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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The 20-Year Experiment: Accounting for, Explaining, and Evaluating Health Care Cost Containment in Canada and the United States (1991)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Public Health 12 (1991), S. 481-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 0163-7525
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pu.12.050191.002405
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fate of dietary Cadmium at two intake levels in the odonate nymph,Aeshna canadensis (1990)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 44 (1990), S. 54-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01702361
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Method for the estimation of organic-bound and crystal-bound metal concentrations in bivalve shells (1992)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 48 (1992), S. 179-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194369
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of low-dose cyclical etidronate and calcium on bone mass in early postmenopausal women (1993)
    Springer
    Osteoporosis international 3 (1993), S. 71-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Bone mineral density ; Calcium ; Bisphosphonates ; Menopause ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This 2-year study was carried out in 36 healthy women of mean age 53.9±3.8 (SD) years and 3.4±2.3 years postmenopausal. Bone mineral density (BMD) in the spine, measured by single-energy quantitative computed tomographic scanning, gave a mean initial value of 110±26 mg/ml. The women were divided randomly into group 1 (n=11), calcium 600 mg/day; group 2 (n=15), calcium plus etidronate sodium 400 mg/day for 14 days every 3 months; and group 3 (n=10), calcium plus etidronate plus phosphate, the 14-day etidronate course being preceded by phosphate 1 g twice daily for 3 days. During the first year of the study BMD decreased by 6.0±5.8% (p〈0.005) in group 1 subjects and increased by 4.5±7.8% (p〈0.005) in the combined etidronate-treated groups (difference between control and treatedp〈0.001). Inclusion of phosphate in the regimen did not affect the response to etidronate. In the second year there was no significant mean change in BMD in any of the three groups. However, whilst there was little change in BMD values for most of the group 1 subjects, there was considerable variation in individual response within the etidronate-treated groups, with some subjects gaining and some losing bone. The change in BMD during the second year in the subjects as a whole was highly correlated with the change in plasma calcium after 3 months of treatment (r=0.60,p〈0.001). Low-dose cyclical etidronate prevents postmenopausal bone loss during the first year of its administration, but was no more effective than calcium supplements during the second year. The positive correlation between early change in plasma calcium and second-year change in BMD, and the reduced bone loss in the second year in the subjects having only calcium supplements, are consistent with a beneficial effect of calcium supplements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01623376
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cadmium concentrations in the freshwater mussel (Elliptio complanata) and their relationship to water chemistry (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 20 (1991), S. 125-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of cadmium were determined in freshwater mussels (Elliptio complanata) from 21 small lakes in south-central Ontario. The average Cd concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 7.5 μg/g dry weight. A poor correlation between the concentration of Cd in lakewater and the concentration of Cd in the organisms was observed. Concentration of Cd in the sediments was not a useful predictor. Thus, it is hypothesized that the availability of the Cd varies among the 21 lakes. In an effort to test this hypothesis, the relationships between organism concentrations and water chemistry parameters that have the potential to alter Cd availability including pH, calcium (Ca), total organic carbon (TOC) and total inorganic carbon (TIC) were examined. The strongest relationship was found between Cd concentration in the mussels and water column pH, suggesting that hydrogen ions are replacing Cd ions in complexes and increasing the amount of free Cd available to the organisms. Correlations between pH and other water chemistry parameters make it difficult to test this hypothesis. A multiple regression model was developed incorporating pH, Ca, TOC, and TIC which explained 69% of the variance in Cd concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01065338
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water and nitrogen dynamics in an arid woodland (1994)
    Springer
    Oecologia 99 (1994), S. 233-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Cryptobiotic crust ; Desert ecology ; Nitrogen cycle ; Stable isotopes ; Water source
