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Pathogens as a factor limiting the spread of cannibalism in tiger salamanders (1991)

Pfennig, David W. ; Loeb, Michael L. G. ; Collins, James P.

Springer

Oecologia 88 (1991), S. 161-166

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ISSN: 1432-1939

Keywords: Adaptive plasticity ; Cannibalism ; Mass mortality ; Pathogens ; Trophic polymorphism

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Summary Intraspecific predation is taxonomically widespread, but few species routinely prey on conspecifics. This is surprising as conspecifics could be a valuable resource for animals limited by food. A potential cost of cannibalism that has been largely unexplored is that it may enhance the risk of acquiring debilitating pathogens or toxins from conspecifics. We examined how pathogens affect variation in the incidence of cannibalism in tiger salamander larvae (Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum), which occur as two environmentally-induced morphs, typicals and cannibals. Salamanders from one population were more likely than those in another to develop into cannibals, even when reared under identical conditions. Variation in the propensity to become a cannibal may be caused by variation in pathogen density. In the population with cannibals at low frequency, bacterial blooms in late summer correlated with massive die-offs of salamanders. The frequency of cannibals correlated significantly negatively with bacterial density in ten different natural lakes. In the laboratory, cannibals exposed to a diseased conspecific always preyed on the sick animal. As a result, cannibals wre more likely to acquire and die from disease than were typicals that were similarly exposed, or cannibals that were exposed to healthy conspecifics. Since conspecifics often share lethal pathogens, enhanced risk of disease may explain why cannibalism is generally infrequent. Pathogens may constrain not only the tendency to be behaviorally cannibalistic, but also the propensity to develop specialized cannibal morphologies.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00320806

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Imaging the thoracic lymphatics: Experimental studies of swine (1991)

Collins, James D. ; Shaver, Marla L. ; Disher, Anthony C. ; [et al.]

New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell

Clinical Anatomy 4 (1991), S. 433-446

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ISSN: 0897-3806

Keywords: MRI ; pulmonary ligament ; ethiodol oil ; heart lung model ; transplantations ; lymphangiogram ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical

Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: The lungs and hearts of 15 swine were surgically harvested intact and studied in the fresh state. The lymphatics of the lung and mediastinum were cannulated and contrast medium was introduced by retrograde injection to identify the visceral pleural lymphatics and deep lymphatics of the lung. Radiographic x-ray, CT, MR, and color photographic images were obtained. Collateralization, extravasation (bronchorrhea), perivascular stasis, and circumvention were demonstrated. Lymphatic communication with the contralateral lung, thoracic duct, heart, and the diaphragm was demonstrated. The findings correlate with the lymphangiographic display of lymphedema of the extremities, obstruction to lymph flow secondary to congenital abnormalities, trauma, tumor, and infections. Our results support the view that stents and/or large bore needles may be introduced into the superficial lymphatics of the lung. The lymphatics of the lung may be anastomosed post lung transplantation and thus possibly reduce passive congestion that occurs in the early postoperative period. The authors postulate that tumor cells and infectious agents may be spread from one lung to the other by the anatomical pathways demonstrated.

Additional Material: 15 Ill.