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidines That Have No Oxo or Thioxo Groups -- Table 2. The Pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidines with One Oxo or Thioxo Group -- Table 3. The Pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidines with Two Oxo and/or Thioxo Groups -- Table 4. The Pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidines waith Three or Four Oxo and/or Thioxo Groups -- Table 5. Miscellaneous Pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidines -- Table 6. The Pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidines with No Oxo, Thioxo, or Halogen Groups -- Table 7. The Pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidines with No Oxo or Thioxo Groups But with Halogen Groups -- Table 8. The Pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidines with Oxo and/or Thioxo Groups -- Table 9. Miscellaneous Pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidines -- 6. References -- CHAPTER IV. PYRIMIDOPYRIDAZINES -- 1. Nomenclature -- 2. Methods of Synthesis of the Ring System -- A. Synthesis of Pyrimido[4,5-c]pyridazines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- (2) From Pyridazines -- B. Synthesis of Pyrimido[4,5-d]pyridazines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- (2) From Pyridazines -- C. Synthesis of Pyrimido[5,4-c]pyridazines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- (2) From Pyridazines -- 3. Reactions -- A. Of Pyrimido[4,5-c]pyridazines -- B. Of Pyrimido[4,5-d]pyridazines -- C. Of Pyrimido[5,4-c]pyridazines -- 4. Patent Literature -- 5. Tables -- Table 1. The Pyrimido[4,5-c]pyridazines. , Table 2. The Pyrimido[4,5-d]pyridazines -- Table 3. The Pyrimido[5,4-c]pyridazines -- Table 4. Miscellaneous Pyrimidopyridazines -- 6. References -- CHAPTER V. PYRIMIDOOXAZINES AND PYRIMIDOTHIAZINES -- 1. Nomenclature -- 2. Methods of Synthesis of the Ring System -- A. Synthesis of Pyrimido[4,5-b][l,4]oxazines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- B. Synthesis of Pyrimido[5,4-b][l,4]oxazines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- C. Synthesis of Pyrimido[4,5-e] [l,3]oxazines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- D. Synthesis of Pyrimido[4,5-d][l,3]oxazines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- (2) From Other Rings -- E. Synthesis of Pyrimido[5,4-d][l,3]oxazines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- F. Synthesis of Pyrimido[4,5-d][1,4]thiazines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- (2) From Other Rings -- G. Synthesis of Pyrimido[5,4-b][l,4]thiazines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- (2) From Thiazines -- H. Synthesis of Pyrimido[4,5-d][l,4]thiazines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- I. Synthesis of Pyrimido[5,4-e] [l,3]thiazines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- 3. Reactions -- A. With Nucleophilic Reagents -- B. Ring-Opening Reactions -- C. Other Reactions -- 4. Patent Literature -- 5. Tables -- Table 1. The Pyrimido[4,5-b] [ 1,4]oxazines -- Table 2. The Pyrimido[5,4-b] [l,4]oxazines -- Table 3. The 2//-Pyrimido[4,5-e][l,3]oxazines -- Table 4. The Pyrimido[4,5-d][l,3]oxazines -- Table 5. The 4W-Pyrimido[5,4-d][l,3]oxazines -- Table 6. Miscellaneous Pyrimidooxazines -- Table 7. The Pyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]thiazines -- Table 8. The Pyrimido[5,4-b][l,4]thiazines -- Table 9. Miscellaneous Pyrimidothiazines -- 6. References -- CHAPTER VI. PYRIMIDOTRIAZINES -- 1. Nomenclature -- 2. Methods of Synthesis of the Ring System -- A. Synthesis of Pyrimido[5,4-e]-l,2,4-triazines -- (1) From Pyrimidines with Adjacent Amino and Hydrazino Groups -- (2) From Pyrimidines with Adjacent Amino and Chloro Groups. , (3) From Pyrimidines with 5-Nitroso or 5-Nitro Groups -- (4) From Pyrimidines with Adjacent Hydrazino Groups -- (5) From Pyrimidines with a 6-Azido Group -- (6) From Pyrimidines with Adjacent Amino Groups -- (7) From Triazines -- (8) From Other Heterocyclic Rings -- B. Synthesis of Pyrimido[4,5-e]-l,2,4-triazines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- (2) From Triazines -- (3) From Purines -- C. Synthesis of Pyrimido[5,4-d]-l,2,3-triazines -- D. Synthesis of Pyrimido[4,5-d]-l,2,3-triazines -- 3. Reactions -- A. Of Pyrimido[5,4-e]-l,2,4-triazines -- (1) Simple Group Transformations -- (a) Oxidation Reactions -- (b) Functional Group Interconversions -- (c) Covalent Addition -- (2) Ring-Opening Reactions -- (a) With Retention of One of The Heteroaromatic Rings -- (b) With Formation of New Heteroaromatic Rings -- B. Of Pyrimido[4,5-e]-1,2,4-triazines -- (1) Simple Group Transformations -- (2) Ring-Opening Reactions -- C. Of Pyrimido[5,4-d]-1,2,3-triazines -- 4. Patent Literature -- 5. Tables -- Table 1. The Pyrimido[5,4-e]-1,2,4-triazines That Have No Oxo or Thioxo Groups -- Table 2. The Pyrimido[5,4-e]-1,2,4-triazines with One Oxo or Thioxo Group -- Table 3. The Pyrimido[5,4-e]-1,2,4-triazines with Two Oxo or Thioxo Groups -- Table 4. The Pyrimido[5,4-e]-1,2,4-triazines with Three Oxo Groups -- Table 5. Miscellaneous Pyrimido[5,4-e]-1,2,4-triazines -- Table 6. The Pyrimido[4,5-e]-1,2,4-triazines with No Oxo or Thioxo Groups -- Table 7. The Pyrimido[4,5-e]-1,2,4-triazines with One Oxo Group -- Table 8. The Pyrimido[4,5-e]-1,2,4-triazines with Two Oxo or Thioxo Groups -- Table 9. The Pyrimido[4,5-e]-1,2,4-triazines with Three Oxo or Thioxo Groups -- Table 10. Miscellaneous Pyrimido[4,5-e]-1,2,4-triazines -- Table 11. The Pyrimido[5,4-d]-1,2,3-triazines -- Table 12. Miscellaneous Pyrimido[5,4-d]-1,2,3-triazines -- 6. References -- INDEX.