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Arid environments are characterized by spatial and temporal variation in water and nitrogen availability. differences in δ15N and δD of four co-occurring species reveal contrasting patterns of plant resource acquisition in response to this variation. Mineralization potential and nitrogen concentration of surface soils associated with plant canopies were greater than inter-canopy locations, and values decreased with increasing depth in both locations. Mineralization potential and nitrogen concentration were both negatively correlated with soil δ15N. The spatial variation in soil δ15N caused corresponding changes in plant δ15N such that plant δ15N values were negatively correlated with nitrogen concentration of surface soils. Plants occurring on soils with relatively high nitrogen concentrations had lower δ15N, and higher leaf nitrogen concentrations, than plants occurring on soils with relatively low nitrogen concentrations. Two general temporal patterns of water and nitrogen use were apparent. Three species (Juniperus, Pinus andArtemisia) relied on the episodic availability of water and nitrogen at the soil surface. δ15N values did not vary through the year, while xylem pressure potentials and stem-water δD values fluctuated with changes in soil moisture at the soil surface. In contrast,Chrysothamnus switched to a more stable water and nitrogen source during drought. δ15N values ofChrysothamnus increased throughout the year, while xylem pressure potentials and stem-water δD values remained constant. The contrasting patterns of resource acquisition have important implications for community stability following disturbance. Disturbance can cause a decrease in nitrogen concentration at the soil surface, and so plants that rely on surface water and nitrogen may be more susceptible than those that switch to more stable water and nitrogen sources at depth during drougnt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00627735
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A break in the nitrogen cycle in aridlands? Evidence from δp15N of soils (1993)
    Springer
    Oecologia 94 (1993), S. 314-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: δ15N ; Cryptobiotic crusts ; Deserts ; Nitrogen cycling ; Rayleigh distillation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We examined the content and isotopic composition of nitrogen within soils of a juniper woodland and found that a cryptobiotic crust composed of cyanobacteria, lichens, and mosses was the predominant source of nitrogen for this ecosystem. Disturbance of the crust has resulted in considerable spatial variability in soil nitrogen content and isotopic composition; intercanopy soils were significantly depleted in nitrogen and had greater abundance of 15N compared to intra-canopy soils. Variations in the 15N/14N ratio for inter- and intra-canopy locations followed similar Rayleigh distillation curves, indicating that the greater 15N/14N ratios for inter-canopy soils were due to relatively greater net nitrogen loss. Coverage of cryptobiotic crusts has been reduced by anthropogenic activities during the past century, and our results suggest that destruction of the cryptobiotic crust may ultimately result in ecosystem degradation through elimination of the predominant source of nitrogen input.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317104
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The normal range and a simple diagram for recording whole gut transit time (1992)
    Springer
    International journal of colorectal disease 7 (1992), S. 15-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le temps mis par des marqueurs radio-opaques pour parcourir l'intestin a été mesuré chez 25 hommes sains et 18 femmes saines, à la fois dans les phases folliculiniques et lutéïniques du cycle menstruel. Les sujets collectaient toutes leurs selles après ingestion de marqueurs. Le nombre de marqueurs présents dans chaque selle était compté par radiographie, et le nombre de marqueurs retenus dans le corps était ainsi déterminé lors de douze intervalles horaires après ingestion. Les valeurs normales (±2 déviations standards) pour les hommes et les femmes dans les deux phases du cycle menstruel se sont révélées être tellement similaires que les résultats ont été combinés pour fournir, une valeur normale unique. La valeur normale des marqueurs retenus (affirmée sur la radiographie) est présentée sur un diagramme pour un usage clinique. Pour évaluer si le temps de transit intestinal d'un patient se tient dans des valeurs normales un simple type de marqueur peut être utilisé et une radiographie abdominale effectuée à 12 ou 120 h, les limites de valeurs normales. Les sujets normaux conservent plus de 20% des marqueurs en 12 h et moins de 80% après 120 h. Pour plus d'information on peut utiliser différents types de marqueurs à des jours successifs, ainsi plusieurs temps de transit fournissant des valeurs intermédiaires peuvent être obtenus d'une simple radiographie abdominale à 120 h.