Note: Front Cover -- PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Part One: BASIC METHODOLOGY -- Chapter 1. Optimization of PCRs -- Standard PCR Amplification Protocol -- Enzyme Concentration -- Deoxynucleotide Triphosphates -- Magnesium Concentration -- Other Reaction Components -- Primer Annealing -- Primer Extension -- Denaturation Time and Temperature -- Cycle Number -- Primers -- Plateau Effect -- Fidelity Considerations -- Chapter 2. Amplification of Genomic DNA -- Protocols -- Other Reaction Components -- Cycling Parameters -- Chapter 3. Amplification of RNA -- Protocols -- Discussion and Helpful Hints -- Chapter 4. RACE: Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends -- RACE Protocol -- Cloning RACE Products -- Troubleshooting and Comments on Protocol Steps -- Chapter 5. Degenerate Primers for DNA Amplification -- Recommended Procedures -- Examples of Use -- Chapter 6. cDNA Cloning Using Degenerate Primers -- Principle of the MOPAC Procedure -- Further Advances in MOPAC Technology -- Further Recommendations for the MOPAC Procedure -- Protocols -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 7. PCR with 7-Deaza-2'-Deoxyguanosine Triphosphate -- PCR Using a 3 : 1 c7dGTP : dGTP Mixture -- Results and Discussion -- Acknowledgment -- Chapter 8. Competitive PCR for Quantitation of mRNA -- Protocols -- Example -- Discussion -- Chapter 9. Quantitative PCR -- Protocols -- Discussion -- Chapter 10. Production of Single-Stranded DNA by Asymmetric PCR -- Protocol -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 11. Cloning with PCR -- Primer Design -- Protocols -- Sticky-End Cloning -- Discussion -- Chapter 12. Oligonucleotide Ligation Assay -- Protocol -- Design and Labeling of Oligonucleotides -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 13. Nonisotopically Labeled Probes and Primers -- Chemistry -- Protocols. , Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 14. Incorporation of Biotinylated dUTP -- Protocol -- Discussion -- Chapter 15. Nonisotopic Detection of PCR Products -- Protocols -- Preparation of Membranes -- Color Development -- Example of Use -- Troubleshooting -- Conclusion -- Chapter 16. Thermostable DNA Polymerases -- Characterized Thermophilic Organisms -- Thermus aquaticus -- Fidelity, Extension of Mismatched Primers, and Mutagenesis -- Template Requirements and Novel Properties -- Ionic Requirements, Solvents, and Inhibitors -- Endogenous DNA -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 17. Procedures to Minimize PCR-Product Carry-Over -- Physical Separation of Pre- and Post-PCR Amplifications -- Aliquot Reagents -- Positive Displacement Pipettes -- Meticulous Laboratory Techniques -- Judicious Selection of Controls -- Chapter 18. Sample Preparation from Blood, Cells, and Other Fluids -- Protocols -- Discussion and Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 19. Sample Preparation from Paraffin-Embedded Tissues -- Protocols -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 20. Amplifying Ancient DNA -- Protocols -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- Part Two: RESEARCH APPLICATIONS -- Chapter 21. In Vitro Transcription of PCR Templates -- Protocols -- Applications -- Chapter 22. Recombinant PCR -- Protocols -- Misincorporation by Taq DNA Polymerase -- Chapter 23. DNase I Footprinting -- Protocols -- Discussion -- Chapter 24. Sequencing with Taq DNA Polymerase -- Basic Sequencing Protocol -- Sequencing of PCR Products -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 25. Direct Sequencing with the Aid of Phage Promoters -- Protocols for RAWTS -- Nomenclature -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 26. Identifying DNA Polymorphisms by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis -- Strategies for Identifying Polymorphisms by DGGE -- Protocols -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments. , Chapter 27. Amplification of Flanking Sequences by Inverse PCR -- Protocol for Inverse PCR -- Using Inverse PCR for Chromosome Walking -- Further Applications of Inverse PCR -- Chapter 28. Detection of Homologous Recombinants -- Basic Strategy for Screening for Homologous Recombinants -- Potential Artifacts -- Protocols -- Chapter 29. RNA Processing: Apo-B -- Protocols -- Discussion -- Chapter 30. A Transcription-Based Amplification System -- Protocols -- Results and Conclusions -- Chapter 31. Screening of λgt11 Libraries -- Protocol -- Variations -- Part Three: GENETICS AND EVOLUTION -- Chapter 32. HLA DNA Typing -- PCR/Oligonucleotide Probe Typing -- Protocols -- Potential Problems -- Chapter 33. Multiplex PCR for the Diagnosis of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy -- Multiplex Amplification Protocol -- Discussion -- Potential Problems and Solutions -- Future Developments -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 34. Isolation of DNA from Fungal Mycelia and Single Spores -- DNA Isolation Protocol -- Notes -- Amplification from Single Spores -- Chapter 35. Genetic Prediction of Hemophilia A -- Protocols and Examples -- Analysis of Polymorphisms by Hybridization of Allele-Specific Oligonucleotides -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 36. Haplotype Analysis from Single Sperm or Diploid Cells -- Method -- Protocols -- Chapter 37. Amplification of Ribosomal RNA Genes for Molecular Evolution Studies -- Protocols -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- Chapter 38. Amplification and Direct Sequencing of Fungal Ribosomal RNA Genes for Phylogenetics -- Protocol -- Part Four: DIAGNOSTICS AND FORENSICS -- Chapter 39. Detection of Human T-Cell Lymphoma/Leukemia Viruses -- Protocols -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 40. Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus -- Protocols -- Interpretation of Results -- Applications. , Chapter 41. Detection of Hepatitis B Virus -- Protocols -- DNA Amplification -- Chapter 42. Detection and Typing of Genital Human Papillomaviruses -- Protocols -- Analysis and Interpretation of Results -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 43. Detection of Human Cytomegalovirus -- Protocols -- Comments -- Chapter 44. PCR Amplification of Enteroviruses -- Protocols -- Example -- Chapter 45. Novel Viruses -- Amplification of Novel Viral Sequences Using Degenerate Oligonucleotide Primers -- Chapter 46. Analysis of ras Gene Point Mutations by PCR and Oligonucleotide Hybridization -- Principle of the Method -- Protocol -- Chapter 47. B-Cell Lymphoma: t(14 -- 18) Chromosome Rearrangement -- Protocols -- Standardization of the Procedure -- Contamination -- Chapter 48. Detecting Bacterial Pathogens in Environmental Water Samples by Using PCR and Gene Probes -- Protocols -- Chapter 49. PCR in the Diagnosis of Retinoblastoma -- Protocols -- cDNA Reaction -- Discussion -- Chapter 50. Determination of Familial Relationships -- Strategy for the Amplification and Direct Sequencing of the D Loop -- Protocols -- PCR Procedure -- Population Genetics of the Human D Loop -- Determination of Maternal Relationships via mtDNA D Loop Sequencing -- Acknowledgments -- Part Five: INSTRUMENTATION AND SUPPLIES -- Chapter 51. PCR in a Teacup: A Simple and Inexpensive Method for Thermocycling PCRs -- Supplies -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 52. A Low-Cost Air-Driven Cycling Oven -- System Overview -- Details of Construction -- Sources for Specialized Materials -- Chapter 53. Modification of a Histokinette for Use as an Automated PCR Machine -- Modification of a Histokinette -- Procedure -- Notes -- Examples of Use -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 54. Organizing a Laboratory for PCR Work -- Preventing Cross-Contamination with Amplified DNA Sequences. , Estimated Cost of PCR and Direct Sequencing -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 55. Basic Equipment and Supplies -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface Michael Faraday and The Royal Institution -- Chapter 1: Setting the Scene -- Chapter 2: Rumford, Davy and The Royal Institution -- Chapter 3: From Errand Boy to the Grand Tour -- Chapter 4: Faraday's Scientific Contributions -- Chapter 5: Faraday's Writings -- Chapter 6: Faraday the Man -- Chapter 7: Faraday's Influence upon The Royal Institution -- Chapter 8: The Popularization of Science -- Epilogue -- Appendix V: Part of The Royal Institution Lecture Calendar, 1933 -- Appendix IV: Discourses Arranged by Faraday (before 1862) -- Appendix III: Faraday's Friday Evening Discourses,1835 onwards -- Appendix II: Learned Societies to which Faraday was Elected -- Appendix I: Faraday's Discourses & -- Scientific Publications, 1832-1834 -- Index.

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