    Notes: Abstract The time taken for radio-opaque markers to pass through the intestine has been measured in 25 healthy men, and 18 healthy women in both the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. The subjects collected all stools after ingestion of the markers, the number of markers present in each stool was counted on a radiograph, and the number of markers retained in the body was thus determined for 12 hourly intervals after ingestion. The mean values (2 standard deviations) for men and women in both phases of the menstrual cycle proved to be so similar that the results have been combined to provide a single normal range. These data for the normal range for retained markers (as assessed by plain radiograph) are presented in diagrammatic form for clinical use. To assess whether a patient's whole gut transit time lies within the normal range a single type of marker can be used and an abdominal radiograph performed at 12 or 120 hours, the limits of the normal range. Normal subjects retain more than 20% of markers within 12 hours and less than 80% after 120 hours. If desired more information can be gained by giving different types of marker on successive days, so that several transit studies providing intermediate values can be obtained from a single abdominal radiograph at 120 hours.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01647654
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracellular Cl− concentration in striated intralobular ducts from rabbit mandibular salivary glands (1994)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 427 (1994), S. 24-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Salivary gland ; Striated ducts ; Intralobular ducts ; Intracellular Cl− ; Fluorescence ; MQAE ; DIDS ; Amiloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intralobular striated ducts have been isolated from rabbit mandibular salivary glands and maintained in primary culture for up to 2 days. Such ducts were loaded with the Cl−-sensitive fluorescent dyeN-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-(6-methoxyquinolinium bromide) (MQAE) and intracellular Cl− concentration ([Cl−]i monitored using a fluorescence microscope. Intracellular Cl− could be rapidly and reversibly emptied from striated duct cells by replacing Cl− in the superfusing solution with NO 3 − . [Cl−]i could be lowered by removal of external Na+, exposure to 10 μM amiloride or to 10 μM 4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulphonic acid (DIDS). Both amiloride and DIDS were able to inhibit the recovery of [Cl−]i after an initial exposure to Na+- or Cl−-free solution. The amiloride derivatives, benzamil (2 μM) and N-isobutyl-N-methylamiloride (MIBA), (10 μM) also lowered [Cl−]i by similar amounts as 10 μM amiloride. Varying external K+ concentration ([K+]o) also affected [Cl−]i. Increasing [K+]o increased [Cl−]i, but decreasing [K+]o did not decrease [Cl−]i. Instead, [Cl−]i was also increased when [K+]o was lowered below the control value. Bumetanide (0.1 mM) lowered [Cl−]i by only a small amount, while ouabain (1 mM) had no significant effect on [Cl−]i. These data are consistent with current models of electrolyte transport in salivary ducts which include Cl− channels, Na+ channels, and Na+/H+ exchangers in the apical membrane. The effects of low [K+]o can be interpreted in terms of a K+-dependent exit mechanism for Cl−.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00585938
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Periodicities in the occurrence rate of solar proton events (1990)
    Springer
    Solar physics 128 (1990), S. 415-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Power spectral analyses of the time series of solar proton events during the past three solar cycles reveal a periodicity around 154 days. This feature is prominent in all of the cycles combined, cycles 19 and 21 individually but is only weak in cycle 20. These results are consistent with the presence of similar periodicities between 152 and 155 days in the occurrence rate of major solar flares, the sunspot blocking function (P s ), the 10.7 cm radio flux (F 10.7) and the sunspot number (R z ). This suggests that the circa 154-days periodicity may be a fundamental characteristic of the Sun. Periods around 50–52 days are also found in the combined data set and in the three individual cycles in general agreement with the detection of this periodicity in major flares in cycle 19 and inP s ,F 10.7, andR z in cycle 21. The cause of the 155 day period remains unknown. The spectra contain lines (or show power at frequencies) consistent with a model in which the periodicity is caused by differential rotation of active zones and a model in which it is related to beat frequencies between solar oscillations, as proposed by Wolff.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00838476
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